Impact of Information Communication Technology on Education-Kenya - Kirimi, Kagwiria Josephine (undefined, 2013)
Kenya has made remarkable progress putting in place an ICT policy framework and implementation strategy, complete with measurable outcomes and time frames. The process has had the benefit of sound advice from officials and stakeholders and, perhaps more importantly, strong leadership from the office of the permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Education. However, universal implementation is challenging given the lack of resources, national ICT infrastructure, and even electrical supply- particularly in the rural areas. As technology is bound to rule our present and future, it is good to obtain know-how of the technological reforms at the earliest. Children learn faster and can adapt to changes relatively easily. If they are trained during their school years, they have a high chance of becoming experts in technology. Computers can give lovelier explanations to various subjects. The internet is an ocean of information which can be harnessed for the rendition of information in school. The inclusion of technology in the learning process makes learning an enjoyable activity, thus inviting greater interest from the learners. The administration processes, the official procedures of the school can be simplified by the means of technology. School records, the information about all the students and the teachers and other school employees can efficiently be maintained by means of the advanced technology. Thus we see that technology not only benefits the school students but also eases the office work. It makes possible a more effective way of storage and distribution of information. The realization of the importance of technology in schools and its successful implementation is a necessity. The introduction of technology in schools is the means to bridge the long distance between the present and the future. DOI: 10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n1p435
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Impact of Internet Access on Student Learning in Peruvian Schools - Kho, Kevin; Lakdawala, Leah; Nakasone, Eduardo (Working Papers, 2018)
We investigate the impacts of school-based internet access on pupil achievement in Peru, using a large panel of 5,903 public primary schools that gained internet connections during 2007-2014. We employ an event study approach and a trend break analysis that exploit variation in the timing of internet roll-out up to 5 years after installation. We find that internet access has a moderate, positive short-run impact on school-average standardized math scores, but importantly that this effect grows over time. We provide evidence that schools require time to adapt to internet access by hiring teachers with computer training and that this process is not immediate. These dynamics highlight the need for complementary investments to fully exploit new technological inputs and underscores the importance of using an extended evaluation window to allow the effects of school-based internet on learning to materialize.
Keywords: Education; ICT; Internet; Schooling

IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP STYLE OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATORS ON USE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY - Ahmad, Saeed; Raza, Muhammad Aqeel (2011)
Besides others, educational administrators are more vulnerable to the technological advancement. In changed scenario, as the roles and responsibilities of educational administrators also change, this research was conducted to ascertain what leadership styles affect the integration of technology to improve teaching and learning. A survey of the educational administrators in the four districts of Punjab was conducted to identify the impact of leadership styles on the use of innovative instructional technology in the educational institutions, and ultimately enhancing the student achievement. This study focused on the relationship between administrative leadership styles and implementation of new technological programs or instructional strategies. For this study, a questionnaire consisting of two parts was used for collection of data from the educational administrators. The first part of the questionnaire determined the extent in the use of educational technology in the institutions, whereas the second part of the questionnaire assessed the leadership style of the administrators. The researchers adopted Hersey-Blanchard Situational Model for the study with some modifications, in view of the local circumstances. The replies received in response of technology questions were given numerical values, whereas the second part of the questionnaire reflected the leadership styles of the administrators. The data were tabulated and treated using appropriate statistical techniques to draw inferential conclusions about the impact of the leadership styles of the educational administrators on the use of educational technologies in the educational institutions. As a result of research, the selling/coaching leadership style, reflecting high task, high relationship behaviour, was found to be more encouraging in the use of educational technology. The researchers are of the view that the selling/coaching style of leadership should be promoted to enhance the use of educational technology in our educational institutions.

Impact of non-financial reward strategies on teachers’ performance: A study of secondary schools in Nyamira County, Kenya - Mochengo, Sylvester Nyageo; Atambo, Wallace; Abuga, Mogwambo Vitalis (European Journal of Business and Management, 2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Impact of Online Computer Assisted Learning on Education: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China - Bai, Yu; Tang, Bin; Wang, Boya; Auden, Emma; Mandell, Blake (Rural Education Action Program (REAP), 2018)
Education of poor and disadvantaged populations has been a long-standing challenge for education systems in both developed and developing countries. In China, millions of students in rural areas and migrant communities lag far behind their urban counterparts in terms of academic achievement. When they fall behind, they often have no way to catch up. Many of their parents have neither the skills nor the money to provide remedial tutoring; rural teachers often do not have time to give students the individual attention they need. Given this, there is growing interest by both educators and policymakers in helping underperforming students catch up using computer assisted learning (CAL). While CAL interventions have been shown to be effective internationally and elsewhere in China, traditional software-based CAL programs are difficult and costly to implement. An online version of CAL (OCAL), however, may be able to bypass many of offline CAL’s implementation problems and enhance the remedial tutoring experience. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence on whether OCAL programs can be effective in improving the quality of rural primary school education in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of an OCAL intervention on the academic and non-academic performance of students and to explore the mechanism behind OCAL’s impact. Importantly, we also aim to assess the cost effectiveness of the new OCAL program versus traditional CAL interventions. To achieve these objectives, we carried out a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving over 1650 fifth grade students in 44 schools in rural areas and migrant communities across China. Students in the 22 treatment schools attended two 40minute OCAL sessions during their computer class each week for one semester; the students in the other 22 schools were in the control group and did not receive any intervention. According to our findings, OCAL improved overall English scores of students in the treatment group relative to the control group by 0.56 standard deviations. This impact is large when compared with offline CAL programs. We found that OCAL also led to a positive change in the attitudes of students towards English learning and towards student aspirations for their future education level. We found three possible explanations for OCAL’s impact. After rejecting the possibility of the Hawthorne Effect or self-efficacy-induced changes, we believe interest-oriented stimulation is the main source of improvement among students. The chance for comparison and competition with peers, as well as customized remedial question banks tailored to each student’s individual needs, likely contributed to the measured increases in academic performance among students in our sample. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the OCAL program is more cost-effective than traditional offline CAL, a comparison which is significant for policymakers as it indicates high potential for OCAL program expansion.
Keywords: Quality: H; Relevance: M; ⛔ No DOI found

Impact of Online Computer Assisted Learning on Education: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China - Bai, Yu; Tang, Bin; Wang, Boya; Auden, Emma; Mandell, Blake (2018)
Education of poor and disadvantaged populations has been a long-standing challenge for education systems in both developed and developing countries. In China, millions of students in rural areas and migrant communities lag far behind their urban counterparts in terms of academic achievement. When they fall behind, they often have no way to catch up. Many of their parents have neither the skills nor the money to provide remedial tutoring; rural teachers often do not have time to give students the individual attention they need. Given this, there is growing interest by both educators and policymakers in helping underperforming students catch up using computer assisted learning (CAL). While CAL interventions have been shown to be effective internationally and elsewhere in China, traditional software-based CAL programs are difficult and costly to implement. An online version of CAL (OCAL), however, may be able to bypass many of offline CAL’s implementation problems and enhance the remedial tutoring experience. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence on whether OCAL programs can be effective in improving the quality of rural primary school education in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of an OCAL intervention on the academic and non-academic performance of students and to explore the mechanism behind OCAL’s impact. Importantly, we also aim to assess the cost effectiveness of the new OCAL program versus traditional CAL interventions. To achieve these objectives, we carried out a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving over 1650 fifth grade students in 44 schools in rural areas and migrant communities across China. Students in the 22 treatment schools attended two 40minute OCAL sessions during their computer class each week for one semester; the students in the other 22 schools were in the control group and did not receive any intervention. According to our findings, OCAL improved overall English scores of students in the treatment group relative to the control group by 0.56 standard deviations. This impact is large when compared with offline CAL programs. We found that OCAL also led to a positive change in the attitudes of students towards English learning and towards student aspirations for their future education level. We found three possible explanations for OCAL’s impact. After rejecting the possibility of the Hawthorne Effect or self-efficacy-induced changes, we believe interest-oriented stimulation is the main source of improvement among students. The chance for comparison and competition with peers, as well as customized remedial question banks tailored to each student’s individual needs, likely contributed to the measured increases in academic performance among students in our sample. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the OCAL program is more cost-effective than traditional offline CAL, a comparison which is significant for policymakers as it indicates high potential for OCAL program expansion.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Impediments to Enhancing Research within Universities in Developing Context: The Case of Pakistani Universities - Muborakshoevaa, Marodsilton (Journal of International and Comparative Education, 2015)
Universities in some developing countries are undergoing reforms over the recent decades so that they become research-based institutions. It has been stressed that research is of paramount importance for enhancing the economy of a country and for societies to become knowledge-based. However some of these concepts and challenges faced by these universities are hardly explored. Relying on the analysis of qualitative interviews and document analysis, this paper examines how the Higher Education Commission (HEC) has taken numerous initiatives to boost the research capacity of universities in Pakistan. Even then, numerous challenge remains in the attempt to enhance research quality. Funding and its effective use, academic freedom, and value of research in the society emerged as major impediments to research development at the universities. Critical voices from the university faculty are rarely taken into account by those responsible for higher education bodies, therefore many of such challenges persist till date. The article proposes solutions for overcoming some of these challenges and situates the experience of Pakistani universities within the broader experiences of universities world-wide.

Implemantation of the school programme of in service for the term (SPRINT) in selected basic schools of Chipata district of Zambia - Mwansa, Phillip (2010)

Implementation Completion and Results Report for a Project to Improve Education Quality in Malawi - World Bank (2015)

Implementation Completion and Results Report (TF-14253, TF-14358) - World Bank (World Bank Group, 2017)

Implementation Framework for ICT in Education - Rwanda Ministry of Education (2016)

Implementation Models: Evidence and lessons from randomised evaluations - Teaching at the Right Level (Teaching at the Right Level, 2018)

Implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in Education Course: A Case from Teacher Education Institutions in Pakistan - Majoka, Muhammad Iqbal; Fazal, Shawana; Khan, Muhammad Saeed (Bulletin of Education and Research, 2013)
This research was aimed to explore the implementation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in education in teacher training programs in the Khyber Pakthunkhwa and Punjab provinces in Pakistan. It was the first time that the course "ICTs in Education" was implemented for ADE/B. Ed (Elementary) programs in session 2010-11. In this situation, it was vital to explore how successfully this course was implemented in the pioneer institutions, so as to have baseline information for further improvement in the implementation process. This study was focused to explore: (i) How the course "ICTs in Education" was implemented? (ii) How did the teacher educators follow the course guide and to what extent the course guide was helpful in implementing this course? Seven teacher training institutions (three from the Punjab and four from KP provinces) were selected as target population. The total sample was 40 teacher educators and 200 students from seven institutions. Mixed method research design was adopted to conduct this study. The data was drawn from the surveys for heads and prospective teachers, and semi-structured interviews with teacher educators. Analysis revealed that only in a few classrooms, different activities/ experiences as suggested in the unit were properly implemented, while in most that was not the case due to issues such as shortage of electric power supply, scarcity of ICTs tools and lack of training and skills in ICTs application. The extent to which teachers followed the course guide was another factor contributing to the implementation process.
Keywords: Barriers; Energy; Foreign Countries; Guides; Information Technology; Program Implementation; Teacher Education Programs; Teacher Educators; ⛔ No DOI found

Implementation Strategy 2016/17-2020/21 for the National ICT Policy - Ministry of Works, Transport and Communication (2016)

Implementing a one-to-one iPad program in a secondary school - Johnson, Donald P (UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA AT OMAHA, 2014)

Implementing large-scale instructional technology in Kenya: Changing instructional practice and developing accountability in a National Education System - Piper, Benjamin; Oyanga, Arbogast; Mejia, Jessica; Pouezevara, Sarah (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2017)
Previous large-scale education technology interventions have shown only modest results. Building on results from an earlier randomized controlled trial of three different applications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on primary education in Kenya, the Tusome Early Grade Reading Activity developed a national tablets program. The program provides tablets to each of more than 1200 instructional coaches in the country and includes a national database of classroom quality, which is used by the education system to monitor education quality. The tablets program helps coaches to...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing large-scale instructional technology in Kenya: Changing instructional practice and developing accountability in a national education system - Piper, Benjamin; Oyanga, Arbogast; Mejia, Jessica; Pouezevara, Sarah (International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 2017)
Previous large-scale education technology interventions have shown only modest impacts on student achievement. Building on results from an earlier randomized controlled trial of three different applications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on primary education in Kenya, the Tusome Early Grade Reading Activity developed the National Tablets Program. The National Tablets Program is integrated into the Tusome activity by providing tablets to each of more than 1,200 instructional coaches in the country to use when they visit teachers. This enables a national database of classroom instructional quality, which is used by the education system to monitor overall education quality. The tools provided on the tablets are designed to help coaches increase the quality of their instructional support to teachers, and deepen the shallow accountability structures in Kenya’s education system. Using results of a national survey, we investigated the ability of the National Tablets Program to increase the number of classroom observations done by coaches and to improve student learning outcomes. Survey results showed high levels of tablet program utilization, increased accountability, and improvements in learning outcomes. We share recommendations regarding large-scale ICT interventions and literacy programs.
Keywords: Accountability; C:Kenya; Classrooms; Clinical trials; Developing countries--LDCs; Digital divide; Digital literacy; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education; Education reform; Educational Practices; Educational Quality; Educational Technology; Educational technology; Foreign Countries; Handheld Devices; Initiatives; Intervention; Interviews; Kenya; Learning; Literacy; Literacy programs; Literature reviews; Maine; National Surveys; Observation; Outcomes of Education; Portugal; Quality; Questionnaires; Reading; Schools; Software; South Korea; Statistical Analysis; Statistical Significance; Students; Teachers; Teaching; Technology Uses in Education; Telecommunications; Texas; Turkey; Uruguay; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096038; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing large-scale instructional technology in Kenya: Changing instructional practice and developing accountability in a national education system - Piper, Benjamin; Oyanga, Arbogast; Mejia, Jessica; Pouezevara, Sarah (International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 2017)
Previous large-scale education technology interventions have shown only modest impacts on student achievement. Building on results from an earlier randomized controlled trial of three different applications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on primary education in Kenya, the Tusome Early Grade Reading Activity developed the National Tablets Program. The National Tablets Program is integrated into the Tusome activity by providing tablets to each of more than 1,200 instructional coaches in the country to use when they visit teachers. This enables a national database of classroom instructional quality, which is used by the education system to monitor overall education quality. The tools provided on the tablets are designed to help coaches increase the quality of their instructional support to teachers, and deepen the shallow accountability structures in Kenya’s education system. Using results of a national survey, we investigated the ability of the National Tablets Program to increase the number of classroom observations done by coaches and to improve student learning outcomes. Survey results showed high levels of tablet program utilization, increased accountability, and improvements in learning outcomes. We share recommendations regarding large-scale ICT interventions and literacy programs.
Keywords: Accountability; C:Kenya; Classrooms; Clinical trials; Developing countries--LDCs; Digital divide; Digital literacy; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education; Education reform; Educational Practices; Educational Quality; Educational Technology; Educational technology; Foreign Countries; Handheld Devices; Initiatives; Intervention; Interviews; Kenya; Learning; Literacy; Literacy programs; Literature reviews; Maine; National Surveys; Observation; Outcomes of Education; Portugal; Quality; Questionnaires; Reading; Schools; Software; South Korea; Statistical Analysis; Statistical Significance; Students; Teachers; Teaching; Technology Uses in Education; Telecommunications; Texas; Turkey; Uruguay; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096038; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing large-scale instructional technology in Kenya: Changing instructional practice and developing accountability in a National Education System - Piper, Benjamin; Oyanga, Arbogast; Mejia, Jessica; Pouezevara, Sarah (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2017)
Previous large-scale education technology interventions have shown only modest results. Building on results from an earlier randomized controlled trial of three different applications of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on primary education in Kenya, the Tusome Early Grade Reading Activity developed a national tablets program. The program provides tablets to each of more than 1200 instructional coaches in the country and includes a national database of classroom quality, which is used by the education system to monitor education quality. The tablets program helps coaches to...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing large scale instructional technology in Kenya | RTI - Piper, Ben; Oyanga, A; Meija, J; Pouezevara, S (2017)

Implementing Low Cost Digital Libraries for Rural Communities by Re-functioning Obsolescent Television Sets: The Offline-pedia Project - Minniti, Sergio; Salazar, Joshua; Vega, Jorge (VIEW Journal of European Television History and Culture, 2019)

Implementing mother tongue instruction in the real world: Results from a medium-scale randomized controlled trial in Kenya - Piper, Benjamin; Zuilkowski, Stephanie S.; Ong’ele, Salome (Comparative Education Review, 2016)
Research in sub-Saharan Africa investigating the effect of mother tongue (MT) literacy instruction at medium scale is limited. A randomized controlled trial of MT literacy instruction was implemented in 2013 and 2014 as part of the Primary Math and Reading (PRIMR) Initiative in Kenya. We compare the effect of two treatment groups—the base PRIMR program teaching literacy in English and Kiswahili and the PRIMR-MT program, which taught literacy in English, Kiswahili, and mother tongue—in two different language environments. Implementation of the MT program faced challenges because many educators were not speakers of the languages, some communities resisted mother tongue instruction, and some areas were more language heterogeneous. Effect sizes on MT literacy averaged between 0.3 and 0.6 standard deviations. The base PRIMR program also increased MT learning outcomes in some measures but had smaller effects than the PRIMR-MT program in oral reading fluency and comprehension.

Implementing school-based teacher development in Tanzania - Hardman, Frank; Hardman, Jan; Dachi, Hillary; Elliott, Louise; Ihebuzor, Noel; Ntekim, Maniza; Tibuhinda, Audax (Professional Development in Education, 2015)
This paper reports on the findings of a pilot school-based professional development programme for Tanzanian primary school teachers launched in February 2011 and evaluated in December 2012 by the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training with the support of UNICEF. The study set out to investigate the effectiveness and efficiency of the pilot programme in changing pedagogical practices before it was scaled up nationally. It was found that teachers who had participated in the school-based training showed significant differences in their pedagogical practices and demonstrated a positive attitude towards their training and their pupils, and saw teaching and learning as an interactive, communicative process. Drawing on the findings, the paper explores the challenges and the lessons learned for scaling up school-based teacher development at the national level in Tanzania and other countries in the east and southern African region.
Keywords: Tanzania; __C:filed:1; capacity development; primary education; quality education; school-based teacher development; teacher education reform

Implementing the flipped classroom in teacher education: evidence from Turkey - Kurt, Gökçe (Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2017)
The flipped classroom, a form of blended learning, is an emerging instructional strategy reversing a traditional lecture-based teaching model to improve the quality and efficiency of the teaching and learning process. The present article reports a study that focused on the implementation of the flipped approach in a higher education institution in Turkey. For this pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, a classroom management course in a pre-service English teacher education program was flipped and its effectiveness was measured against a traditionally taught class. Quantitative and qualitative data came from 62 pre-service teachers (PTs) in two intact classes randomly assigned as the experimental and the control groups. Findings revealed a higher level of self-efficacy beliefs and better learning outcomes for the experimental group PTs in the flipped classroom compared to the control group PTs in the traditional classroom. PTs' perceptions of the flipped classroom were also positive.
Keywords: Blended Learning; Blended learning; Classroom Techniques; Classroom management; Classrooms; Control Groups; Conventional Instruction; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education; Education--Teaching Methods And Curriculum; Educational Technology; English (Second Language); Experimental Groups; Flipped classroom; Focus Groups; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Homework; Language Teachers; Learning; Postsecondary Education; Pre-service teachers of English; Preservice Teacher Education; Pretests Posttests; Program Effectiveness; Qualitative analysis; Quasiexperimental Design; Reversing; Scores; Second Language Instruction; Self Efficacy; Statistical Analysis; Teacher education; Teachers; Teaching Methods; Teaching methods; Technology Uses in Education; Tests; Turkey; Video Technology; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097427; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing the flipped classroom in teacher education: evidence from Turkey - Kurt, Gökçe (Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2017)
The flipped classroom, a form of blended learning, is an emerging instructional strategy reversing a traditional lecture-based teaching model to improve the quality and efficiency of the teaching and learning process. The present article reports a study that focused on the implementation of the flipped approach in a higher education institution in Turkey. For this pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, a classroom management course in a pre-service English teacher education program was flipped and its effectiveness was measured against a traditionally taught class. Quantitative and qualitative data came from 62 pre-service teachers (PTs) in two intact classes randomly assigned as the experimental and the control groups. Findings revealed a higher level of self-efficacy beliefs and better learning outcomes for the experimental group PTs in the flipped classroom compared to the control group PTs in the traditional classroom. PTs' perceptions of the flipped classroom were also positive.
Keywords: Blended Learning; Blended learning; Classroom Techniques; Classroom management; Classrooms; Control Groups; Conventional Instruction; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education; Education--Teaching Methods And Curriculum; Educational Technology; English (Second Language); Experimental Groups; Flipped classroom; Focus Groups; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Homework; Language Teachers; Learning; Postsecondary Education; Pre-service teachers of English; Preservice Teacher Education; Pretests Posttests; Program Effectiveness; Qualitative analysis; Quasiexperimental Design; Reversing; Scores; Second Language Instruction; Self Efficacy; Statistical Analysis; Teacher education; Teachers; Teaching Methods; Teaching methods; Technology Uses in Education; Tests; Turkey; Video Technology; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097427; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Implementing the flipped classroom in teacher education: evidence from Turkey - Kurt, Gökçe (Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2017)
The flipped classroom, a form of blended learning, is an emerging instructional strategy reversing a traditional lecture-based teaching model to improve the quality and efficiency of the teaching and learning process. The present article reports a study that focused on the implementation of the flipped approach in a higher education institution in Turkey. For this pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, a classroom management course in a pre-service English teacher education program was flipped and its effectiveness was measured against a traditionally taught class. Quantitative and qualitative data came from 62 pre-service teachers (PTs) in two intact classes randomly assigned as the experimental and the control groups. Findings revealed a higher level of self-efficacy beliefs and better learning outcomes for the experimental group PTs in the flipped classroom compared to the control group PTs in the traditional classroom. PTs' perceptions of the flipped classroom were also positive.
Keywords: Blended Learning; Blended learning; Classroom Techniques; Classroom management; Classrooms; Control Groups; Conventional Instruction; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education; Education--Teaching Methods And Curriculum; Educational Technology; English (Second Language); Experimental Groups; Flipped classroom; Focus Groups; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Homework; Language Teachers; Learning; Postsecondary Education; Pre-service teachers of English; Preservice Teacher Education; Pretests Posttests; Program Effectiveness; Qualitative analysis; Quasiexperimental Design; Reversing; Scores; Second Language Instruction; Self Efficacy; Statistical Analysis; Teacher education; Teachers; Teaching Methods; Teaching methods; Technology Uses in Education; Tests; Turkey; Video Technology; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097427; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Implications of the University of South Africa's (UNISA) shift to open distance e-learning on teacher education - Ngubane-Mokiwa, Sindile A. (Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 2017)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Importance of e-learning in higher education: a study - Suresh Babu, G.; Sridevi, K. (International Journal of Research Culture Society, 2018)
This study investigates the importance of using e-learning in teaching in higher education. In the institutions of higher education, the issue of utilizing modern information and communication technologies ICT) for teaching and learning is very important. This study gives a scholarly background to the study by reviewing some contributions made by various researchers and the institutions on the concept of e-learning, particularly its usage in teaching and learning in higher educational institutions. It looks at the scope, importance, the role elearning plays in higher educational institutions and the advantages and disadvantages of its adoption and implementation in higher education.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Improving Accessibility on Flickr - Nuh, Yerusha (Flickr Blog, 2016)
We’re excited to detail a number of new accessibility features enabled on Flickr. Read more here.

Improving Child Literacy in Africa: Experiments with an Automated Reading Tutor - Korsah, G. Ayorkor; Mostow, Jack; Dias, M. Bernardine; Sweet, Tracy Morrison; Belousov, Sarah M.; Dias, M. Frederick; Gong, Haijun (Information Technologies & International Development, 2010)
This paper describes Project Kan é , a research endeavor aimed at exploring the role that technology can play in improving child literacy in developing communities. An initial pilot study and a subsequent four-month-long controlled field study in Ghana investigated the viability and effectiveness of an automated reading tutor in helping urban children enhance their reading skills in English. In addition to quantitative data suggesting that automated tutoring can be useful for some children in this setting, these studies and an additional preliminary pilot study in Zambia yielded useful qualitative observations regarding the feasibility of applying technology solutions to the challenge of enhancing child literacy in developing communities. This paper presents the findings, observations, and lessons learned from the field studies.
Keywords: Ghana; Zambia; child literacy; developing countries; field studies; technology solutions; ⛔ No DOI found

Improving Early-Grade Literacy in East Africa: Experimental Evidence from Kenya and Uganda - Lucas, Adrienne M.; McEwan, Patrick J.; Ngware, Moses; Oketch, Moses (Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2014)
Primary school enrollments have increased rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa, spurring concerns about low levels of learning. We analyze field experiments in Kenya and Uganda that assessed whether the Reading to Learn intervention, implemented by the Aga Khan Foundation in both countries, improved early-grade literacy as measured by common assessments. We find that Ugandan literacy (in Lango) increased by 0.2 standard deviations. We find a smaller effect (0.08) on a Swahili literacy test in Kenya. We find no evidence that differential effects are explained by baseline differences across countries in student test scores, classroom attributes, or implementation fidelity. A plausible explanation that cannot be directly tested is differential effective exposure to the literacy treatment in the tested languages. Students in Kenya were tested in Swahili, which is not necessarily the main language of instruction in primary schools, despite official policy.

Improving Education in Developing Countries: Lessons From Rigorous Impact Evaluations - Ganimian, Alejandro J.; Murnane, Richard J. (Review of Educational Research, 2016)
In this article, we reviewed and interpreted the evidence from 223 rigorous impact evaluations of educational initiatives conducted in 56 low- and middle-income countries. We considered for inclusion in our review all studies in recent syntheses that have reached seemingly conflicting conclusions about which interventions improve educational outcomes. We grouped interventions based on their theory of action. We derived four lessons from the studies we review. First, reducing the costs of going to school and expanding schooling options increase attendance and attainment, but do not consistently increase student achievement. Second, providing information about school quality, developmentally appropriate parenting practices, and the economic returns to schooling affects the actions of parents and the achievement of children and adolescents. Third, more or better resources improve student achievement only if they result in changes in children?s daily experiences at school. Fourth, well-designed incentives increase teacher effort and student achievement from very low levels, but low-skilled teachers need specific guidance to reach minimally acceptable levels of instruction.

Improving Education Opportunities USAID Senegal Fact Sheet - USAID (2019)

Improving education outcomes in developing countries: Evidence, knowledge gaps, and policy implications - Glewwe, Paul; Muralidharan, Karthik (Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2016)

Improving educational outcomes in developing countries: Lessons from rigorous impact evaluations - Ganimian, Alejandro J; Murnane, Richard J (2014)

Improving educational outcomes & reducing absenteeism at remote villages with mobile technology and WhatsApp: findings from rural India - Nedungadi, Prema; Mulki, Karunya; Raman, Raghu (Education and Information Technologies, 2018)
Reduction of teacher and student absenteeism, together with consistent teacher support and training, are critical factors in improving the quality of education in rural India. As part of an ongoing project involving schools and educational centers in rural areas spread across 21 Indian states, this study investigated how implementation of two simple, accessible technologies could not only reduce absenteeism but also increase teachers' effectiveness and improve student performance. In addition to students and teachers, key stakeholders included educational coordinators who provided support and monitoring regarding use of WhatsApp and two additional apps designed specifically to support simple educational improvements. In our study we coded and analyzed nine months of messages (n = 8968), both photographs and texts, posted by 26 participants. The number of text messages related to attendance was strongly positively correlated with frequency of interactions between coordinators and teachers. Our approach resulted in increased teacher and student attendance, as well as improvements in lessons and other planned educational activities. This model functions well in rural settings where there is poor internet connectivity and lack of supporting infrastructure. Remote schools can easily adopt this tablet-based model to reduce teacher absenteeism, improve teaching techniques, improve educational resources, and increase student performance.
Keywords: Absenteeism; Academic Achievement; Attendance; Attendance Patterns; Computer Oriented Programs; Computers--Information Science And Information Theory; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Opportunities; Educational Quality; Educational technology; Foreign Countries; ICT; India; Monitoring; Quality of education; Rural Areas; Rural areas; Rural education; School education; Software; Students; Teacher Effectiveness; Teacher absence; Teacher monitoring; Teachers; Tele-education; WhatsApp; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097863; __finaldtb

Improving educational outcomes & reducing absenteeism at remote villages with mobile technology and WhatsApp: findings from rural India - Nedungadi, Prema; Mulki, Karunya; Raman, Raghu (Education and Information Technologies, 2018)
Reduction of teacher and student absenteeism, together with consistent teacher support and training, are critical factors in improving the quality of education in rural India. As part of an ongoing project involving schools and educational centers in rural areas spread across 21 Indian states, this study investigated how implementation of two simple, accessible technologies could not only reduce absenteeism but also increase teachers' effectiveness and improve student performance. In addition to students and teachers, key stakeholders included educational coordinators who provided support and monitoring regarding use of WhatsApp and two additional apps designed specifically to support simple educational improvements. In our study we coded and analyzed nine months of messages (n = 8968), both photographs and texts, posted by 26 participants. The number of text messages related to attendance was strongly positively correlated with frequency of interactions between coordinators and teachers. Our approach resulted in increased teacher and student attendance, as well as improvements in lessons and other planned educational activities. This model functions well in rural settings where there is poor internet connectivity and lack of supporting infrastructure. Remote schools can easily adopt this tablet-based model to reduce teacher absenteeism, improve teaching techniques, improve educational resources, and increase student performance.
Keywords: Absenteeism; Academic Achievement; Attendance; Attendance Patterns; Computer Oriented Programs; Computers--Information Science And Information Theory; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Opportunities; Educational Quality; Educational technology; Foreign Countries; ICT; India; Monitoring; Quality of education; Rural Areas; Rural areas; Rural education; School education; Software; Students; Teacher Effectiveness; Teacher absence; Teacher monitoring; Teachers; Tele-education; WhatsApp; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097863; __finaldtb

Improving learning in primary schools of developing countries: A meta-analysis of randomized experiments - McEwan, Patrick J (Review of Educational Research, 2015)
I gathered 77 randomized experiments (with 111 treatment arms) that evaluated the effects of school-based interventions on learning in developing-country primar...
Keywords: _Source:Intuitive

Improving literacy and math instruction at scale in India’s primary schools: The case of Pratham’s Read India program - Banerji, Rukmini; Chavan, Madhav (Journal of Educational Change, 2016)
Pratham’s “Read India” initiative is a large-scale intervention to improve basic learning and arithmetic among children in primary school. It was started almost 10 years ago and has evolved considerably over time. Currently, this initiative uses two strategies. The first strategy is to work directly with village communities and local schools to improve children’s learning. “Learning camps” are organized in the local school or community for a period of 6–10 days at a time. Local village volunteers help to teach children who are organized in groups by their level of learning. These camps—intensive bursts of focused instruction—are repeated several times during the year. This model which has been rigourously evaluated shows that children’s learning levels improve significantly. The second strategy is to work with the government. This approach is used when school systems want to partner or collaborate with Pratham for improving basic learning. The key element here too is grouping children and teaching them from their level rather than by their grade. This approach also shows promising results. Independent evaluations and randomized control trials conducted on both models have indicated significant impact. Moving between the present set of conditions in India and past lessons, this case describes a decade-long journey of efforts to change teaching and learning at the ground level as well the efforts to bring about significant shifts in priority at the system level. The “Read India” case presented here contributes knowledge on strategies under which effective pedagogy can be brought to scale. It also discusses challenges of transforming instructional change in a context of low initial capacity at the school and system levels, where attention to rapid expansion of access to school had kept aside for a long time critical questions about teaching quality and learning outcomes. A second contribution of “Read India” to current knowledge on large-scale educational change relates to the role non-government actors such as Pratham can play in bringing effective pedagogy to scale to improve student learning.

Improving Literacy Instruction in Kenya Through Teacher Professional Development and Text Messages Support: A Cluster Randomized Trial - Jukes, Matthew C. H.; Turner, Elizabeth L.; Dubeck, Margaret M.; Halliday, Katherine E.; Inyega, Hellen N.; Wolf, Sharon; Zuilkowski, Stephanie Simmons; Brooker, Simon J. (Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2017)
We evaluated a program to improve literacy instruction on the Kenyan coast using training workshops, semiscripted lesson plans, and weekly text-message support for teachers to understand its impact on students’ literacy outcomes and on the classroom practices leading to those outcomes. The evaluation ran from the beginning of Grade 1 to the end of Grade 2 in 51 government primary schools chosen at random, with 50 schools acting as controls. The intervention had an impact on classroom practices with effect sizes from 0.57 to 1.15. There was more instruction with written text and more focus on letters and sounds. There was a positive impact on three of four primary measures of children’s literacy after two years, with effect sizes up to 0.64, and school dropout reduced from 5.3% to 2.1%. This approach to literacy instruction is sustainable, and affordable and a similar approach has subsequently been adopted nationally in Kenya.
Keywords: Africa; Classroom Observation Techniques; Dropout Rate; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Early Childhood Education; Effect Size; Elementary Education; Elementary School Students; Elementary School Teachers; Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Grade 1; Grade 2; Handheld Devices; Improving Learning in Sub-Saharan Africa Using Rigorous Research Designs; Intelligence Tests; Intervention; Interviews; Kenya; Literacy Education; Maximum Likelihood Statistics; Pretests Posttests; Primary Education; Program Effectiveness; Promising Interventions Are Great, but Are They Enough?; Questionnaires; RCT; Randomized Controlled Trials; Raven Progressive Matrices; Rural Schools; Statistical Analysis; Teacher Improvement; Teaching Methods; Telecommunications; What We Are Learning About Early Education in Sub-Saharan Africa; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096051; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb; early grade reading; literacy instruction

Improving procedural and conceptual mathematics outcomes: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Kenya - Piper, Benjamin; Ralaingita, Wendi; Akach, Linda; King, Simon (Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2016)
To improve learning outcomes, an intervention in Kenya called the Primary Math and Reading (PRIMR) Initiative provided pupil learning materials, teachers’ guides and modest teacher professional development in mathematics. This paper presents the causal impact of PRIMR’s mathematics intervention on pupil achievement indices for procedural and conceptual numeracy, using a diﬀerences-in-diﬀerences analytic strategy. The mathematics intervention produced modest, statistically signiﬁcant results: generally similar results for males and females, a larger impact in grade 2 than grade 1, a larger impact in nongovernment schools than public schools, and smaller outcomes in mathematics than for English or Kiswahili. These ﬁndings have relevant policy implications in Kenya given an impending national mathematics programme.

Improving procedural and conceptual mathematics outcomes: evidence from a randomised controlled trial in Kenya - Piper, Benjamin; Ralaingita, Wendi; Akach, Linda; King, Simon (Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2016)
To improve learning outcomes, an intervention in Kenya called the Primary Math and Reading (PRIMR) Initiative provided pupil learning materials, teachers’ guides and modest teacher professional development in mathematics. This paper presents the causal impact of PRIMR’s mathematics intervention on pupil achievement indices for procedural and conceptual numeracy, using a differences-in-differences analytic strategy. The mathematics intervention produced modest, statistically significant results: generally similar results for males and females, a larger impact in grade 2 than grade 1, a larger impact in nongovernment schools than public schools, and smaller outcomes in mathematics than for English or Kiswahili. These findings have relevant policy implications in Kenya given an impending national mathematics programme.
Keywords: Kenya; Numeracy; elementary school; instruction; international education; mathematics

Improving public school teachers in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Improving Schools - Hussain, Rana; Ali, Sajid (Improving Schools, 2010)
This article tries to respond to a basic question: ‘can in-service teachers of public sectors in Pakistan be reformed?’The authors ’ response to this question is: ‘yes, public teachers can be reformed, if contextual possibilities are exploited efficiently’. Although a straightforward and simplistic response to the question, this was felt necessary to counter an unfavourable bias against public sector teachers in Pakistan without recognizing the challenges that they face, and without recognizing the potential of many of the public teachers who continuously strive to change these negative perceptions. This article recognizes the potential of public teachers and shares a relatively successful example of improving competencies among public teachers to support the response – the Cluster-Based Mentoring Programme (CBMP). Important features of the programmes are described along with discussion on its effective-ness and sustainability.

Improving reading and arithmetic outcomes at scale: Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL), Pratham’s approach to teaching and learning - Lakhsman, Samyukta (Revue internationale d’éducation de Sèvres, 2019)
In India, depsite a gross enrolment rate of more than 95%, performance levels remain low, particularly for children of illiterate or undereducated families. To contend with this, the “Teaching at the Right Level » project was implemented. This has taken many forms: the “camps for learning”, either repeated short term sessions (6 to 10 days), or long term sessions (30 to 50 days); and partnership arrangements with public school system authorities. The project’s methodology, attained objectives and its prospects are presented.
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI; ⛔ No DOI found

Improving School Education Outcomes in Developing Countries: Evidence, Knowledge Gaps, and Policy Implications - Glewwe, Paul; Muralidharan, Karthik (Oxford Policy Management, 2015)

Improving School Performance through School Ranking: The Double-Edged Sword of Accountability - Atuhurra, Julius; Kaffenburger, Michelle (RISE Programme, 2019)

Improving Secondary School Teacher Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa - Bainton, Dave; Barrett, Angeline Mbogo; Tikly, Leon (Bristol Working Papers in Education, 2016)
Keywords: C:sub-Saharan Africa

Improving Student Teachers' Digital Pedagogy through Meaningful Learning Activities - Sailin, Siti Nazuar; Mahmor, Noor Aida (Malaysian Journal of Learning and Instruction, 2018)
Purpose: This study aims to examine the attributes of meaningful learning that student teachers perceived as enabling them to improve their digital pedagogy. It is concerned with how the meaningful learning activities help to prepare student teachers to successfully integrate digital technologies in their future teaching practice. Methodology: This study adopted a qualitative research design and was underpinned by a meaningful learning theory as the theoretical and analytical framework. A total of 24 final year student teachers participated in this study. Data were mainly collected through student teachers' reflections regarding their learning experience. Thematic analysis was utilized to analyze and present the findings. Findings: The findings offer some important insights into how the learning activities carried out in this Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) project have directly and indirectly accelerated the acquisition of all the five attributes of meaningful learning. The findings of this study reveal that meaningful learning activities contribute to the improvement of the student teachers' knowledge of and skills in using Web 2.0. This improvement has boosted their confidence to integrate digital pedagogy in future teaching practices. The findings also indicate that although student teachers value their experiences in meaningful learning activities, they have some concerns regarding firstly, their capacities in applying digital pedagogy and secondly, the practicality of integrating Web 2.0 tools in the school setting because of several inherent limitations. Significance: Meaningful learning activities when incorporated into teacher training programmes will expose student teachers to authentic experiences which will be beneficial for their own learning and future teaching practice.
Keywords: Educational Technology; Foreign Countries; Learning Activities; Preservice Teachers; Self Esteem; Student Attitudes; Teaching Methods; Technological Literacy; Technology Integration; Technology Uses in Education; Web 2.0 Technologies

Improving students’ independence and collaboration with blended learning - Wahyuni, Erly (Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Community Development (AMCA 2018), 2018)
Now that web-based learning has emerged as a major trend in higher education. Many people have opportunities to develop and enhance independent or collaborative learning through a material which can be supported by technology and online learning. This study was aimed at 1) finding out how Blended Learning was implemented to improve students’ independency and collaboration in listening class, 2) finding out how Blended Learning can improve students’ independency and collaboration, 3) finding out students’ response toward the implementation of Blended Learning in listening class. The subjects of this study are an English lecturer and the second semester students of English Dept. which consists of 28 students who are taking Listening Class. The research designs used are descriptive qualitative and quantitative research. The instruments of this study are observation, interview, and open-ended questionnaire with likert scale. The techniques of data analysis for quantitative research uses a simple percentage and qualitative research is with data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion: drawing or verifying. The result of the research showed that 1) the use of blended learning in teaching listening offered ways for lecturer to be more effective in the teaching and learning process, 2) blended learning was able to improve students’ indepedency and collaboration in listening class, and 3) this study demonstrated the positive response for the students.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Improving teacher professional development for online and blended learning: a systematic meta-aggregative review - Philipsen, Brent; Tondeur, Jo; Pareja Roblin, Natalie; Vanslambrouck, Silke; Zhu, Chang (Educational Technology Research and Development, 2019)
In order to fully realise the potential of online and blended learning (OBL), teacher professional development (TPD) strategies on how to teach in an online or blended learning environment are needed. While many studies examine the effects of TPD strategies, fewer studies target the specific important components of these strategies. This study addresses that gap by conducting a systematic review of qualitative data consisting of 15 articles on TPD that targets OBL. Using a meta-aggregative approach, six different synthesised findings were identified and integrated into a visual framework of the key components of TPD for OBL. These synthesised findings are the base for the action recommendations which present specific and contextualised suggestions. Taken together, the findings can inform in-service teachers and trainers, together with further research and development efforts that are concerned with TPD for OBL.

Improving teaching and learning of basic maths and reading in Africa: Does teacher preparation count? - Akyeampong, Kwame; Lussier, Kattie; Pryor, John; Westbrook, Jo (International Journal of Educational Development, 2013)
Teacher education has an important role in ensuring quality of learning especially for the poorest children. The article draws on a study of teacher preparation for the early primary grades in six African countries – Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania and Uganda – in reading and mathematics. Initial teacher education had the strongest impact on newly qualified teachers but also induced misplaced confidence leading to standardised teacher-led approaches that failed to engage learners. Learning to read was divorced from meaning while mathematical activities were not linked to learning concepts. We suggest that teacher education is reconstructed as a study of classroom practice that places children's learning at its centre.

Improving the quality of teaching and learning through leadership for learning: Changing scenarios in basic schools of Ghana - Malakolunthu, Suseela; McBeath, John; Swaffield, Sue (Educational management administration & leadership, 2014)

In Bringing a Literacy Project to Scale, has Kenya Found a Holy Grail? - Bruns, Barbara (Center For Global Development, 2018)
An article of faith among development economists is that “evidence-based policy” holds the promise of faster progress. Barbara Bruns set out to find a rigorously evaluated pilot whose evidence had led to a program at scale. It wasn’t easy.

in Emergency and Post-Crisis Situations - Barry, Barbara; Newby, Landon (Global Education Cluster Working Group and IIEP-UNESCO, 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

In Ghana, Free High School Brings Opportunity and Grumbling - Nir, S.M. (2019)

In Service Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Synthesis Report - Junaid, Muhammad Ibn; Maka, Francois (Commonwealth Secretariat, 2015)

In which countries do the most highly qualified and experienced teachers teach in the most difficult schools? - Avvisati, Francesco (OECD, 2018)
Teachers are the most important school resource. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure on education; and this investment in teachers can have significant returns. Research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. But not all students are equal when it comes to access to high-quality teaching. In fact, PISA data show that there are inequities in access to experienced and qualified teachers in many countries, and that they are related to the gap in learning outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students.

Incentives for effort or outputs? A field experiment to improve student performance - Hirshleifer, Sarojini (Unpublished manuscript. Cambridge, MA: Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL), 2015)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Incentives work: Getting teachers to come to school - Duflo, Esther; Hanna, Rema; Ryan, Stephen (American Economic Review, 2012)

Incheon Declaration and Framework for Action for the implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all - UNESCO (2015)

Incidence of malaria (per 1,000 population at risk) - Sierra Leone, Sub-Saharan Africa (excluding high income) | Data - World Bank (2018)

Including Everyone Strengthening the Collection and Use of Data About Persons with Disabilities in Humanitarian Situations - UNICEF (2019)

Inclusion Matters : The Foundation for Shared Prosperity - World Bank (World Bank, 2013)
Today, the world is at a conjuncture where issues of exclusion and inclusion are assuming new significance for both developed and developing countries. The imperative for social inclusion has blurred the distinction between these two stylized poles of development. Countries that used to be referred to as developed are grappling with issues of exclusion and inclusion perhaps more intensely today than they did a decade ago. And countries previously called developing are grappling with both old issues and new forms of exclusion thrown up by growth. Nonlinear demographic transitions, global economic volatility, shifts in the international balance of power, and local political movements have had a large part to play in these shifting sands. These changes make social inclusion more urgent than it was even a decade ago. This report tries to put boundaries around the abstraction that is "social inclusion." Placing the discussion of social inclusion within such global transitions and transformations, the report argues that social inclusion is an evolving agenda. It offers two easy-to-use definitions and a framework to assist practitioners in asking, outlining, and developing some of the right questions that can help advance the agenda of inclusion in different contexts. This report builds on previous analytical work, especially by the World Bank, on themes that touch upon social inclusion, including multidimensional poverty, inequality, equity, social cohesion, and empowerment. There are seven main messages in this report: (1) excluded groups exist in all countries; (2) excluded groups are consistently denied opportunities; (3) intense global transitions are leading to social transformations that create new opportunities for inclusion as well as exacerbating existing forms of exclusion; (4) people take part in society through markets, services, and spaces; (5) social and economic transformations affect the attitudes and perceptions of people. As people act on the basis of how they feel, it is important to pay attention to their attitudes and perceptions; (6) exclusion is not immutable. Abundant evidence demonstrates that social inclusion can be planned and achieved; and (7) moving ahead will require a broader and deeper knowledge of exclusion and its impacts as well as taking concerted action. The report is divided into three parts. Part one is framing the issues. Part two focuses on transitions, transformations, and perceptions. Part three is change is possible.

Inclusive and special education approaches in developing countries - Price, Roz (Institute of Development Studies, 2018)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Inclusive data charter - Global Partnership for Sustainable Development Data (2019)

Inclusive early childhood education in Nigeria: the journey so far - Salami, Ishola Akindele (The Journal of International Association of Special Education, 2014)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Inclusive education: determinants of schooling in urban slums of Islamabad, Pakistan - Sattar, Usman; Zhang, Dunfu (American Journal of Sociological Research, 2017)
This paper seeks to identify the factors determining school enrollment in slum localities of Islamabad, Pakistan. A quantitative research design with the survey method was adopted to obtain data from household heads. The sample was consisted of 220 respondents. The data was collected with convenient sampling technique. A structured questionnaire was prepared as a tool for data collection. The data was analyzed with logistic regression model on STATA 0.9 software. The results disclosed that child’s gender, household income and household head’s education are important factors determining school enrollment in slum localities of Islamabad, Pakistan.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Inclusive educational practices in Kenya: Evidencing practice of itinerant teachers who work with children with visual impairment in local mainstream schools - Lynch, Paul; McCall, Steve; Douglas, Graeme; McLinden, Mike; Mogesa, Bernard; Mwaura, Martha; Muga, John; Njoroge, Michael (International Journal of Educational Development, 2011)
This article presents a findings from an investigation of the work of 38 specialist itinerant teachers (ITs) supporting the educational inclusion of children with visual impairment in Kenya. The research was designed around a participatory action research framework involving in-country researchers and participants (teachers) working in collaboration with researchers in the United Kingdom. Following an introductory training workshop, participants kept research journals over a 2-month period in which they recorded details of their itinerant duties (including the processes and content of their visits). Findings provide information about local practices of ITs support for children with visual impairment in mainstream schools and raise broader questions about the barriers to learning and development facing children with disabilities in mainstream schools in Kenya and other developing countries.
Keywords: Inclusive education; Itinerant teachers; Kenya; Participatory action research; Visual impairment

Inclusive Quality Education for Children with Disabilities - Singal, Nidhi; Ware, Hannah; Bhutani, Sweta Khanna (World Innovation Summit for Education & University of Cambridge, 2017)

Inclusive teaching and learning for children with visual impairments: Teachers Guide - Sightsavers (2018)

Income shocks and gender gaps in education: Evidence from Uganda - Björkman-Nyqvist, Martina (Journal of Development Economics, 2013)
This paper uses exogenous variation in rainfall across districts in Uganda to estimate the causal effects of household income shocks on children's enrollment and academic performance conditional on gender. I find negative deviations in rainfall from the long-term mean to have negative and highly significant effects on female enrollment in primary schools and the effect grows stronger for older girls. I find no effect of rainfall variation on the enrollment of boys and young girls. Moreover, I find that when schooling is free of charge and both marginal boys and girls are enrolled, a negative income shock has an adverse effect on the test scores of female students while boys are not affected. The results imply that households respond to income shocks by varying the amount of schooling and resources provided to girls while boys are to a large extent sheltered — a finding consistent with a model where parents' values of child labor differ across sexes.
Keywords: Education; Gender; Rainfall; Test scores

Incorporating the dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra into a history of mathematics course - Zengin, Yilmaz (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2018)
The purpose of this study was to investigate pre-service teachers' views about the history of mathematics course in which GeoGebra was used. The qualitative research design was used in this study. The participants of the study consisted of 23 pre-service mathematics teachers studying at a state university in Turkey. An open-ended questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Qualitative data obtained from the pre-service teachers were analyzed by means of content analysis. As a result, it was determined that GeoGebra software was an effective tool in the learning and teaching of the history of mathematics.
Keywords: Colleges & universities; Computer Software; Content analysis; Data acquisition; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Foreign Countries; GeoGebra; Geometry; Higher Education; History; History of mathematics; Mathematical Concepts; Mathematical Logic; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Teachers; Preservice Teachers; Qualitative analysis; Qualitative research; Software; Student Attitudes; Teachers; Turkey; Validity; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2098800; __finaldtb; dynamic mathematics software; pre-service teachers' views

Incorporating the dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra into a history of mathematics course - Zengin, Yilmaz (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2018)
The purpose of this study was to investigate pre-service teachers' views about the history of mathematics course in which GeoGebra was used. The qualitative research design was used in this study. The participants of the study consisted of 23 pre-service mathematics teachers studying at a state university in Turkey. An open-ended questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. Qualitative data obtained from the pre-service teachers were analyzed by means of content analysis. As a result, it was determined that GeoGebra software was an effective tool in the learning and teaching of the history of mathematics.
Keywords: Colleges & universities; Computer Software; Content analysis; Data acquisition; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Foreign Countries; GeoGebra; Geometry; Higher Education; History; History of mathematics; Mathematical Concepts; Mathematical Logic; Mathematical analysis; Mathematics; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Teachers; Preservice Teachers; Qualitative analysis; Qualitative research; Software; Student Attitudes; Teachers; Turkey; Validity; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2098800; __finaldtb; dynamic mathematics software; pre-service teachers' views

Incorporating the iPad in the mathematics classroom - Preciado-Babb, AP (IEEE, 2012)

Increasing Interactivity in Distance Educations: Case Studies Bangladesh and Sri Lanka - Andersson, Annika; Hatakka, Mathias (Information Technology for Development, 2010)

Increasing student engagement, self-efficacy, and meta-cognitive self-regulation in the high school geometry classroom: do iPads help? - Perry, David R.; Steck, Andy K. (Computers in the Schools, 2015)
Teachers are increasingly integrating mobile digital technology into the classroom. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of incorporating iPads in a secondary-level geometry course on academic achievement, student engagement, self-efficacy, and meta-cognitive self-regulation. Students in the iPad-using classroom experienced lower levels of geometry proficiency scores, higher levels of off-task behaviors, and similar levels of self-efficacy and meta-cognitive self-regulation compared to the non-iPad group. However, the results may have been affected by several latent variables that can be controlled for in future research.
Keywords: geometry; iPad; meta-cognitive self-regulation; mobile technology; self-efficacy

Increasing Students’ Awareness of Their Behavior in Online Learning Environments with Visualizations and Achievement Badges - Auvinen, Tapio; Hakulinen, Lasse; Malmi, Lauri (IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 2015)
In online learning environments where automatic assessment is used, students often resort to harmful study practices such as procrastination and trial-and-error. In this paper, we study two teaching interventions that were designed to address these issues in a university-level computer science course. In the first intervention, we used achievement badges, a form of gamification, to reward students for submitting early, solving exercises with few iterations, and completing the exercises with full points. In the second intervention, we used heatmap visualizations that show a prediction of the student's success if he or she continues to behave in the same way, based on data from earlier courses. The results from a controlled experiment show that the heatmap visualizations had an impact on how early the students submitted their exercises and how many points they earned from them. We also observed that performance approach goal orientation correlated with an interest towards the achievement badges whereas performance avoidance correlated with an interest towards the visualizations. The results indicate that increasing students' awareness of their behavior can have a positive impact on their study practices and results. However, the same type of feedback may not suit all students because of individual differences.
Keywords: Adaptation models; Context; Data visualization; Education; Heating; Monitoring; Visualization; achievement badges; automatic assessment; computer aided instruction; computer science education; data visualisation; distance learning; educational courses; exercise solving; exercise submission; further education; gamification; goal orientation; heatmap visualization; human factors; online learning environment; performance avoidance; student awareness; student behavior; student reward; student study practice; student success prediction; teaching; teaching intervention; university-level computer science course

Independent Learning with Technology – Impact of Global Learning XPRIZE - King, Simon (2019)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Independent Samples T-Test - Ross, Amanda; Willson, Victor L. (Basic and Advanced Statistical Tests: Writing Results Sections and Creating Tables and Figures, 2017)
An independent samples t-test compares the means of two groups. The data are interval for the groups. There is not an assumption of normal distribution (if the distribution of one or both groups is really unusual, the t-test will not give good results with unequal sample sizes), but there is an assumption that the two standard deviations are equal. If the sample sizes are equal or very similar in size, even that assumption is not critical.

Individuals using the Internet (% of population) - World Bank (2017)

Indonesia got schooled: 15 years of rising enrolment and flat learning profiles - Beatty, Amanda; Berkhout, Emilie; Bima, Luhur; Coen, Thomas; Pradhan, Menno; Suryadarma, Daniel (Research on Improving Systems of Education, 2018)

Indonesia's Quiet Springtime: Knowledge, Policy and Reform - Guggenheim, Scott (Indonesia Rising: The Repositioning of Asia's Third Giant, 2012)
There are reasons for thinking that this is at last Indonesia's moment on the world stage. Having successfully negotiated its difficult transition to...

INEE Minimum Standards for Education: Preparedness, Response, Recovery - INEE (Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (INEE), 2010)
The Handbook is designed to give governments and humanitarian workers the tools that they need to address both local and global goals. It is the first step toward ensuring that education initiatives in emergency situations provide a solid and sound basis for post-conflict and disaster reconstruction. The INEE Minimum Standards express a commitment that all individuals – children, youth, and adults – have a right to education during emergencies and fragile contexts. They echo the core beliefs of the Sphere Project: that all possible steps should be taken to alleviate human suffering arising out of calamity and conflict, and that people affected by disaster have a right to life with dignity.

Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century - UNDP (2019)

Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century, Ghana - UNDP (2019)

Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century, Kenya - UNDP (2019)

Inequality as higher education goes online - Czerniewicz, Laura (Springer, 2018)

Inequality in Human Development in the 21st Century, Jordan - UNDP (2019)

Influence Of Hidden Costs In Education On Students’ Participation In Public Secondary Schools In Kikuyu Sub County, Kenya - Kingori, Joseph Ndirangu (School of Education Department of Educational Administration and Planning of Nairobi University, 2015)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Influence Of Hidden Costs In Education On Students’ Participation In Public Secondary Schools In Kikuyu Sub County, Kenya - Kingori, Joseph Ndirangu (School of Education Department of Educational Administration and Planning of Nairobi University, 2015)

Influence of mobile learning training on pre-service social studies teachers' technology and mobile phone self-efficacies - Gloria, Adedoja; Oluwadara, Abimbade (Journal of Education and Practice, 2016)
Current instructional deliveries favour the use of mobile technology because of its inherent potentials and benefits such as portability, ease of use cost and others. Despite these benefits, many teachers especially in Sub-Saharan Africa still prefer the conventional method and use mobile phones for social engagements such as texting, chatting, callings and others. Though, these teachers use mobile phones for these social activities, using it for instruction is somewhat problematic for them without adequate training on its pedagogical implications. This is also because there are dearth of trainings in this area. Some factors that could however affect this type of specialised training include Technology Self-efficacy, Mobile Phone Self-efficacy, attitude, age and others. The sample of this present study was 101 pre-service social studies teachers in two Universities in Nigeria. The influence of the Mobile learning training on Technology/Mobile Phone Self-efficacies was explored. The results indicated that the pre-service social studies teachers have high Technology/Mobile Phone Self-efficacies after exposure to the training.
Keywords: Age Differences; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Electronic Learning; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Instructional Effectiveness; Likert Scales; Nigeria; Postsecondary Education; Predictor Variables; Preservice Teachers; Pretests Posttests; Questionnaires; Self Efficacy; Social Studies; Student Teacher Attitudes; Technological Literacy; Technology Education; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096188; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Information and collective action in community-based monitoring of schools : Field and lab experimental evidence from Uganda - Barr, A; Mugisha, F; Serneels, P; Zeitlin, A (2012)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education in Five Arab States. Information paper - UNESCO (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2013)

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education in sub-Saharan Africa: A comparative analysis of basic e-readiness in schools. Information Paper No. 25 - UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2015)

Information and communication technology in early childhood education: challenges for effective implementation and integration - Hammed, N. M. A. (2014)

Information and Communications Infrastructure Development Project - World Bank (World Bank, 2015)
Information and Communications Infrastructure Development Project

Information and communications technologies in secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, practices, trends, and recommendations - Burns, Mary; Santally, Mohammad Issack (Secondary Education in Africa: Preparing Youth for the Future of Work, 2019)

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Census - Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (2017)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for Accountability in the Primary Education Sector in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Interim Results, Lessons Learned, and the Way Forward - World Bank (World Bank, 2016)

Information for accountability: Transparency and citizen engagement for improved service delivery in education systems - Read, Lindsay; Atinc, Tamar Manuelyan (Brookings Institute, 2017)
In a new report, Lindsay Read and Tamar Manuelyan Atinc shares insights into the nuanced relationship between information and accountability as it relates to improving service delivery in education systems.

Information Technology and Student Achievement: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment in Ecuador - Carrillo, Paul E.; Onofa, Mercedes; Ponce, Juan (SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011)

Information Technology and Transcription of Reading Materials for the Visually Impaired Persons in Nigeria - Nkiko, Christopher; Atinmo, Morayo I; Michael-Onuoha, Happiness Chijioke; Ilogho, Julie E; Ifeakachuku, Osinulu; Adetomiwa, Basiru; Usman, Kazeem Omeiza (Journal of Education and Learning, 2018)
Studies have shown inadequate reading materials for the visually impaired in Nigeria. Information technology has greatly advanced the provision of information to the visually impaired in other industrialized climes. This study investigated the extent of application of information technology to the transcription of reading materials for the visually impaired in Nigeria. The study adopted survey research design of the ex-post facto to select 470 personnel as respondents. A questionnaire titled Information Technology Use Scale (α=0.74), and Interview Schedule (α=0.75), were used. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The findings indicate that information technology in transcription was low and a significant positive relationship between application of information technology and transcription of information materials (r=0.62: p<0.05). The study recommended among others that Multi-National Corporations should be sensitized to extend their Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities to help in procuring modern information technology devices and software to enhance transcription.

Informed consent and nudging - Simkulet, William (Bioethics, 2019)
In order to avoid patient abuse, under normal situations before performing a medical intervention on a patient, a physician must obtain informed consent from that patient, where to give genuine informed consent a patient must be competent, understand her condition, her options and their expected risks and benefits, and must expressly consent to one of those options. However, many patients refrain from the option that their physician believes to be best, and many physicians worry that their patients make irrational healthcare decisions, hindering their ability to provide efficient healthcare for their patients. Some philosophers have proposed a solution to this problem: they advocate that physicians nudge their patients to steer them towards their physician's preferred option. A nudge is any influence designed to predictably alter a person's behavior without limiting their options or giving them reasons to act. Proponents of nudging contend that nudges are consistent with obtaining informed consent. Here I argue that nudging is incompatible with genuine informed consent, as it violates a physician's obligation to tell their patients the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth during adequate disclosure.
Keywords: bullshit; decision-making; informed consent; libertarian paternalism; lying; nudging; professional ethics; truth-telling

Innovación y Sistemas Nacionales de Innovación en procesos de desarrollo - Arocena, R.; Sutz, J. (Repensando el desarrollo latinoamericano. Una discusión desde los sistemas de innovación, 2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Innovating education and educating for innovation: the power of digital technologies and skills - OECD (Educational Research and Innovation, 2016)
OECD Innovation Strategy calls upon all sectors in the economy and society to innovate in order to foster productivity, growth and well-being. Education systems are critically important for innovation through the development of skills that nurture new ideas and technologies. However, whereas digital technologies are profoundly changing the way we work, communicate and enjoy ourselves, the world of education and learning is not yet going through the same technology-driven innovation process as other sectors. This report served as the background report to the second Global Education Industry Summit which was held on 26-27 September 2016. It€discusses the available evidence on innovation in education, the impact of digital technologies on teaching and learning, the role of digital skills and the role of educational industries in the process of innovation. The report argues for smarter policies, involving all stakeholders, for innovation in education
Keywords: Educational innovations

Innovating mobile solutions for refugees in East Africa: Opportunities and barrier to using mobile technology and the internet in Kakuma refugee camp and Nakivale refugee settlement - Samuel Hall (Samuel Hall, 2018)

Innovation Education – What are innovation skills? How can we provide innovation learning through the education system? - Murphy, Ryan (2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Innovation in education: what works, what doesn’t, and what to do about it? - Serdyukov, Peter (Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching & Learning, 2017)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an analytical review of the educational innovation field in the USA. It outlines classification of innovations, discusses the hurdles to innovation, and offers ways to increase the scale and rate of innovation-based transformations in the education system. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a literature survey and author research. Findings US education badly needs effective innovations of scale that can help produce the needed high-quality learning outcomes across the system. The primary focus of educational innovations should be on teaching and learning theory and practice, as well as on the learner, parents, community, society, and its culture. Technology applications need a solid theoretical foundation based on purposeful, systemic research, and a sound pedagogy. One of the critical areas of research and innovation can be cost and time efficiency of the learning. Practical implications Several practical recommendations stem out of this paper: how to create a base for large-scale innovations and their implementation; how to increase effectiveness of technology innovations in education, particularly online learning; how to raise time and cost efficiency of education. Social implications Innovations in education are regarded, along with the education system, within the context of a societal supersystem demonstrating their interrelations and interdependencies at all levels. Raising the quality and scale of innovations in education will positively affect education itself and benefit the whole society. Originality/value Originality is in the systemic approach to education and educational innovations, in offering a comprehensive classification of innovations; in exposing the hurdles to innovations, in new arguments about effectiveness of technology applications, and in time efficiency of education.
Keywords: Educational technology; Implementation; Innovation; Time efficiency

Innovation in Mixed Methods Research: A Practical Guide to Integrative Thinking with Complexity - Poth, Cheryl N. (SAGE Publications Limited, 2018)
Explaining both why and how to use mixed methods for discovering solutions to complex research problems, this guide gives readers the tools to adapt approaches to suit their own research conditions. Written in a warm, encouraging tone and packed with helpful diagrams and visual organizers, it provides an easy-to-follow map to the mixed methods process, covering everything from ‘what is mixed methods research?’ to framing, integrating, and describing a complexity-sensitive mixed methods approach. Features include: Key questions to navigate the important concepts of each chapter Practice alerts to provide practical tips on working in the field Chapter check-ins to assess development of key skills Further reading to expand and deepen knowledge of mixed methods practices An annotated glossary to get to grips with foundational terms and revise for exams Supported throughout by real-world examples and advice from the author and other mixed methods experts, this book helps readers succeed in their projects and think innovatively about the methods they use.
Keywords: Reference / Research; Social Science / Methodology

Innovative Delivery of Education in Bangladesh Using Mobile Technology - Cristol, Dean; Abdulbaki, Anwar; Tuhin, Salah Uddin; Al-Sabbagh, Samah; Majareh, Maryam; Gimbert, Belinda (2019)
Given the increasing use and accessibility of mobile technology, a pilot study, “Innovative Delivery of Education in Bangladesh Using Mobile Technology” was carried out using mobile learning devices to both increase and enrich the delivery of educational services in a remote Bangladesh district. The APTUS system was used to allow learners’ connection to digital learning platforms and content without electricity or internet access. The researchers maintained that mobile learning associated with Project Based Learning can effect student learning in five ways: (1) contingent learning, changing experience students have by responding to the environment; (2) situated learning, in which learning occurs in the conditions applicable to the learning; (3) authentic learning connected to immediate learning goals; (4) context-aware learning, in which the environment and history affect learning; and (5) personalized learning. The results from this pilot research study provides evidence of the students achievement growth overtime and motivated to learn higher-order thinking technology enhanced skills when practical applications are supplemented with technology tools such as tablets. Students reported a heightened interest in science as a result of the project. Teachers maintained that their teaching skills were enhanced by the project and able to apply practical applications to teach science rather than lecturing and rote learning. Parents attributed the project for their children being more motivated to learn science inside and outside of the classroom. The study appears to have a positive impact on the three groups of the participants and should be scaled up to benefit more learning communities, especially in remote areas of Bangladesh.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Innovative Delivery of Education in Bangladesh Using Mobile Technology - Cristol, Dean; Al-Sabbagh, Samah; Abdulbaki, Anwar; Majareh, Maryam; Tuhin, Salah Uddin; Gimbert, Belinda (World Conference on Mobile and Contextual Learning, 2019)
Given the increasing use and accessibility of mobile technology, a pilot study, “Innovative Delivery of Education in Bangladesh Using Mobile Technology” was carried out using mobile learning devices to both increase and enrich the delivery of educational services in a remote Bangladesh district. The APTUS system was used to allow learners’ connection to digital learning platforms and content without electricity or internet access. The researchers maintained that mobile learning associated with Project Based Learning can effect student learning in five ways: (1) contingent learning, changing...

Innovative strategies for accelerated human resource development in South Asia: Information and communication technology for education - Special focus on Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka - ADB (Asian Development Bank, 2017)

Innovative Strategies for Accelerated Human Resources Development in South Asia:: Information and Communication Technology for Education---Special Focus on Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka - Asian Development Bank (Asian Development Bank, 2017)
Keywords: Systems Framework

Inputs, Incentives, and Complementarities in Education: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania - Mbiti, Isaac; Muralidharan, Karthik; Romero, Mauricio; Schipper, Youdi; Manda, Constantine; Rajani, Rakesh (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2018)
We present results from a large-scale randomized experiment across 350 schools in Tanzania that studied the impact of providing schools with (a) unconditional grants, (b) teacher incentives based on student performance, and (c) both of the above. After two years, we find (a) no impact on student test scores from providing school grants, (b) some evidence of positive effects from teacher incentives, and (c) significant positive effects from providing both programs. Most importantly, we find strong evidence of complementarities between the two programs, with the effect of joint provision being significantly greater than the sum of the individual effects. Our results suggest that combining spending on school inputs (which is the default policy) with improved teacher incentives could substantially increase the cost-effectiveness of public spending on education.

Insights on ESL student teachers reflecting collaboratively online - Suppiah, Shubashini; Wah, Lee Kean, (PhD); Swanto, Suyansah, (PhD); Lajium, Denis Andrew, (PhD) (The English Teacher, 2019)
The concept of a collaborative based reflective practice approach is grounded within the theoretical argument that critical reflection can be fostered through the presence of the "knowledgeable other" (Vygotsky, 1978). The present study was a pilot initiative in utilizing EDMODO (a closed educational learning management system) as a platform to explore reflection in a communal approach within a group of pre-service ESL teachers and their teacher educator mentor during a teaching practice placement in the context of the TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) degree programme in an institute of teacher education (ITE) in Malaysia. The aims of the study are: (1) to examine the nature of the online reflection posts; and (2) to explore the nature of interactions that occurred online and the extent it supported collaborative reflection practices. The study employed a qualitative case study design in which five pre-service teachers (n=5) and their teacher educator mentor used EDMODO to post their reflections and carry out discussions for four weeks (n=4). The sources of data were the online reflection posts, the threaded discussion posts and a semi-structured group interview. Despite initial ambiguities and constraints, the EDMODO learning site as a platform for reflective practice showed positive results in that it allowed collaboration and dialogue to take place. Nevertheless, the facilitation of the reflection process requires further inquiry. The findings of the study suggest the need to establish a more systematic and structured approach when fostering critical reflection practices in a communal setting.
Keywords: Collaboration; Distance learning; English as a second language--ESL; Linguistics; Malaysia; Problem solving; Professional development; Reflective practice; Researchers; Social research; Student teachers; Teacher education; Teaching; Web 2.0; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095770; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Insights on ESL Student Teachers Reflecting Collaboratively Online Shubashini Suppiah Institute of Teacher Education Gaya Campus - Lee, S; Swanto, K; Lajium, S; Suppiah, D; Suppiah, Shubashini (2019)
The concept of a collaborative based reflective practice approach is grounded within the theoretical argument that critical reflection can be fostered through the presence of the "knowledgeable other" (Vygotsky, 1978). The present study was a pilot initiative in utilizing EDMODO (a closed educational learning management system) as a platform to explore reflection in a communal approach within a group of pre-service ESL teachers and their teacher educator mentor during a teaching practice placement in the context of the TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) degree programme in an institute of teacher education (ITE) in Malaysia. The aims of the study are: (1) to examine the nature of the online reflection posts; and (2) to explore the nature of interactions that occurred online and the extent it supported collaborative reflection practices. The study employed a qualitative case study design in which five pre-service teachers (n=5) and their teacher educator mentor used EDMODO to post their reflections and carry out discussions for four weeks (n=4). The sources of data were the online reflection posts, the threaded discussion posts and a semi-structured group interview. Despite initial ambiguities and constraints, the EDMODO learning site as a platform for reflective practice showed positive results in that it allowed collaboration and dialogue to take place. Nevertheless, the facilitation of the reflection process requires further inquiry. The findings of the study suggest the need to establish a more systematic and structured approach when fostering critical reflection practices in a communal setting.

Insights on ESL Student Teachers Reflecting Collaboratively Online Shubashini Suppiah Institute of Teacher Education Gaya Campus - Suppiah, Shubashini; Lee, S; Swanto, K; Lajium, S (2019)
The concept of a collaborative based reflective practice approach is grounded within the theoretical argument that critical reflection can be fostered through the presence of the "knowledgeable other" (Vygotsky, 1978). The present study was a pilot initiative in utilizing EDMODO (a closed educational learning management system) as a platform to explore reflection in a communal approach within a group of pre-service ESL teachers and their teacher educator mentor during a teaching practice placement in the context of the TESL (Teaching English as a Second Language) degree programme in an institute of teacher education (ITE) in Malaysia. The aims of the study are: (1) to examine the nature of the online reflection posts; and (2) to explore the nature of interactions that occurred online and the extent it supported collaborative reflection practices. The study employed a qualitative case study design in which five pre-service teachers (n=5) and their teacher educator mentor used EDMODO to post their reflections and carry out discussions for four weeks (n=4). The sources of data were the online reflection posts, the threaded discussion posts and a semi-structured group interview. Despite initial ambiguities and constraints, the EDMODO learning site as a platform for reflective practice showed positive results in that it allowed collaboration and dialogue to take place. Nevertheless, the facilitation of the reflection process requires further inquiry. The findings of the study suggest the need to establish a more systematic and structured approach when fostering critical reflection practices in a communal setting.

Instructional and assessment accommodations in the 21st century. - Thurlow, M (The SAGE Handbook of Special Education: Two Volume Set., 2013)

Integrating analyses in mixed methods research - Bazeley, Patricia (SAGE Publications Ltd., 2018)
Integrating Analyses for Mixed Methods Research goes beyond mixed methods research design and data collection, providing a pragmatic discussion of the challenges of effectively integrating data to facilitate a more comprehensive and rigorous level of analysis. Showcasing a range of strategies for integrating different sources and forms of data as well as different approaches in analysis, readers learn to plan, conduct, and disseminate complex analyses with confidence. Key techniques include: . Building an integrative framework . Analyzing sequential, complementary and comparative data . Identifying patterns and contrasts in linked data . Categorizing, counting, and blending mixed data . Managing dissonance and divergence . Transforming analysis into warranted assertions With clear steps that can be tailored to any project, this book is perfect for students and researchers undertaking their own mixed methods research.
Keywords: Methodology; Mixed methods research; Research; Social sciences

Integrating computer-assisted learning into a regular curriculum: evidence from a randomised experiment in rural schools in Shaanxi - Mo, Di; Zhang, Linxiu; Luo, Renfu; Qu, Qinghe; Huang, Weiming; Wang, Jiafu; Qiao, Yajie; Boswell, Matthew; Rozelle, Scott (Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2014)

Integrating ICT into Teaching and Learning Biology: A Case for Rachuonyo South Sub-County, Kenya - Mwanda, Gideon (International Journal of Education, Culture and Society, 2017)

Integrating ICT into Teaching and Learning Biology: A Case for Rachuonyo South Sub-County, Kenya - Mwanda, Gideon; Mwanda, Samwel; Midigo, Ronnie; Maundu, John (American Journal of Education and Information Technologies, 2017)
The purpose of this study was to find out the extent of integration of computer technology into teaching and learning Biology in secondary schools of Rachuonyo South Sub-County, Kenya. The target population consisted of students and biology teachers in the Sub-County. Data was collected by use of questionnaires and an observation check list. From the study, most schools had few computers; teachers had inadequate training on use of computer applications; most teachers did not use computer technology for personal growth and instructional purposes. Inadequate number of computers in the sampled schools was the major challenge facing the integration of computer technology into the instruction process. The study recommends increased accessibility of computers, adequate training on use of computer technology and development of a policy framework to guide on the path to effective computer integration into instruction process.
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Integrating information communication technology skills in Preschool Education in Kenya - Kaindio, M.P.; Wagithunu, M.N. (Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2014)
The study aimed at investigating the preparedness and attitude of ECDE teachers in preschools, and find out the current situation as far as ICT is concerned. The researchers adopted descriptive design. To obtain information on the current status of the ICT on whether there was any significant difference in preschool teachers' preparedness in terms of age, qualifications, and experience on ICT. 52 preschool teachers were randomly selected and a questionnaire administered to them. The data was analyzed using SPSS computer software. It was clear from the finding that Kenya is not ready to integrate ICT in preschool curriculum, since the physical facilities, electricity, poverty, trained personnel and teachers' attitudes towards ICT need to be addresses first.
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Integrating Information Communication Technology Skills in Preschool Education in Kenya - Kaindio, Mauta; Wagithunu, Margaret (Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 2014)
The study aimed at investigating the preparedness and attitude of ECDE teachers in preschools, and find out the current situation as far as ICT is concerned. The researchers adopted descriptive design. To obtain information on the current status of the ICT on whether there was any significant difference in preschool teachers’ preparedness in terms of age, qualifications, and experience on ICT. 52 preschool teachers were randomly selected and a questionnaire administered to them. The data was analyzed using SPSS computer software. It was clear from the finding that Kenya is not ready to integrate ICT in preschool curriculum, since the physical facilities, electricity, poverty, trained personnel and teachers’ attitudes towards ICT need to be addresses first. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n5p89

Integrating problem-based learning with ICT for developing trainee teachers' content knowledge and teaching skill - Karami, Mehdi; Karami, Zohreh; Attaran, Mohammad (International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology, 2013)
Professional teachers can guarantee the progress and the promotion of society because fostering the development of next generation is up to them and depends on their professional knowledge which has two kinds of sources; content knowledge and teaching skill. The aim of the present research was studying the effect of integrating problem-based learning with Information and Communications Technology (ICT) on developing content knowledge and teaching skill of trainee teachers. The research design was a quasi-experimental one, and the participants were elementary education trainee teachers of Shahid Bahonar teacher training center of Hamadan, Iran. Two groups were given tests of theory and practice on teaching mathematical concepts at elementary school, and then a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to compare the pretest-posttest scores. There was a significant difference, in both multivariate and univariate analyses, in scores. The findings suggest that trainee teachers who integrate problembased learning with ICT in solving a problem may develop more professional content knowledge and teaching skill than those who merely employ ICT.
Keywords: _THEME: Curriculum and resources; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096422; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Integrating social media platforms into higher education pedagogy in Ghana - Appiah-Boateng, Patricia (University of Ghana, 2019)

Integration of ICT in Education in a Secondary School in Kenya: A Case Study - Kisirkoi, Florence (Literacy Information and Computer Education Journal, 2015)
Amidst reports that there was very little integration of Communication Information Technology (ICT) in curriculum delivery in many secondary schools in Kenya, it was reported that one secondary school was using ICT in instruction and practicing learner centered instructional approaches and there was improved learning outcomes. The school’s mean score in the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education had improved from 6.2 to 8.4 between 2007 and 2013. This study teacher computer literacy levels, motivation for integration, perceived reason for the intervention and the impact on teaching and learning. A case study was conducted and observation and interview schedules were used to collect data. The study population was the 535 students and the 28 teachers in the school. Simple random sampling was used to sample 30 students and 18 teachers. It was established that the students and teachers were computer literate and were able to manage computer applications for teaching and learning. The Learning process was found to be practical with learner interactions and activities based learning. The motivation was desire to teach better coupled with visionary, supportive school leadership. The school was using ICT as teaching learning tool and there was improvement of learning environment and outcomes. Many schools ought to emulate the school.

Interaction in a discussion list: an exploration of cognitive, social, and teaching presence in teachers’ online collaborations - Nami, Fatemeh; Marandi, S Susan; Sotoudehnama, Elaheh (ReCALL: the Journal of EUROCALL, 2018)
Discussion lists have gained a significant popularity in professional development research over the past few decades for the opportunity they provide for asynchronous interaction. This article presents findings from a small-scale case study that aimed at exploring the nature of teachers’ asynchronous exchanges in a discussion list. The data comprised the archived log of the messages in a Yahoo Group discussion list by five in-service English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers who volunteered to take part in a hybrid computer-assisted language learning (CALL) teacher education course in a state university in Iran. The discussion list was incorporated into the course to engage participants in professional dialogue on topics related to technology/CALL. During the initial data analysis, participants’ asynchronous exchanges were grouped as suggestions, questions, unclassified, answers, and delivery, drawing upon Oriogun and Cave’s (2008) SQUAD categorization, following the constant comparative method of analysis. Through a follow-up computer-mediated discourse analysis, cognitive, social, and teaching presence functional moves were identified in the data. Participants used the space not only for socializing and peer instruction but also for constructing knowledge. Despite an uneven pattern of contribution, asynchronous exchanges provided opportunities for knowledge construction at different levels of cognitive presence on topics ranging from technology tools and their affordances/constraints to computer-assisted language testing, materials development, and classroom management. The findings provide CALL teacher education researchers and course designers insights into the potential of asynchronous interaction for online and blended language teacher education.
Keywords: Asynchronous Communication; Blended Learning; CALL teacher education; CASE studies; COMPUTER assisted language instruction; Cognitive processes; Collaborative learning; Colleges & universities; Computer Mediated Communication; Computer assisted instruction--CAI; Computer assisted language learning; Critical thinking; Curriculum development; Data analysis; Discourse Analysis; Distance learning; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Technology; Educational technology; English (Second Language); English as a second language instruction; Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Foreign languages; Group Discussion; Higher Education; Higher education; Hybrid computers; Interactive learning; Iran; LANGUAGE & languages; Language Teachers; Linguistics--Computer Applications; PROFESSIONAL education; Professional development; School environment; Second Language Instruction; Second language teachers; Social factors; TEACHERS; Teacher Education Programs; Teacher education; Teachers; Teaching; Technology Uses in Education; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095858; __finaldtb; asynchronous interaction; cognitive presence; online collaboration; social presence; teaching presence

Interactive apps prevent gender discrepancies in early‐grade mathematics in a low‐income country in sub‐Sahara Africa - Pitchford, Nicola J.; Chigeda, Antonie; Hubber, Paula J. (Developmental Science, 2019)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Interactive apps prevent gender discrepancies in early-grade mathematics in a low-income country in sub-Saharan Africa - Pitchford, Nicola J.; Chigeda, Antonie; Hubber, Paula J. (Developmental Science, 2019)
Globally, gender differences are reported in the early acquisition of reading and mathematics as girls tend to outperform boys in reading, whereas boys tend to outperform girls in mathematics. This can have long-term impact resulting in an under-representation of girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics subjects. Recent research suggests that sociocultural factors account for differences across genders in the acquisition of these foundational skills. In this study, we investigated whether a new technology-based intervention, that included activities accessible to both boys and girls, can reduce gender differences from emerging during the early primary school years. The novel instructional method used in this study employed apps developed by onebillion© delivered individually through touch-screen tablets. Over a series of experiments conducted in Malawi, a low-income country in sub-Sahara Africa, we found that when children were exposed to standard pedagogical practice typical gender differences emerged over the first grade (Experiment 1). In contrast, boys and girls learnt equally well with the new interactive apps designed to support the learning of mathematics (Experiment 2) and reading (Experiment 3). When implemented at the start of primary education, before significant gender discrepancies become established, this novel technology-based intervention can prevent significant gender effects for mathematics. These results demonstrate that different instructional practices influence the emergence of gender disparities in early mathematics. Digital interventions can mitigate gender differences in countries where standard pedagogical instruction typically hinders girls from acquiring early mathematical skills at the same rate as boys. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=55x-6hhAY9M&feature=youtu.be
Keywords: education; gender inequity; mathematics; reading; tablet technology

Interactive Apps Promote Learning of Basic Mathematics in Children With Special Educational Needs and Disabilities - Pitchford, Nicola J.; Kamchedzera, Elizabeth; Hubber, Paula J.; Chigeda, Antonie L. (Frontiers in Psychology, 2018)
Interactive apps delivered on touch-screen tablets can be effective at supporting the acquisition of basic skills in mainstream primary school children. This technology may also be beneficial for children with Special Educational Needs and Disabilities (SEND) as it can promote high levels of engagement with the learning task and an inclusive learning environment. However, few studies have measured extent of learning for SEND pupils when using interactive apps, so it has yet to be determined if this technology is effective at raising attainment for these pupils. We report the first observational study of a group of 33 pupils with SEND from two primary schools in Malawi that are implementing a new digital technology intervention which uses touch-screen tablets to deliver interactive apps designed to teach basic mathematical skills. The apps contain topics that align to the national curriculum. To assess learning gains, rate of progress (minutes per topic) for each pupil was determined by calculating the average time taken to complete a topic. Progress rate was then correlated with teacher ratings of extent of disability and independent ratings of pupil engagement with the apps. Results showed SEND pupils could interact with the apps and all pupils passed at least one topic. Average progress rate for SEND pupils was twice as long as mainstream peers. Stepwise regression revealed extent of disability significantly predicted progress rate. Further exploratory correlations revealed pupils with moderate to severe difficulties with hearing and/or language made slower progress through the apps than those with greater functionality in these two domains because the use of verbal instructions within the apps limited their capacity to learn. This original quantitative analysis demonstrates that interactive apps can raise learning standards in pupils with SEND but may have limited utility for pupils with severe difficulties. Software modifications are needed to address specific areas of difficulty preventing pupils from progressing.
Keywords: Interactive apps; Mathematics; Special educational needs and disabilities; primary school; tablet technology

Interactive Learning and Teaching: Zonal In-Service Coordinators Facilitation Guide - Roger Federer Foundation (2016)

Interactive Radio Instruction : A Successful Permanent Pilot Project? - Trucano, M. (2010)
Despite their increased diffusion through rich and poor communities around the world, many people still have serious reservations about large scale investments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) within education systems. Spirited and long-running related debates related to their costs ("too expensive", their critics say), appropriateness ("students needs lots of ...
Keywords: Commitment; Cost; Equity & access; ___working_potential_duplicate

Interactive Radio Instruction : a successful permanent pilot project? - Trucano, Michael (2010)
Despite their increased diffusion through rich and poor communities around the world, many people still have serious reservations about large scale investments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) within education systems. Spirited and long-running related debates related to their costs ("too expensive", their critics say), appropriateness ("students needs lots of ...
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Interactive Radio Instruction : A Successful Permanent Pilot Project? - Trucano, Michael (World Bank Blogs, 2010)
Despite their increased diffusion through rich and poor communities around the world, many people still have serious reservations about large scale investments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) within education systems. Spirited and long-running related debates related to their costs ("too expensive", their critics say), appropriateness ("students needs lots of ...
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Interactive Radio Instruction : A Successful Permanent Pilot Project? - Trucano, Michael (World Bank Blogs, 2010)
Despite their increased diffusion through rich and poor communities around the world, many people still have serious reservations about large scale investments in information and communication technologies (ICTs) within education systems. Spirited and long-running related debates related to their costs ("too expensive", their critics say), appropriateness ("students needs lots of ...
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Interactive Radio Instruction Brings Learning Back to Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo - War Child Canada (2017)

Interactive voice response interventions targeting behaviour change: a systematic literature review with meta-analysis and meta-regression - Tsoli, Stergiani; Sutton, Stephen; Kassavou, Aikaterini (BMJ Open, 2018)
Objective  A number of promising automated behaviour change interventions have been developed using advanced phone technology. This paper reviewed the effectiveness of interactive voice response (IVR)-based interventions designed to promote changes in specific health behaviours. Methods  A systematic literature review of papers published between January 1990 and September 2017 in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted. From the total of 2546 papers identified, 15 randomised control trials (RCTs) met the eligibility criteria and were included in a random effects metaanalysis. Meta-regression analysis was used to explore whether behaviour change techniques (BCTs) that were used in the interventions were associated with intervention effectiveness. Results  Meta-analysis of 15 RCTs showed that IVRbased interventions had small but significant effects on promoting medication adherence (OR=1.527, 95% CI 1.207 to 1.932, k=9, p=0.000) and physical activity (Hedges’ g=0.254, 95% CI 0.068 to 0.439, k=3, p=0.007). No effects were found for alcohol (Hedges’ g=−0.077, 95% CI −0.162 to 0.007, k=4, p=0.073) or diet (Hedges’ g=0.130, 95% CI −0.088 to 0.347, k=2, p=0.242). In the medication adherence studies, multivariable meta-regression including six BCTs explained 100% of the observed variance in effect size, but only the BCT ‘information about health consequences’ was significantly associated with effect size (β=0.690, SE=0.199, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.08, p=0.000). Conclusion  IVR-based interventions appear promising in changing specific health behaviours, such as medication adherence and physical activity. However, more studies are needed to elucidate further the combination of active components of IVR interventions that make them effective and test their feasibility and effectiveness using robust designs and objective outcome measures.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

Interactive voice response interventions targeting behaviour change: a systematic literature review with meta-analysis and meta-regression - Tsoli, Stergiani; Sutton, Stephen; Kassavou, Aikaterini (BMJ Open, 2018)
Objective  A number of promising automated behaviour change interventions have been developed using advanced phone technology. This paper reviewed the effectiveness of interactive voice response (IVR)-based interventions designed to promote changes in specific health behaviours. Methods  A systematic literature review of papers published between January 1990 and September 2017 in MEDLINE, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, SCOPUS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was conducted. From the total of 2546 papers identified, 15 randomised control trials (RCTs) met the eligibility criteria and were included in a random effects metaanalysis. Meta-regression analysis was used to explore whether behaviour change techniques (BCTs) that were used in the interventions were associated with intervention effectiveness. Results  Meta-analysis of 15 RCTs showed that IVRbased interventions had small but significant effects on promoting medication adherence (OR=1.527, 95% CI 1.207 to 1.932, k=9, p=0.000) and physical activity (Hedges’ g=0.254, 95% CI 0.068 to 0.439, k=3, p=0.007). No effects were found for alcohol (Hedges’ g=−0.077, 95% CI −0.162 to 0.007, k=4, p=0.073) or diet (Hedges’ g=0.130, 95% CI −0.088 to 0.347, k=2, p=0.242). In the medication adherence studies, multivariable meta-regression including six BCTs explained 100% of the observed variance in effect size, but only the BCT ‘information about health consequences’ was significantly associated with effect size (β=0.690, SE=0.199, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.08, p=0.000). Conclusion  IVR-based interventions appear promising in changing specific health behaviours, such as medication adherence and physical activity. However, more studies are needed to elucidate further the combination of active components of IVR interventions that make them effective and test their feasibility and effectiveness using robust designs and objective outcome measures.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Internal Validity: A Must in Research Designs - Cahit, Kaya (Educational Research and Reviews, 2015)
In experimental research, internal validity refers to what extent researchers can conclude that changes in dependent variable (i.e. outcome) are caused by manipulations in independent variable. The causal inference permits researchers to meaningfully interpret research results. This article discusses (a) internal validity threats in social and educational research using examples from the contemporary literature, and (b) research designs in terms of their ability to control various internal validity threats. An Eric and psychinfo search was performed to retrieve articles regarding this internal validity review. In conclusion, an appropriate research design that control possible extraneous variables is needed to be able meaningfully interpret research results. Although pretest-posttest experimental-control group design controls most of internal validity threats, the most appropriate research design would vary based on the research questions or goals.
Keywords: Control Groups; Educational Research; Literature Reviews; Predictor Variables; Pretests Posttests; Quasiexperimental Design; Research Design; Research Methodology; Research Problems; Social Science Research; Time Perspective; Validity; ⛔ No DOI found

International Computer Drivers License (ICDL) - CECS (Community Education Computer Society, 2017)

International distance learning in special education: a program evaluation of a US-Ecuador collaboration - McPherson, Rebekah (University of North Texas, 2010)
The internationalization of distance learning in special education is at a pivotal point in expansion. Even with concerted efforts through traditional means to increase the supply of special educators, shortages persist; therefore, teacher preparation programs are turning to online education. This dissertation study was a formative program evaluation of a bilingual, two-course sequence within a web-based special education master’s program offered at the University of North Texas (UNT), in Denton, Texas, and at the Universidad Casa Grande (UCG) in Guayaquil, Ecuador. The research design was based on the unfolding model of program evaluation, and it included mixed-methods of data collection. The model focused attention on (1) scientific evidence, (2) cost-benefit differential, (3) underlying values, and, (4) unintended consequences. Data came from archived documents as well as six semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and survey data from 23 student participants. The findings for the general-orientation course, Special Education Programs and Practices, revealed mixed results concerning multicultural awareness on the part of student participants. However, it seemed to have influenced their lesson design and made a difference in other areas. Some multicultural awareness concepts frequented the discussion board. The specialized course, Assistive Technology, which had more frequent communication between UNT and UCG on the discussion board, suggested larger increases in students’ multicultural awareness. With respect to both courses, the stakeholders recommended that the structure be strengthened for non-bilingual instructors and students to be able to communicate more freely.
Keywords: 0529:Special education; 0530:Teacher education; 0710:Educational technology; Curriculum Design; Data Collection; Disabilities; Distance Education; Distance learning; ERIC, Resources in Education (RIE); Ecuador; Education; Educational Technology; Educational technology; Evidence; Foreign Countries; Graduate Students; Higher Education; International collaboration; Interviews; Masters Programs; Online instruction; Online learning; Program Evaluation; Program evaluation; Research Design; Special Education; Special education; Surveys; Teacher education; Texas; Unfolding model; United States; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2098174; __finaldtb

International review of the literature of evidence of best practice models and outcomes in the education of blind and visually impaired children - Douglas, Graeme; McLinden, Mike; Steve, McCall; Pavey, Susan; Ware, J; Farrell, A (National Council for Special Education (NCSE), 2010)

International Telecommunications Union (2017)

Internet access and education: key considerations for policy makers - Internet Society (2017)
The Internet has immense potential to improve the quality of education, which is one of the pillars of sustainable development. This Internet Society briefing outlines ways in which policymakers can unlock that potential through an enabling framework for access to the Internet. It sets out five priorities for policymakers: infrastructure and access, vision and policy, inclusion, capacity, and content and devices. Together these represent key considerations for unlocking access to the Internet in support of education.

Internet Connectivity Seen as Having Positive Impact on Life in Sub-Saharan Africa - Silver, Laura; Johnson, Courtney (Pew Research Center, 2018)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Internet connectivity seen as having positive impact on life in sub-Saharan Africa - Silver, Laura; Johnson, Courtney (Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project, 2018)
Large majorities in all six sub-Saharan countries surveyed own mobile phones. Ownership is highest in South Africa, where about nine-in-ten adults own a
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Internet freedom and social media effects: democracy and citizen attitudes in Latin America - Gainous, Jason; Wagner, Kevin; Gray, Tricia (Online Information Review, 2016)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to theorize the heightened exposure to information via the internet can lead citizens to be more critical about political conditions in their countries because using social media increases the likelihood of being exposed to dissident information. Further, the authors argue that the degree to which information is restricted, or internet access is limited, across countries can decrease this effect simply because the likelihood of exposure to a dissident flow is diminished. Design/methodology/approach The authors used survey data from the 2010 Latino Barometer to estimate a series of multilevel models to test whether citizens’ attitudes about the political conditions and about democracy in their respective countries worsen, and whether this effect is stronger in countries with higher internet freedom. Findings The results confirm that social media use has a negative influence on citizens’ attitudes about their national political conditions. In addition, respondents from those countries with more internet freedom tended to have more positive attitudes about their democracy and political conditions, generally. However, as a result of more internet freedom, the negative effects of internet and social media use on these attitudes was more pronounced in countries with more internet freedom. Originality/value These results suggest that the flow of information via the internet has substantial effect on how people feel about their government. This could be consequential for political stability, particularly in countries the conditions are not favorable. That said, these results also suggest that governments can actively decrease the odds of this dissidence building by controlling the flow of information.
Keywords: Digital information; Internet filtering; Latin America; Political attitudes; Social media

Internet Utilization: A Case of Connected Rural and Urban Secondary Schools in Kenya - Kiptalam, George Kibet; Rodrigues, Anthony Joachim (2013)
This paper looks at the utilization of the Internet among teachers and students in connected rural and urban secondary schools in Kenya. A conceptual framework composed of variables which can explain Internet utilization in Kenyan secondary schools is established and measured. Instruments based on this framework were used in the survey and covered 11 schools with school principals, teachers and students as respondents. Findings show that use of the Internet and its integration in teaching and learning in secondary education is increasing with its use more pervasive among students and teachers as a means of communication and for information searching. Internet access rates for teachers and students have been observed to be much higher in educational institutions that have made effective ICT investments in education, translating into better utilization of ICT related technologies. Strategies are suggested on how to utilize the Internet to improve educational outcomes, and recommendations given on issues that touch on ICT access and infrastructure; human resources and training; policy environment; financing and ICT investment; curriculum development and locally relevant content
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Interrogating Gender Divides in Technology for Education and Development: the Case of the One Laptop per Child Project in Ghana - Steeves, Leslie; Kwami, Janet (Studies in Comparative International Development, 2017)
The One Laptop per Child (OLPC) project aims to make low-cost computers accessible to the “world’s poorest children,” presuming that the gadgets will support their empowerment via education. The project’s success globally, however, has been mixed at best, with many countries terminating their purchases due to cost, inadequate infrastructure, and negative side effects. In October 2010, Ghana suspended the country’s 3-year participation. This study examines the complex history and failure of OLPC Ghana in two pilot schools, one urban and one rural, with particular attention to gender bias. The analysis draws on interviews with government personnel, students, and teachers in the pilot classes. Despite lacking electric power in the rural community, UNDP’s Millennium Villages Project played a strong support role, making OLPC somewhat more effective with less of a gender divide in the rural school than in the urban school in Accra. Both pilot schools faced severe sustainability challenges raising decade-old questions about modernity and technological determinism. Further, in both schools, particularly the urban school, a digital divide by gender was evident.
Keywords: C: Ghana

Interventions for improving learning outcomes and access to education in low- and middle- income countries: a systematic review | 3ie - Snilstveit, Birte; Stevenson, Jennifer; Phillips, Daniel; Vojtkova, Martina; Gallagher, Emma; Schmidt, Tanja; Jobse, Hannah; Geelen, Maisie; Pastorello, Maria Grazia; Eyers, John (2015)

Interventions for improving learning outcomes and access to education in low- and middleincome countries: A systematic review - Snilstveit, Birte; Stevenson, Jennifer; Phillips, Daniel; Vojtkova, Martina; Gallagher, Emma; Schmidt, Tanja; Jobse, Hannah; Geelen, Maisie; Grazia Pastorello, Maria (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation, 2015)

Interventions to enhance girls' education and gender equality: Education rigorous literature review - Unterhalter, Elaine; North, Amy; Arnot, Madeleine; Lloyd, Cynthia; Moletsane, Lebo; Murphy-Graham, Erin; Parkes, Jenny; Saito, Mioko (Department for International Development, 2014)

Introducing ICT into schools in Rwanda: Educational challenges and opportunities - Rubagiza, Jolly; Were, Edmond; Sutherland, Rosamund (International Journal of Educational Development, 2011)

Introducing ICT into schools in Rwanda: Educational challenges and opportunities - Rubagiza, Jolly; Were, Edmond; Sutherland, Rosamund (International Journal of Educational Development, 2011)
The Rwandan government views Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as a key tool for transforming the economy, with the education sector playing an important role in developing the necessary human resources. Since 2000 there has been a big push to introduce computers into schools and integrate ICT into the education curriculum through a range of initiatives. Within this paper we draw on the research of EdQual, a DFID funded project in order to examine issues related to the use of ICTs in schools in Rwanda. We argue that the potential of ICT will not be realised by the mere introduction of computers and ICT infrastructure in schools. We show that current policy initiatives appear to be disadvantaging particular groups, such as girls and those living in rural communities. Drawing on Sen's capability approach as a framework for theorising issues of education policy and social justice, we discuss how engagement with ICT can be reconceptualised as access to the capability of what Jenkins calls participatory culture. We also argue that without a shift in practices of teaching and learning with ICT in schools young people are not likely to learn how to exploit the capabilities offered by access to ICT.
Keywords: Curriculum; Education; ICT; Rwanda; Social justice

Introducing ICT into schools in Rwanda: Educational challenges and opportunities - Rubagiza, Jolly; Were, Edmond; Sutherland, Rosamund (International Journal of Educational Development, 2011)

Introducing ICT into Teacher-Training Programs: Problems in Bangladesh - Khan, Shahadat Hossain; Hasan, Mahbub (Journal of Education and Practice, 2013)
Information and Communication Technology can offer more adaptable and efficient ways of teacher training for improvement of quality of professional development programs. But the use of ICT into teacher training usually faces certain obstacles. In this paper, we identified different barriers of introducing ICT into teacher training model (this model had been discussed by the authors in a separate paper, titled as “A model for integrating ICT into teacher training programs in Bangladesh based on TPCK) in Bangladesh, a developing country. We then described the strategies to overcome these problems for improving the current status of ICT integration into teacher training. Finally, we concluded with emerging research issues and offered pertinent recommendation with respect to ICT integration into teacher training program for improving quality of teaching in Bangladesh.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Introducing mobile technology for enhancing teaching and learning in Bangladesh: teacher perspectives - Shohel, M. Mahruf C.; Power, Tom (Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 2010)
This paper reviews the themes emerging from Bangladeshi teachers' experiences of taking part in the initial research and the development stage of a professional development programme they were involved with. The Secondary Teaching and Learning Programme is an information and communications technologies-enhanced supported open distance learning programme of professional development in English-language teaching. This paper presents evidence arising from semi-structured interviews carried out with teachers from a pre-pilot study for the English in Action project. The teachers participating in this study reflect upon six months' experience of using professional development materials (course material of audio podcasts enhanced with text and images; videos of classroom practice; audio of classroom language) and classroom resources (audio recordings of text-book reading passages, songs, poems and stories), all accessed via portable digital media players (iPods). (Contains 1 table and 1 figure.)
Keywords: BANGLADESH; Bangladesh; COMPUTER assisted language instruction; COMPUTERS in education; CONTINUING education; Computer Assisted Instruction; DISTANCE education; Developing Nations; Digital audio players; Distance Education; Distance learning; ENGLISH language -- Study & teaching -- Foreign speakers; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education--Teaching Methods And Curriculum; Educational Development; Educational Technology; Educational technology; Elementary Secondary Education; English (Second Language); English in Action support model; English language; Foreign Countries; Handheld Devices; Higher Education; Inservice Teacher Education; Interviews; LANGUAGE teachers; Language instruction; Multimedia Instruction; OPEN learning; Open Universities; Pilot Projects; Postsecondary Education; Professional development; Program Descriptions; Program Development; Program Effectiveness; Protocol Materials; SECONDARY education; Second Language Instruction; Secondary Education; Secondary School Teachers; Studies; TEACHER development; TEACHERS -- Attitudes; TELEMATICS; Teacher Attitudes; Teachers; Technology Integration; United Kingdom; Video Technology; _Source:Intuitive; _THEME: Curriculum and resources; _THEME: Teacher Professional Development; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2098161; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb; auto_merged; mobile learning; mobile technology; technology intervention

Introducing mobile technology for enhancing teaching and learning in Bangladesh: teacher perspectives - Shohel, M. Mahruf C.; Power, Tom (Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 2010)
This paper reviews the themes emerging from Bangladeshi teachers’ experiences of taking part in the initial research and the development stage of a professional development programme they were involved with. The Secondary Teaching and Learning Programme is an information and communications technologies‐enhanced supported open distance learning programme of professional development in English‐language teaching. This paper presents evidence arising from semi‐structured interviews carried out with teachers from a pre‐pilot study for the English in Action project. The teachers participating in this study reflect upon six months’ experience of using professional development materials (course material of audio podcasts enhanced with text and images; videos of classroom practice; audio of classroom language) and classroom resources (audio recordings of text‐book reading passages, songs, poems and stories), all accessed via portable digital media players (iPods).
Keywords: Bangladesh; C:Bangladesh; English in Action support model; ___working_potential_duplicate; mobile learning; mobile technology; technology intervention

Introducing mobile technology for enhancing teaching and learning in Bangladesh: teacher perspectives - Shohel, M. Mahruf C.; Power, Tom (Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 2010)
This paper reviews the themes emerging from Bangladeshi teachers’ experiences of taking part in the initial research and the development stage of a professional development programme they were involved with. The Secondary Teaching and Learning Programme is an information and communications technologies‐enhanced supported open distance learning programme of professional development in English‐language teaching. This paper presents evidence arising from semi‐structured interviews carried out with teachers from a pre‐pilot study for the English in Action project. The teachers participating in this study reflect upon six months’ experience of using professional development materials (course material of audio podcasts enhanced with text and images; videos of classroom practice; audio of classroom language) and classroom resources (audio recordings of text‐book reading passages, songs, poems and stories), all accessed via portable digital media players (iPods).
Keywords: Bangladesh; C:Bangladesh; English in Action support model; ___working_potential_duplicate; mobile learning; mobile technology; technology intervention

Introducing the EdTech Hub’s programme for research in low-income countries – The EdTech Hub - Hennessy, Sara (EdTech Hub, 2019)
Keywords: LP: English; _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH

Introduction To Mixed Methods In Impact Evaluation - Bamberger, M. (2012)

Introduction to Systematic Reviews - Serbic, Danijela (2019)

Introduction to systems theory - Luhmann, Niklas; Baecker, Dirk; Gilgen, Peter (Polity Cambridge, 2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

Investigating effects of using digital video in teacher training in Cambodia - Lok, Leandra; Schellings, Gonny; Brouwer, Niels; Brok, Perry Den (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2018)
While research has shown that video can be an effective tool in the professional learning of teachers in industrialized countries, it is unknown whether this is also true for other countries with distinctive cultural, political, and historical contexts, such as Cambodia. This paper presents results from a study which examined the effectiveness of using video to introduce student-centered teaching to teachers in Cambodia. The training consisted of collaboratively watching and discussing videos of teaching practices. A 2x2 design was used, varying group conditions (team versus pair) and...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating effects of using digital video in teacher training in Cambodia - Lok, Leandra; Schellings, Gonny; Brouwer, Niels; Den Brok, Perry (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2018)
While research has shown that video can be an effective tool in the professional learning of teachers in industrialized countries, it is unknown whether this is also true for other countries with distinctive cultural, political, and historical contexts, such as Cambodia. This paper presents results from a study which examined the effectiveness of using video to introduce student-centered teaching to teachers in Cambodia. The training consisted of collaboratively watching and discussing videos of teaching practices. A 2x2 design was used, varying group conditions (team versus pair) and relevance of the material (model video versus action video). The findings indicated that although it was not possible to determine if there had been changes in teacher behavior, using video had led to an increase in teachers' perceived knowledge of student-centered teaching, especially for the team and the model video conditions.
Keywords: Active Learning; Behavior Change; Cambodia; Cultural Context; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education--Computer Applications; Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Instructional Effectiveness; Knowledge Base for Teaching; Learning; Mixed Methods Research; Questionnaires; Student Centered Learning; Studies; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Behavior; Teacher education; Teachers; Teaching; Teaching Methods; Training; Video; Video Technology; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095890; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating ICTs for Education in Marginalized Communities - Kamal, Mehruz; Diksha, Diksha (2019)
The Agenda for Sustainable Development is a universal agenda to eliminate poverty through sustainable development by 2030. When it was adopted in 2015, the international community recognized that education was essential for the success of all seventeen of its goals. Ambitions for education are captured in Sustainable Development Goal 4, which aims to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.” The United Nations has explicitly stated the importance of using ICTs in achieving educational opportunities. Since then, very few studies have tackled the issue. The findings so far, do not provide detailed guidance on the impact of ICTs in this domain. The purpose of this study is to contribute to this gap by integrating research in the fields of Information Systems, Development studies, and Psychology to understand the factors for facilitating educational objectives through ICTs within marginalized communities.
Keywords: Google Scholar/ "education technology" refugees; RER theme_pedagogies and modalities; ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating students' perceptions on mobile learning services - Almaiah, Mohammed Amin; Jalil, Masita Abdul (International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM), 2014)
M-learning is a form of learning, which has similarities and differences with the electronic learning (elearning). It is mainly based on the use of the mobile wireless technologies that allow for learners to easily access learning materials anytime he desires and anywhere, whether on campus or off campus. Therefore, this creates a new flexible learning environment in the context of different learning settings. Students' perception of such technology is one of the most important factors for successful adoption of m-learning in the higher education environment. This study is conducted to investigate the perceptions of students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT) to move towards applying m-learning in their studies by using their mobile devices and to explore their expectations on mobile learning services. A total number of 91 undergraduate students majoring in computer science participated in the study. The findings show that the students have positive perception towards mobile learning and would like to use their mobile devices for both learning and administrative services.

Investigating the barriers to change management in public sector educational institutions - Al-Alawi, Adel Ismail; Abdulmohsen, Muna; Al-Malki, Fatema Mohamed; Mehrotra, Arpita (International Journal of Educational Management, 2019)
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore barriers to the change management in the public sector of educational institutions such as public schools of the Ministry of Education in the GCC countries. The exploration of the research is based on the ADKAR change management model that consists of five key elements, which are awareness, desire, knowledge, ability and reinforcement. The ADKAR model was used for many reasons, among these reasons is that it allows management to separate the change process into parts, pinpointing where change is failing and addressing that impact point.

Investigating The Benefits Of Incorporating Technology In Instructional Curriculum: Pre-Service Teachers' Perspectives From Ghana - Wiafe, Bernard; Akaadom, Bernard (International Journal of Advanced Research, 2019)
The use of technology has gained worldwide recognition in all professions. Teachers have resorted to several technology tools to enhance the work they do in the classroom and to facilitate the understanding of what they teach their students to enhance easy recall and for students to remember what they learn in class. The use of technology tools in the classroom in Ghana has not received much attention from teachers because of challenges with respect to technological infrastructural development. However, with the inclusion of technology in the teacher colleges of education curriculum, new teachers are being trained to incorporate technology into classroom instruction to change the face of teaching and make learners more eager to learn by bringing the understanding of concepts much more clearly to students. The study adopted a mixed method approach to bring to light, the perspectives of teacher trainees and tutors in colleges on the benefits both the teacher and the learner stand to gain in using technologies to deliver instruction in the classroom. It came to light that although there are challenges pre-service teachers tend to face in terms of access to such technologies, they still do their best to include technologies in their lessons whenever possible. This is because of the fact that learners tend to do well on instruction received on lessons delivered using technology as compared to lessons delivered without using technology based on their experience in using both approaches in the classroom. Keywords: Technology, instruction, benefits, curriculum.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating the Relationship between Students' Digital Literacy and Their Attitude towards Using ICT - Jan, Salma (International Journal of Educational Technology, 2018)
This study aimed to explore the relationship between secondary school students' digital literacy and their attitude towards using information and communication technology in a private secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. For this study, the data were collected through survey questionnaire using google forms. The total sample size for this study was 344 secondary school students having almost equal ratio of male and female. On bivariate correlation analysis, digital literacy was found to be associated with students' attitude towards using information and communication technology (ICT) and other ICT related demographics. Further analysis using multiple linear regression analysis showed that digital literacy (DL), use of the tablet and smartphone, prior training in the use of computer and frequency of computer use significantly affect students' attitude towards using ICT.
Keywords: Computer Literacy; Educational Technology; Foreign Countries; Handheld Devices; Incidence; Secondary School Students; Student Attitudes; Student Characteristics; Technological Literacy; Technology Uses in Education; Telecommunications; Training; ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating the relationship between students’ digital literacy and their attitude towards using ICT - Jan, Salma (International Journal of Educational Technology, 2018)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Investigating the self-reported professional development activities of school leaders in Ghanaian rural basic schools - Sofo, Francesco; Abonyi, Usman Kojo (Professional Development in Education, 2018)

Investigating Turkish pre-service teachers' perceptions of blogs: implications for the FATIH project - Ocak, Mehmet Akif; Gökçearslan, Sahin; Solmaz, Ebru (Contemporary Educational Technology, 2014)
This study aimed to investigate pre-service teachers' perceptions on the use of blogs regarding ICT integration in the FATIH project in Turkey. Participants were 174 pre-service teachers continuing their education. Data collection tool was a questionnaire which measured pre-service teachers' perceptions of the blogs. Questionnaire embodied some sub-categories of blog use such as learning, motivation, active participation, writing skills, group work, and critical thinking. Findings revealed that using blogs in classes affected learning and teaching process. The obtained results also showed that the blogs contributed to the recuperation of writing and critical thinking skills. These results indicated that students found social contributions of the blogs such as sharing information and interacting with peers. Based on the findings of study, appropriate conclusions and implications were addressed within the context of the FATIH project.
Keywords: Critical Thinking; Diaries; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Technology; Electronic Publishing; Factor Analysis; Foreign Countries; Group Activities; Higher Education; Online Surveys; Postsecondary Education; Preservice Teachers; Questionnaires; Student Attitudes; Student Motivation; Student Participation; Technology Integration; Technology Uses in Education; Turkey; Web Sites; Writing Skills; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2098538; __finaldtb

Investigations into using data to improve learning: Philippines case study - Read, Lindsay; Atinc, Tamar Manuelyan (Global Economy and Development at Brookings, 2017)

Investing in the crisis: Private participation in the education of Syrian refugees - Menashy, Francine; Zakharia, Zeena (Education International, 2017)

Involvement of School Management Committees in School-Based Management: Experiences from Two Districts of Ghana. - Abreh, Might K. (Educational Planning, 2017)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

iPad: efficacy of electronic devices to help children with autism spectrum disorder to communicate in the classroom - Sankardas, Sulata Ajit; Rajanahally, Jayashree (Support for Learning, 2017)
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are known to have difficulty in social communication, with research indicating that children with ASD fail to develop functional speech (Lord and Rutter, 1994). Over the years a number of Augmented and Alternate Communication (AAC) devices have been used with children with ASD to overcome this barrier and to facilitate communication. This article examines an Indian AAC tool called AVAZ (meaning sound), which is the first of its kind in India. The project reported also looks at the effectiveness of using AVAZ and the use of iPads by children with ASD in the classroom. Additionally, the article examines the suitability of using iPads for all learners in the spectrum. Twenty children between the ages of 4 and 10 years were selected to trial the use of AVAZ. They received three sessions weekly of 45 minutes over a period of 10 weeks. The feedback of the special educators who trained the children was analysed. The findings of this small scale study indicates that the children preferred using the AVAZ app and the iPad to pen and paper. Huguenin (2004) too indicated similar reports in using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in enhancing children's motivation to learn and communicate. The trainers felt it could be used as an educational tool, and many more educational concepts could be added. Research also suggests that ICT can be used as a tool to tutor for educational purpose (Means, 1994). The AVAZ app could be recommended to children with ASD who are included in mainstream schools. This study was conducted at Sankalp, a special school in Tamil Nadu, Chennai.
Keywords: alternate and augmented communication; autism spectrum disorder; information and communication technology; social communication

iPad in education: A case study of iPad adoption and use in a primary school. - Henderson, S., & Yeow, J. (System Science (HICSS), 2012 45th Hawaii International Conference on, 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

iPad Scotland Evaluation - Burden, K., Hopkins, P., Male, T., Martin, S., & Trala, C. (University of Hull, 2012)

iPadiCan: Trialling iPads to support primary and secondary students with disabilities - Watts, Liz; Brennan, Sharon; Phelps, Renata (Australian Educational Computing, 2012)
iPads have only been on the market since April 2010 but have rapidly gained great attention within educational communities. While their potential to support teaching and learning has been advocated by many, as yet little empirical research has been released on their application in primary and secondary classrooms. This paper reports on an action research study which investigated the possible role of iPads in supporting learning for students with disabilities. The project sought to document the practical steps required to implement iPads in classrooms, the applications which might be most educationally effective, together with the perceptions of students, teachers, parents and teaching assistants (TAs). The study provides evidence of the significant potential of the devices for children with a wide range of disabilities and, through a number of brief vignettes, demonstrates their capacity to support both learning and socialisation.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

iPads as instructional tools to enhance learning opportunities for students with developmental disabilities: An action research project - Cumming, Therese M; Strnadová, Iva; Singh, Sylvia (Action Research, 2014)

iPads in higher education—Hype and hope - Nguyen, Lemai; Barton, Siew Mee; Nguyen, Linh Thuy (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2015)

iPads in the Primary School: Emerging Research - Falloon, Garry (ACEC 2014, 2014)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Is civil society in trouble in Bangladesh? - Lewis, D (2015)

Is Decentralization Good for Development? - Faguet, Jean-Paul; Pöschl, Caroline (. Is Decentralization Good for Development, 2015)
Decentralization research has become more quantitative and formal over the past two decades. But as technical rigor has increased, the focus of research has narrowed to decentralization’s effects on particular policy variables, leaving aside larger, more nuanced and complex questions of crucial importance to policymakers contemplating reform. This book seeks to return attention to issues like this that rank among policymakers’ first concerns, but are methodologically difficult to answer. We do this by marrying the insights and experience of senior policymakers involved in driving decentralization forward at the highest levels, with academics working at the forefront of the field in economics, politics, and development and policy studies. This chapter introduces the book by analyzing the following questions: Why do politicians decentralize in the first place? How can reform be made politically feasible? How can decentralization lead to improved development outcomes? Do municipalities compete amongst themselves, and what effects might this have on public policy and services? Will decentralization promote clientelism or broad-based development? And finally, will decentralization strengthen or weaken developing states? The evidence presented in the book provides a firm basis for concrete answers to all of these questions, allied to specific policy advice for aspiring reformers.

Is education ready to work in data-intensive environments? - World Bank (Medium, 2019)
The availability of good data can help lead to making good decisions. This is true in education, as it is in other sectors.

Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment - Manca, S.; Ranieri, M. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2013)
Despite its continuing popularity as the social network site par excellence, the educational value of Facebook has not been fully determined, and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory, with some scholars emphasizing its pedagogical affordances (e.g., widening context of learning, mixing information and learning resources, hybridization of expertise) and others cautioning against its use for educational purposes. Moreover, systematic reviews about documented educational usage of Facebook as a learning environment are lacking. This article attempts to provide a critical overview of current studies focusing on the use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment, with the aim of exploring the extent to which its pedagogical potential is actually translated into practice. Only empirical studies published in peer-reviewed academic journals with a specific focus on Facebook as a learning environment have been considered for the review. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search that identified 23 relevant articles that were subsequently analysed according to a simplified list of guidelines. These articles were further analysed and recoded through a set of emerging categories. The results show that pedagogical affordances of Facebook have only been partially implemented and that there are still many obstacles that may prevent a full adoption of Facebook as a learning environment such as implicit institutional, teacher and student pedagogies, and cultural issues. Finally, a broad observation on the implications of the study is developed with some suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Facebook; Q =M; R = L; ___working_potential_duplicate; cultural issue; implicit pedagogies; social networking sites; technology-enhanced learning

Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment - Manca, S.; Ranieri, M. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2013)
Despite its continuing popularity as the social network site par excellence, the educational value of Facebook has not been fully determined, and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory, with some scholars emphasizing its pedagogical affordances (e.g., widening context of learning, mixing information and learning resources, hybridization of expertise) and others cautioning against its use for educational purposes. Moreover, systematic reviews about documented educational usage of Facebook as a learning environment are lacking. This article attempts to provide a critical overview of current studies focusing on the use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment, with the aim of exploring the extent to which its pedagogical potential is actually translated into practice. Only empirical studies published in peer-reviewed academic journals with a specific focus on Facebook as a learning environment have been considered for the review. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search that identified 23 relevant articles that were subsequently analysed according to a simplified list of guidelines. These articles were further analysed and recoded through a set of emerging categories. The results show that pedagogical affordances of Facebook have only been partially implemented and that there are still many obstacles that may prevent a full adoption of Facebook as a learning environment such as implicit institutional, teacher and student pedagogies, and cultural issues. Finally, a broad observation on the implications of the study is developed with some suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Facebook; Q =M; R = L; ___working_potential_duplicate; cultural issue; implicit pedagogies; social networking sites; technology-enhanced learning

Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment - Manca, S.; Ranieri, M. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2013)
Despite its continuing popularity as the social network site par excellence, the educational value of Facebook has not been fully determined, and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory, with some scholars emphasizing its pedagogical affordances (e.g., widening context of learning, mixing information and learning resources, hybridization of expertise) and others cautioning against its use for educational purposes. Moreover, systematic reviews about documented educational usage of Facebook as a learning environment are lacking. This article attempts to provide a critical overview of current studies focusing on the use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment, with the aim of exploring the extent to which its pedagogical potential is actually translated into practice. Only empirical studies published in peer-reviewed academic journals with a specific focus on Facebook as a learning environment have been considered for the review. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search that identified 23 relevant articles that were subsequently analysed according to a simplified list of guidelines. These articles were further analysed and recoded through a set of emerging categories. The results show that pedagogical affordances of Facebook have only been partially implemented and that there are still many obstacles that may prevent a full adoption of Facebook as a learning environment such as implicit institutional, teacher and student pedagogies, and cultural issues. Finally, a broad observation on the implications of the study is developed with some suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Facebook; Q =M; R = L; cultural issue; implicit pedagogies; social networking sites; technology-enhanced learning

Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment - Manca, S.; Ranieri, M. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2013)
Despite its continuing popularity as the social network site par excellence, the educational value of Facebook has not been fully determined, and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory, with some scholars emphasizing its pedagogical affordances (e.g., widening context of learning, mixing information and learning resources, hybridization of expertise) and others cautioning against its use for educational purposes. Moreover, systematic reviews about documented educational usage of Facebook as a learning environment are lacking. This article attempts to provide a critical overview of current studies focusing on the use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment, with the aim of exploring the extent to which its pedagogical potential is actually translated into practice. Only empirical studies published in peer-reviewed academic journals with a specific focus on Facebook as a learning environment have been considered for the review. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search that identified 23 relevant articles that were subsequently analysed according to a simplified list of guidelines. These articles were further analysed and recoded through a set of emerging categories. The results show that pedagogical affordances of Facebook have only been partially implemented and that there are still many obstacles that may prevent a full adoption of Facebook as a learning environment such as implicit institutional, teacher and student pedagogies, and cultural issues. Finally, a broad observation on the implications of the study is developed with some suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Facebook; Q =M; R = L; ___working_potential_duplicate; cultural issue; implicit pedagogies; social networking sites; technology-enhanced learning

Is it a tool suitable for learning? A critical review of the literature on Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment - Manca, S.; Ranieri, M. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2013)
Despite its continuing popularity as the social network site par excellence, the educational value of Facebook has not been fully determined, and results from the mainstream educational paradigms are contradictory, with some scholars emphasizing its pedagogical affordances (e.g., widening context of learning, mixing information and learning resources, hybridization of expertise) and others cautioning against its use for educational purposes. Moreover, systematic reviews about documented educational usage of Facebook as a learning environment are lacking. This article attempts to provide a critical overview of current studies focusing on the use of Facebook as a technology-enhanced learning environment, with the aim of exploring the extent to which its pedagogical potential is actually translated into practice. Only empirical studies published in peer-reviewed academic journals with a specific focus on Facebook as a learning environment have been considered for the review. The authors conducted a comprehensive literature search that identified 23 relevant articles that were subsequently analysed according to a simplified list of guidelines. These articles were further analysed and recoded through a set of emerging categories. The results show that pedagogical affordances of Facebook have only been partially implemented and that there are still many obstacles that may prevent a full adoption of Facebook as a learning environment such as implicit institutional, teacher and student pedagogies, and cultural issues. Finally, a broad observation on the implications of the study is developed with some suggestions for future research.
Keywords: Facebook; Q =M; R = L; cultural issue; implicit pedagogies; social networking sites; technology-enhanced learning

Is it possible to wire the world? Meet the guy who has a plan to make it happen. - Time (Time, 2014)

Is M-learning versus E-learning or are they supporting each other? - Ozuorcun, Nilcan Ciftci; Tabak, Feride (Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012)
The massive changes in society and development of technology have an important effect on education. These changes affect all areas of education and this education continues, and is everywhere, at all times, using new technology. Mobile devices bring big opportunities to learners, to learn at all times, with no boundaries for education. Before M-learning, E-learning gave many advantages for learners while they were living faraway from school. In this study we try to explain the basic definitions of M-learning and E-learning, and try to find answers for the questions “is M-learning derived from E-learning” and “if it is derived, does M-learning support E-learning, or is M-learning in opposition to E-learning?” Is M-learning supporting E-learning, or are they in opposition??
Keywords: E-learning; M-learning

Is Technology Good for Education? - Selwyn, Neil (Polity Press, 2016)
Digital technologies are a key feature of contemporary education. Schools, colleges and universities operate along high-tech lines, while alternate forms of online education have emerged to challenge the dominance of traditional institutions. According to many experts, the rapid digitization of education over the past ten years has undoubtedly been a ‘good thing’. Is Technology Good For Education? offers a critical counterpoint to this received wisdom, challenging some of the central ways in which digital technology is presumed to be positively affecting education. Instead Neil Selwyn considers what is being lost as digital technologies become ever more integral to education provision and engagement. Crucially, he questions the values, agendas and interests that stand to gain most from the rise of digital education. This concise, up-to-the-minute analysis concludes by considering alternate approaches that might be capable of rescuing and perhaps revitalizing the ideals of public education, while not denying the possibilities of digital technology altogether.
Keywords: Social Science / Popular Culture; Social Science / Sociology / General; ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

iSherig-2 Education ICT Master Plan 2019-2023 - Ministry of Education (Royal Government of Bhutan, 2019)

iSherig Education Master Plan 2014–2018 - Ministry of Education (Royal Government of Bhutan, 2014)

ISR-Mongolia: Improving Primary Education Outcomes for the most vulnerable children in rural Mongolia (P130760) - World Bank (The World Bank, 2017)

Issues and challenges related to digital equity: an overview - Resta, P.; Laferriere, T.; McLaughlin, R.; Kouraogo, A. (Second handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education, 2018)

ISTE Standards for Educators - Crompton, Helen (International Society for Technology in Education, 2017)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate