Using Technology to Shift Education Paradigms in Low-Resource Environments - Calhoun, Elizabeth; Calhoun, Nathaniel (Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2014)
Article: Using Technology to Shift Education Paradigms in Low-Resource Environments

The Politics of Evidence-Based Policy Making - Cairney, Paul (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016)
The Politics of Evidence Based Policymaking identifies how to work with policymakers to maximize the use of scientific evidence. Policymakers cannot consider all evidence relevant to policy problems. They use two shortcuts: ‘rational’ ways to gather enough evidence, and ‘irrational’ decision-making, drawing on emotions, beliefs, and habits. Most scientific studies focus on the former. They identify uncertainty when policymakers have incomplete evidence, and try to solve it by improving the supply of information. They do not respond to ambiguity, or the potential for policymakers to understand problems in very different ways. A good strategy requires advocates to be persuasive: forming coalitions with like-minded actors, and accompanying evidence with simple stories to exploit the emotional or ideological biases of policymakers.

Internal Validity: A Must in Research Designs - Cahit, Kaya (Educational Research and Reviews, 2015)
In experimental research, internal validity refers to what extent researchers can conclude that changes in dependent variable (i.e. outcome) are caused by manipulations in independent variable. The causal inference permits researchers to meaningfully interpret research results. This article discusses (a) internal validity threats in social and educational research using examples from the contemporary literature, and (b) research designs in terms of their ability to control various internal validity threats. An Eric and psychinfo search was performed to retrieve articles regarding this internal validity review. In conclusion, an appropriate research design that control possible extraneous variables is needed to be able meaningfully interpret research results. Although pretest-posttest experimental-control group design controls most of internal validity threats, the most appropriate research design would vary based on the research questions or goals.
Keywords: Control Groups; Educational Research; Literature Reviews; Predictor Variables; Pretests Posttests; Quasiexperimental Design; Research Design; Research Methodology; Research Problems; Social Science Research; Time Perspective; Validity; ⛔ No DOI found

Multilingual language policy and mother tongue education in Timor-Leste: a multiscalar approach - Caffery, Jo; Coronado, Gabriela; Hodge, Bob (Language Policy, 2016)
This article looks at multilingual, mother-tongue-based language policies influenced by colonial and postcolonial histories and globalization processes. We use multiscalar analysis to show these policies as creative responses to problems affected by national and international forces. Our study focuses on Timor-Leste, specifically a pilot mother-tongue-based multilingual education program. We analyse the program’s practices and successful outcomes, in the adverse circumstances of this small, impoverished, recently independent nation, as it attempts to manage high levels of linguistic diversity (16 mother tongues and a five-language destination system) through multilingual education. We also identify tensions and problems that impinge on the outcomes for this ambitious program. Despite the obstacles, Timor-Leste’s multiscalar multilingual literacy policy is an important case that reinforces the significance of mother tongue education as a response to global complexity. The pilot program provides valuable lessons for many other parts of the world with similar problems, particularly for nations with comparable colonial histories.

Do higher salaries yield better teachers and better student outcomes? - Cabrera, José María; Webbink, Dinand (Journal of Human Resources, 2019)
We study the effects of a policy aimed at attracting more experienced and better qualified teachers in primary schools in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Uruguay. Teachers in these schools could earn higher salaries, and more experienced teachers are given priority in choosing teaching positions. Eligibility for the program was based on a poverty index with a cutoff rule. Estimates from regression discontinuity models show that the policy successfully led to ‘hiring experience from other schools’, and also increased tenure. Overall, the effect on student outcomes was small. We rationalize this result by showing that the program may have increased experience in ways that are not strongly associated with improved student outcomes. Consistent with this, we do find achievement gains for students in schools that saw a reduction in the share of very inexperienced teachers. The results underscore that increases in teacher pay may only improve student outcomes if it increases those teacher characteristics that actually improve student outcomes.
Keywords: I2; J24; disadvantaged students; student performance; teacher experience; teacher salaries

Adding it up: improving analysis & modelling in central government - Cabinet Office (Cabinet Office, UK Government, 2011)

Misperceived social norms: female labor force participation in Saudi Arabia - Bursztyn, Leonardo; Gonzalez, Alessandra L; Yanagizawa-Drott, David (2018)
Through the custom of guardianship, husbands typically have the ﬁnal word on their wives’ labor supply decisions in Saudi Arabia, a country with very low female labor force participation (FLFP). We provide incentivized evidence (both from an experimental sample in Riyadh and from a national sample) that the vast majority of young married men in Saudi Arabia privately support FLFP outside of home from a normative perspective, while they substantially underestimate the level of support for FLFP by other similar men – even men from their same social setting, such as their neighbors. We then show that randomly correcting these beliefs about others increases married men’s willingness to let their wives join the labor force (as measured by their costly sign-up for a job-matching service for their wives). Finally, we ﬁnd that this decision maps onto real outcomes: four months after the main intervention, the wives of men in our original sample whose beliefs about acceptability of FLFP were corrected are more likely to have applied and interviewed for a job outside of home. Together, our evidence indicates a potentially important source of labor market frictions, where job search is underprovided due to misperceived social norms.

Educating 21st Century Children: Emotional Well-Being in the Digital Age - Burns, Tracey; Gottschalk, Francesca (OECD Publishing, 2019)
What is the nature of childhood today? On a number of measures, modern children’s lives have clearly improved thanks to better public safety and support for their physical and mental health. New technologies help children to learn, socialise and unwind, and older, better-educated parents are increasingly playing an active role in their children's education. At the same time, we are more connected than ever before, and many children have access to tablets and smartphones before they learn to walk and talk. Twenty-first century children are more likely to be only children, increasingly pushed to do more by “helicopter parents” who hover over their children to protect them from potential harm. In addition to limitless online opportunities, the omnipresent nature of the digital world brings new risks, like cyber-bullying, that follow children from the schoolyard into their homes. This report examines modern childhood, looking specifically at the intersection between emotional well-being and new technologies. It explores how parenting and friendships have changed in the digital age. It examines children as digital citizens, and how best to take advantage of online opportunities while minimising the risks. The volume ends with a look at how to foster digital literacy and resilience, highlighting the role of partnerships, policy and protection.

Information and communications technologies in secondary education in sub-Saharan Africa: Policies, practices, trends, and recommendations - Burns, Mary; Santally, Mohammad Issack (Secondary Education in Africa: Preparing Youth for the Future of Work, 2019)

Staying or leaving? Designing for persistence in an online educator training programme in Indonesia - Burns, Mary (Open Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 2013)
This case study discusses factors impacting the attrition and persistence rates of 60 Indonesian educators in an online programme in 2010. Course designers developed three variations of a web-based programme – a fully online, hybrid and web-facilitated model – and placed 20 learners, all with similar technology skills, in the three different models. The online cohort experienced a 31% attrition rate while 100% of learners in the hybrid and web-facilitated models completed the programme. Data collection revealed that the greatest factor impacting attrition or persistence was the absence or presence of face-to-face interaction with the instructor and colleagues. This paper outlines programme design elements that learners found most helpful in successfully completing the course.
Keywords: Indonesia; completion; online learning; persistence; readiness

Where it's needed the most: Quality professional development for all teachers - Burns, M.; Lawrie, J. (Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies, 2015)

The tyranny of national averages - Burke, Marshall (Medium, 2019)
Marshall Burke and Apoorva Lal, AtlasAI

iPad Scotland Evaluation - Burden, K., Hopkins, P., Male, T., Martin, S., & Trala, C. (University of Hull, 2012)

Technocentrism and social fields in the Indian EdTech movement: formation, reproduction and resistance - Burch, Patricia; Miglani, Neha (Journal of Education Policy, 2018)
All over the globe, educational technology (EdTech) is being sold to schools as a central mechanism for improving access to quality learning for high poverty populations. There is a growing scholarship that interrogates the institutional drivers of the ‘EdTech craze’. Building on this work, this paper examines how technocentrism as a specific strain of neoliberalism is reflected at both the organizational and institutional levels, both by private and public sectors in the case of school education in India. We argue that using institutional theory to explain complex multi-layered reforms means looking in tandem at macro principles defined through interactions in the organizational field and the re-experiencing and transformation of those processes at the micro level.

Technology and education: Computers, software, and the internet - Bulman, George; Fairlie, Robert W. (Handbook of the Economics of Education, 2016)

Teachers’ attitudes towards the utility of computers in education in Kenya - Buliva, Newton (African Educational Research Journal, 2018)

Critical Perspectives on Technology and Education - Bulfin, Scott; Johnson, Nicola F.; Rowan, Leonie (Digital Education and Learning, 2015)
This book offers critical readings of issues in education and technology and demonstrates how researchers can use critical perspectives from sociology, digital media, cultural studies, and other fields to broaden the "ed-tech" research imagination, open up new topics, ask new questions, develop theory, and articulate an agenda for informed action.

Constraints to Senior Management’s Capacity to Implement the Performance Management System in Senior Secondary Schools in Botswana - Bulawa, Philip (International Education Studies, 2013)

Blended learning implementation in secondary education for girls: case study Tatweer project Saudi Arabia - Bukhari, Eman Gasim (International Journal of Academic Research and Reflection, 2016)
Blended learning (BL) has been the subject of much research recently, and the present research adds to this growing body of knowledge as the first substantial study on BL in secondary education for girls in Saudi Arabia. Based on field work comprising interviews and questionnaires this research reports the results of an exploratory, empirical case study of a large-scale programme (Tatweer project) for the introduction of blended learning into 25 traditional secondary girls' schools in Saudi Arabia. Adopting the interpretive research paradigm the objective of the study is to gain rich insight into blended learning guided by the effect of BL on female education. The study demonstrates a number of positive effects of BL on students' engagement and self-development, however, problems with the workloads of students and the failure of teachers to integrate face-to-face learning with e-learning are also observed. Throughout the research Sharpe et al.'s (2006) 8-dimensional framework of BL is applied in a new way to assess the implementation level of BL. This results in the recommendation to extend this framework with an ethical dimension. Further recommendations of the work are to actively seek feedback from key stakeholder groups during BL implementation, to use BL for teacher training in BL, and to measure performance indicators like students' workloads during the transition of traditional schools to BL.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Assessing the Strength of Evidence in the Education Sector - Building Evidence in Education (2015)

Assessing the Strength of Evidence in the Education Sector (DRAFT) - Building Evidence in Education (Building Evidence in Education, 2015)

The Impact of Teacher Effectiveness on Student Learning in Africa - Buhl-Wiggers, Julie; Kerwin, Jason; Smith, Jeffrey; Thornton, Rebecca (Rise Programme, 2017)
Teaching quality is known to be critical for students’ education and life prospects in developed countries. However, little is known about how teacher quality affects student learning in Africa. This paper presents the first estimates of teacher value-added from an African country, using data from a school-based RCT in northern Uganda. Exploiting the random assignment of students to classrooms within schools, we estimate a lower bound on teacher effects. A 1-SD increase in teacher quality leads to at least a 0.14 SD improvement in student performance on a reading test at the end of the year. Shifting teachers from the 10th to the 90th percentile of quality increases performance by 0.36 SDs –comparable to the most effective education interventions conducted in Africa. Our results also suggest that an increase in teacher quality can make other education interventions more efficient.
Keywords: C:Uganda; NULP

Academics who tweet: “messy” identities in academia - Budge, Kylie; Lemon, Narelle; McPherson, Megan (Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education, 2016)
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the growing use of Twitter in academic and artist practices. The authors explore commonalities, overlaps and differences within the reflections on the initial and ongoing motivations, usage and learnings the authors have encountered whilst immersed in this environment. Design/methodology/approach The authors locate the particular inquiry by drawing on the literature surrounding digital identities, academic literacies and digital scholarship. Departing from other studies, the focus is on a narrative inquiry of the lived experiences as academics and as artists using Twitter. Findings Academics use of Twitter plays a distinctly social role enabling communication that connects, and fostering accessible and approachable acts. It enables a space for challenging norms of academic ways of being and behaving. In addition, the authors draw conclusions about the “messiness” of the interconnected space that incorporates multiple identities, and highlight the risk taking the authors associate with using Twitter. Research limitations/implications Academic practice is ever changing in the contemporary university. This initial study of academic and artist practices and the use of Twitter suggests future developments including participants using similar questions to elicit notions of practice to engage in a deeper understanding of motivations and behaviours. Practical implications In using social media tools such as Twitter, individual academics and their practices are modified; the impact of this practice is visible. Originality/value The authors contribute to emerging discussions and understandings about academics, social media and identity. The authors argue that by participating in the use of Twitter, the authors are part of the collective process of challenging what it means to be an academic and artist.
Keywords: Academics; Artists; Identity; Narrative inquiry; Social media; Twitter

Expanding School Time and the Value of Computer-Assisted Learning: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in El Salvador - Buchel, Konstantin; Jakob, Martina; Kuhnhanss, Christoph; Steﬀen, Daniel; Brunetti, Aymo (2019)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Factors That Influence Teachers' Pedagogical Use of ICT in Secondary Schools: A Case of Ghana - Buabeng-Andoh, Charles (Contemporary Educational Technology, 2019)
Technology is perceived as a vital driving force for contemporary education. The Government of Ghana acknowledges the relevance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education, and it is financing ICT in secondary schools. However, most instructors are unwilling to integrate ICT into their teaching. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that influence secondary school teachers' ICT usage in schools. The participants were 376 teachers randomly selected from 24 public and private schools. The data collected from the participants were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and analysis of variance. The results showed that teachers' use of ICT was still confined to basic and traditional activities such as search for information, class presentation etc. Internal and external factors were found to influence teachers' ICT usage. Also, female teachers reported that they use ICT more than male teachers. In general, this study has contributed to the literature regarding teachers' pedagogical use of ICT in secondary schools and also their gender differences in the use of ICT.
Keywords: Access to Computers; Competence; Computer Uses in Education; Foreign Countries; Gender Differences; Influence of Technology; Information Technology; Instructional Leadership; Pedagogical Content Knowledge; Private Schools; Public Schools; Rural Schools; Secondary School Teachers; Secondary Schools; Self Efficacy; Teacher Attitudes; Technological Literacy; Technology Integration; Training; Urban Schools; ⛔ No DOI found

Evaluating an adaptive multi-user educational tool for low-resource environments - Brunskill, Emma; Garg, Sunil; Tseng, Clint; Pal, Joyojeet; Findlater, Leah (Proceedings of the IEEE/ACM International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development, 2010)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Great teachers: How to raise student learning in Latin America and the Caribbean - Bruns, Barbara; Luque, Javier (World Bank Group, 2014)
Keywords: C:Latin America and the Carribeans

Through the Looking Glass: Can Classroom Observation and Coaching Improve Teacher Performance in Brazil? - Bruns, Barbara; Costa, Leandro; Cunha, Nina (World Bank Group, 2017)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Through the looking glass: can classroom observation and coaching improve teacher performance in Brazil? - Bruns, Barbara; Costa, Leandro; Cunha, Nina (Economics of Education Review, 2018)
We conducted a randomized evaluation of a program in Brazil that provided secondary schools with classroom observation feedback and access to expert coaching. Coaching content was based on Teach Like A Champion, by Douglas Lemov, which imparts practical strategies to increase teachers’ effectiveness by maximizing time on instruction and student engagement. In treatment schools, the program raised the skills of pedagogical coordinators tasked with supporting teachers to improve instruction, increased teachers’ time on instruction, raised student engagement and produced statistically significant student learning gains. Program schools performed 0.05–0.09 SD higher in 10th grade math and Portuguese on a state test and 0.06 SD higher in Portuguese on a national high school leaving test (12th grade). High quality coaching delivered to the coordinators via Skype kept costs at $2.40 per student, making the program a cost-effective and promising strategy for school-based efforts to raise teachers’ classroom effectiveness. (I21, I25, I28, J18, O15)
Keywords: Classroom observation; Economic development; Economic impact; Educational economics; Randomization; Teacher coaching; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2425900; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb

In Bringing a Literacy Project to Scale, has Kenya Found a Holy Grail? - Bruns, Barbara (Center For Global Development, 2018)
An article of faith among development economists is that “evidence-based policy” holds the promise of faster progress. Barbara Bruns set out to find a rigorously evaluated pilot whose evidence had led to a program at scale. It wasn’t easy.

The impact of mother tongue reading instruction in twelve Ugandan languages and the role of language complexity, socioeconomic factors, and program implementation - Brunette, Tracy; Piper, Benjamin; Jordan, Rachel; King, Simon; Nabacwa, Rehemah (Comparative Education Review, 2019)

Toward a conceptual framework of culturally relevant pedagogy: An overview of the conceptual and theoretical literature - Brown-Jeffy, Shelly; Cooper, Jewell E. (Teacher Education Quarterly, 2011)
The United States is a diverse country with constantly changing demographics. The noticeable shift in demographics is even more phenomenal among the school-aged population. The increase of ethnic-minority student presence is largely credited to the national growth of the Hispanic population, which exceeded the growth of all other ethnic minority group students in public schools. Scholars have pondered over strategies to assist teachers in teaching about diversity (multiculturalism, racism, etc.) as well as interacting with the diversity found within their classrooms in order to ameliorate the effects of cultural discontinuity. One area that has developed in multicultural education literature is culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP). CRP maintains that teachers need to be non-judgmental and inclusive of the cultural backgrounds of their students in order to be effective facilitators of learning in the classroom. The plethora of literature on CRP, however, has not been presented as a testable theoretical model nor has it been systematically viewed through the lens of critical race theory (CRT). By examining the evolution of CRP among some of the leading scholars, the authors broaden this work through a CRT infusion which includes race and indeed racism as normal parts of American society that have been integrated into the educational system and the systematic aspects of school relationships. Their purpose is to infuse the tenets of CRT into an overview of the literature that supports a conceptual framework for understanding and studying culturally relevant pedagogy. They present a conceptual framework of culturally relevant pedagogy that is grounded in over a quarter of a century of research scholarship. By synthesizing the literature into the five areas and infusing it with the tenets of CRT, the authors have developed a collection of principles that represents culturally relevant pedagogy. (Contains 1 figure and 1 note.)
Keywords: Cultural Pluralism; Culturally Relevant Education; Developmentally Appropriate Practices; Educational Quality; Ethnicity; Holistic Approach; Identification (Psychology); Inclusion; Literature Reviews; Minority Groups; Multicultural Education; Student Diversity; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Student Relationship; Teaching Methods; ⛔ No DOI found

Toward data-driven education systems: Insights into using information to measure results and manage change - Brookings (Brookings Institution, 2018)

Research to Investigate low Learning Achievement in Early Grade Numeracy (Standards 1–4) in Malawi: The victory of form over substance - Brombacher, Arnout (HEART, 2019)

Systems theory of systems thinking: General and particular within modern science and technology education - Broks, Andris (Journal of Baltic Science Education, 2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Standing on the shoulders of giants: challenges and recommendations of literature search in information systems research - Brocke, J; Simons, A; Riemer, K (Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 2015)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Child Online Safety Universal Declaration - Broadband Commission (Broadband Commission, 2019)
There are more than 2 billion children under the age of 18, with the majority living in the developing countries in Sub Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. Many children have access to and are being impacted by the Internet. They may also be exploited by its use in unthinkable ways, and … Child Online Safety Declaration Read More »

Technology for professional development: access, interest and opportunity for teachers of English in South Asia - British Council (British Council, 2015)

The University Research System in Pakistan - British Council (2018)
With the support of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and the British Council, Knowledge Platform conducted in 2018 a seminal research project titled The University Research System

Keeping the learning going: using mobile technology to enhance learning transfer - Brion, Corinne (Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 2019)

How (Not) to Fix Problems that Matter: Assessing and Responding to Malawi's History of Institutional Reform - Bridges, Kate; Woolcock, Michael (World Bank, 2017)
Malawi can be understood as a microcosm of institutional reform approaches in developing countries more broadly. A common feature of such approaches, whether implemented by government or donors, is reform initiatives that yield institutions that "look like" those found in higher-performing countries but rarely acquire the same underlying functionality. This paper presents a retrospective analysis of previous institutional reform projects in Malawi, as well as interviews with Malawi-based development practitioners. The paper finds a plethora of interventions that, merely by virtue of appearing to be in conformity with "best practices" elsewhere, are deemed to be successful yet fail to fix underlying problems, sometimes in contradiction to internal and public narratives of positive progress. This unhappy arrangement endures because a multitude of imperatives, incentives, and norms appear to keep governments and donors from more closely examining why such intense, earnest, and long-standing efforts at reform have, to date, yielded so few successes. This paper seeks to promote a shift in approach to institutional reform, offering some practical recommendations for reform-minded managers, project teams, and political leaders in which the focus is placed on crafting solutions to problems that Malawians themselves nominate, prioritize, and enact.
Keywords: Capacity Building; Civil Service; Development Effectiveness; Governance; Institutions; Legitimacy; Public Administration; Public Sector; Reform

Learning gains in Liberia - Bridge International (Bridge International Academies, 2017)
Bridge manages 68 of the 200 ‘Liberian Education Advancement Program’ (LEAP) schools in partnership with the Liberian government. Discover our impact.

Killing 'Sesame Street' In Pakistan - Bricklin, Julia (Forbes, 2012)

On Tipping Points and Nudges: Review of Cass Sunstein's How Change Happens - Brescia, Raymond H. (2019)
In How Change Happens, Cass Sunstein explores the mechanisms through which social change can occur, the triggers that can cause it, and the pitfalls along the road to change. For Sunstein, small influences, which arise through what he has called “nudges,” can have large impacts, particularly where they indicate that support for existing norms has fallen. When this occurs, it can reveal hidden preferences that might have existed all along, but individuals were discouraged from making them public because of the existence of those norms. Once support for an existing norm begins to disappear, it can create a tipping point and then a “norm cascade”: when support for a new norm takes hold securely in society. In recent years, several works have appeared that have attempted to explain the sources of social change by looking at examples of successful campaigns and trying to divine the sources of such successes. Sunstein offers a different perspective. He provides more of a theoretical view on the sources of social change, not just identifying the levers that can bring it about but also some guidance on how to utilize them. It is a welcome addition to the scholarship on social change and stands as an elegant and insightful complement to some of the other, recent and more inductive scholarship on the subject. As a way to test Sunstein’s theory of social change, this review asks whether that theory can help explain recent developments, namely, the victory of the marriage equality campaign and the rise of a new and emboldened white nationalism in the wake of the election of Donald Trump to the U.S. presidency. As a review of these phenomena shows, Sunstein’s theory of change helps to provide insights into how such change came about, but, it also raises more questions. Indeed, questions still linger, like when is a nudge enough, can we identify what will make something “tip”? Nevertheless, Sunstein offers deep insights into the inner workings of social change and how norm entrepreneurs can understand not just how change happens but also how to bring it about.
Keywords: Nudges; Social Change

Best of both worlds: issues of structure and agency in computational creation, in and out of school - Brennan, Karen A. (Karen Ann) (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013)
We live in a computational culture - a culture in which we are surrounded by computational systems and interfaces, from social networks to banking infrastructure, to entertainment platforms, to transportation systems. This culture introduces new expectations and new opportunities for learning, creating new demands for what to learn and offering new possibilities for how to learn. In this dissertation, I adopt a predominantly qualitative approach to exploring learning in computational culture, studying how the Scratch programming environment and online community are employed to support learning both in and out of school. To this end, I conducted interviews with 30 kids working with Scratch at home and 30 teachers working with Scratch in K-12 classrooms to develop descriptions of computational creation in these two settings. Using a theoretical framework of agency and structure, I analyze how the at-home and school-classroom contexts enable - or constrain - young people's agency in computational creation. Despite common assumptions that at-home learning is necessarily low-structure/high-agency and that at-school learning is necessarily high-structure/low-agency, I argue that structure and agency need not be in opposition. Designers of learning environments should explore intermediate possibilities, finding ways to employ structure in the service of learner agency.

Forum: A governmentality perspective on the Common Core - Brass, Jory (Research in the Teaching of English, 2016)
The Common Core State Standards (CCSS) have anchored an education policy apparatus that seeks to reconstruct much of the work of curriculum, teaching, and teacher education. However, teachers and teacher education faculty have often struggled to
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI; ⛔ No DOI found

Academic staff perspectives on technology for assessment (TfA) in higher education: A systematic literature review - Brady, Mairead; Devitt, Ann; Kiersey, Rachel A. (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2019)
This paper presents a systematic literature review of academic staff experiences and perceptions of adopting Technology for Assessment OF/FOR/AS Learning in Higher Education. This paper is a qualitative synthesis of 65 peer-reviewed journal articles published between 2012 and 2017 reporting on the use of technology for assessment (TfA). The results suggest that there are some efficiencies for staff in implementing TfA but this can come with a cost at the set-up and maintenance phases. Furthermore, results indicated that assessment design is not of foremost concern to academic staff when introducing TfA, but that a wide variety of pressures and both educational and operational drivers are present. There were inconclusive findings in relation to understandings of appropriate institutional environments and supports for TfA to flourish in higher education. There is a need for empirical research, particularly longitudinal investigations, of academic experiences of implementations of TfA to investigate sustainability of adoption. The imperative of exploring the academic staff perspective as the instigator and manager of both the technology and the student learning experience requires deep consideration as TfA adoption progresses.

Mobile literacy among Syrian refugee women teachers - Bradley, Linda; Bahous, Rima; Albasa, Ali (Research-publishing.net, 2019)
This research project investigates mobile literacy of Syrian refugee women teachers settled in Lebanon and Sweden. Our research provides input into Syrian refugee women teachers' professional aspirations and their connection to informal mobile learning. In both countries, training programs are used for these newly arrived teachers, enabling them to move forward in their careers, where digital and mobile learning play an important part. The purpose is to investigate how Syrian refugee women teachers are blending their teaching profession and vocational training with mobile literacy and digital technology. A qualitative method approach was applied, interviewing 20 refugee women in Lebanon and Sweden, all teachers from Syria. The outcomes show that the teachers are developing their vocational abilities in getting more career-oriented training in their areas of education by means of enhancing their language skills through mobile technology. [For the complete proceedings, see ED600837.]
Keywords: Career Development; Cross Cultural Studies; ERIC, Resources in Education (RIE); Faculty Development; Females; Foreign Countries; Handheld Devices; Informal Education; Information Technology; Land Settlement; Lebanon; Literacy; Occupational Aspiration; Refugees; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Sweden; Syria; Teacher Attitudes; Telecommunications; Videoconferencing; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095768; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb

BRAC Education Programme Bangladesh - BRAC (2019)

An analysis of peer reviewed publications on openness in education in half a century: Trends and patterns in the open hemisphere - Bozkurt, Aras; Koseoglu, Suzan; Singh, Lenandlar (Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 2018)
Openness in education is an evolving concept which is shaped by the changing needs of societies, cultures, geographies, and economies, thus, it does not have a precise definition. By focusing on four sets of generic keywords - open education, open learning, open educational resources (OERs), and open educational practices (OEPs) - this paper examines research in openness in education through a systematic review of peer reviewed literature. In doing so, the researchers sought to draw attention to existing trends and patterns and possible future trajectories of openness in education. Content analysis, social network analysis, and text-mining are the methods used for data collection and analysis. Findings show that there has been growing interest on openness in education, particularly on OERs, across different fields. Findings also point to OEPs as an emerging area of study, which offers a fertile ground for future research. However, on closer inspection, a divide can be observed between the global north and global south in terms of research output.
Keywords: Open Education; Open Educational Practices (OEPs); Open Educational Resources (OERs); Open Learning; Openness; Reviewed

From Distance Education to Open and Distance Learning: A Holistic Evaluation of History, Definitions, and Theories - Bozkurt, Aras; Bozkurt, Aras (Handbook of Research on Learning in the Age of Transhumanism, 2019)
As pragmatist, interdisciplinary fields, distance education (DE) and open and distance learning (ODL) transform and adapt themselves according to changing paradigms. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to examine DE and ODL from different perspectives to discern their future directions. The study concludes that DE and ODL are constantly developing interdisciplinary fields where technology has become a significant catalyst and these fields become part of the mainstream education. However, mainstreaming should be evaluated with caution, and there is a need to revisit core values and fundamentals where critical pedagogy would have a pivotal role. Besides, there is no single theory that best explains these interdisciplinary fields, and therefore, there is a need to benefit from different theoretical approaches. Finally, as a result of constant changes, we should keep the definition of both DE and ODL up-to-date to better explain the needs of the global teaching and learning ecosystem.

The effect of school neighborhoods on teacher retention decisions - Boyd, Donald; Lankford, Hamilton; Loeb, Susanna; Ronfeldt, Matthew; Wyckoff, James (Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, 2011)
A substantial body of research demonstrates that schools with large populations of poor, non-white and low-achieving students, on average have more difficulty attracting and retaining teachers (Boyd et. al., 2005; Boyd et al, 2009; Hanushek et. al., 2004; Ingersoll, 2001; Scafidi et. al., 2007). However, little work assesses the extent to which differences in the neighborhoods
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Preparation and support for teachers in public schools: Reflections on the first year of teaching - Bowsher, A.; Sparks, D.; Hoyer, K.M. (2018)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Technology-Mediated Learning Theory - Bower, Matt (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2019)
Technology-enhanced learning research, such as that relating to the use of online technologies in formal learning contexts, is sometimes criticised for being under-theorised. This paper draws together areas of research and theory that have previously been somewhat separately treated, to support the integrated analysis and research of situations where technology mediates learning. First, key areas of research and theory relating to technology-mediated learning are introduced, along with their associated conceptual underpinnings and assumptions, in terms of premises. These areas are then explained with relation to one another regarding how they can be used to holistically understand learning in contexts where technology mediates learning. The implications of the theoretical concepts are discussed in terms of the future conduct of technology-mediated learning research, as well as the scope and conditions under which the theorisations apply.
Keywords: Educational Technology; Electronic Learning; Learning Theories; Meta Analysis; Technology Integration; Technology Uses in Education

Using Educational Games for Sign Language Learning - A SignWriting Learning Game: Case Study - Bouzid, Yosra; Khenissi, Mohamed Ali; Essalmi, Fathi; Jemni, Mohamed (Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 2016)
ABSTRACT Apart from being used as a means of entertainment, computer games have been adopted for a long time as a valuable tool for learning. Computer games can offer many learning benefits to students since they can consume their attention and increase their motivation and engagement which can then lead to stimulate learning. However, most of the research to date on educational computer games, in particular learning versions of existing computer games, focused only on learner with typical development. Rather less is known about designing educational games for learners with special needs. The current research presents the results of a pilot study. The principal aim of this pilot study is to examine the interest of learners with hearing impairments in using an educational game for learning the sign language notation system SignWriting. The results found indicated that, overall, the application is useful, enjoyable and easy to use: the game can stimulate the students' interest in learning such notations.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Using Technology to Provide Higher Education for Refugees - Boškić, Natasha; Sork, Thomas J.; Irwin, Rita; Nashon, Samson; Nicol, Cynthia; Meyer, Karen; Hu, Sharon (Transnational Perspectives on Innovation in Teaching and Learning Technologies, 2018)
"Using Technology to Provide Higher Education for Refugees" published on 24 Mar 2018 by Brill | Sense.

The Impact of an Educational Media Intervention to Support Children’s Early Learning in Rwanda - Borzekowski, Dina; Lando, Agnes Lucy; Olsen, Sara; Giffen, Lauren (International Journal of Early Childhood, 2019)
Children in developing countries often lack sufficient support for early learning skills prior to beginning school. This research evaluates an educational media intervention using an animated cartoon program, Akili and Me. The program was originally created in Tanzania to teach early learning skills. This program was adapted in content and language use in this study in Rwanda. The two-week intervention involved primary school students (mean age = 7.1 years) who were randomized into two groups (intervention and comparison group). The intervention group viewed one Ankit and Me episode a day for five days. This viewing was repeated the following week. Similarly, the comparison watched the same amount of television but the content consisted of local popular programs. Baseline and follow-up assessments evaluated 10 areas of early learning, using an adaptation of the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA), and also children’s media receptivity. At follow-up, children in the intervention program, Akili and Me, had significantly higher scores for counting, number recognition, shape knowledge, letter identification, color identification, body part recognition, health knowledge, and vocabulary. The analyses provide promising evidence that locally produced educational media interventions can impact early learning skills, even among children living in resource-poor communities.
Keywords: Literacy; Media receptivity; Numeracy; Rwanda; School readiness skills; Television; ___working_potential_duplicate

The impact of Galli Galli Sim Sim on Indian preschoolers - Borzekowski, Dina L. G.; Singpurwalla, Darius; Mehrotra, Deepti; Howard, Donna (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2019)
While educational media can affect young children's development, rigorous studies rarely occur in low and middle income countries. Using an experimental design, researchers investigated the effect of an educational television series (Galli Galli Sim Sim (GGSS), the Indian version of Sesame Street) with 1340 children in 99 preschools in Lucknow, India. Boys and girls, ages three to seven and mostly from low income households, saw 30 min of television five days a week for twelve weeks, varying how much Galli Galli Sim Sim versus other programming children watched. Assessments occurred at baseline, endline, and six weeks later. Hierarchical models showed that Galli Galli Sim Sim receptivity, an independent variable that combines exposure and recall, significantly improved literacy, numeracy, socio-emotional strategies, and nutritional knowledge. Locally-produced educational media should be encouraged as it can positively affect potential school success and child development.

The role of Kilimani Sesame in the healthy development of Tanzanian preschool children - Borzekowski, Dina L. G.; Macha, Jacob E. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2010)
Kilimani Sesame, a media intervention that employs print, radio, and television, was developed to entertain and educate preschool children in Tanzania. This study examined the effects of a six-week intervention delivering Kilimani Sesame material to 223 children in the rural district of Kisarawe and the city of Dar es Salaam. Results offer evidence that literacy and numeracy, social and emotional development, and health and hygiene significantly improved from baseline to post-intervention; those with the greatest receptivity to Kilimani Sesame performed the best after the intervention, controlling for baseline scores, sex, age, location, and general media receptivity. This study shows that an educational media intervention directed towards very young children can have an impact on their healthy development, even in locales where populations have minimal resources and face extreme hardships.
Keywords: African children; Educational television; Literacy; Media receptivity; Preschool children; Sesame Street

A quasi-experiment examining the impact of educational cartoons on Tanzanian children - Borzekowski, Dina L. G. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2018)
Educational media can positively impact young children; however, few studies have been conducted in developing countries. Researchers investigated the impact of an animated educational series, where participants were randomized to see Akili and Me versus other popular programs. In interviews with children, researchers assessed measures before and after four weeks of exposure. From Morogoro, Tanzania, 568 children (mean age - 4.8years) participated. Controlling for the child's sex, age, and baseline skills in the assessed follow up outcome, exposure to Akili and Me significantly improved drawing skills, shape knowledge, number recognition, counting, and English skills. Young and vulnerable children can benefit from a locally-produced educational program. Media interventions should be encouraged as they effectively and efficiently alter school readiness.
Keywords: Educational media; Literacy; Numeracy; School readiness; Television

Sesame street in the tea estates: A multi-media intervention to improve sanitation and hygiene among Bangladesh's most vulnerable youth - Borzekowski, Dina (Annals of Global Health, 2015)

The adolescent community of engagement framework: A lens for research on K-12 online learning - Borup, Jered; West, Richard E.; Graham, Charles R.; Davies, Randall S. (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2014)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

CASEL's framework for systemic social and emotional learning - Borowski, T. (Establishing Practical Social-Emotional Competence Assessment Work Group, 2019)

An extended systematic review of Canadian policy documents on e-learning: what we’re doing and not doing - Borokhovski, Eugene; Bernard, Robert; Mills, Erin; Abrami, Philip C.; Wade, C. Anne; Tamim, Rana; Bethel, Edward; Lowerison, Gretchen; Pickup, David; Surkes, Michael A. (Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 2011)

Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries - Bornstein, Marc H.; Putnick, Diane L. (Child Development, 2012)
Enriching caregiving practices foster the course and outcome of child development. We studied two developmentally significant domains of positive caregiving -- cognitive and socioemotional -- in more than 127,000 families with under-5 year children from 28 developing countries. Mothers varied widely in cognitive and socioemotional caregiving and engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive activities. More than half of mothers played with their children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer read books and told stories to their children. The GDP of countries related to caregiving after controlling for life expectancy and education. The majority of mothers report that they do not leave their under-5s alone. Policy and intervention recommendations are elaborated.

Expanding Early Childhood Enrollment: Mobile Schools in Mongolia - Borgen Project (The Borgen Project, 2016)
Mobile Schools in Mongolia: Mongolia has experienced an increase in kindergarten enrollment due to the emergence of mobile schools.

On Network Theory - Borgatti, Stephen; Halgin, Daniel (SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011)
Research on social networks has grown considerably in the last decade. However, there is a certain amount of confusion about network theory — for example, what it is, what is distinctive about it, and how to generate new theory. This paper attempts to remedy the situation by clarifying the fundamental concepts of the field (such as the network) and characterizing how network reasoning works. We start by considering the definition of network, noting some confusion caused by two different perspectives, which we refer to as realist and nominalist. We then analyze two well-known network theories, Granovetter’s strength of weak ties, to identify characteristic elements of network theorizing. We argue that both theories share an underlying theoretical model, which we label the network flow model, from which we derive additional implications. We also discuss network phenomena that do not appear to fit the flow model and discuss the possibility of a second fundamental model, which we call the bond model. We close with a discussion of the merits of model-based network theorizing for facilitating the generation of new theory, as well as a discussion of endogeneity in network theorizing.

The rise and fall of the PC in one chart - Booton, Jennifer (MarketWatch, 2016)

Thinking and Working Politically - Booth, David (University of Birmingham, 2015)

Working with the Grain and Swimming against the Tide - Booth, David (Public Management Review, 2012)
Research into the governance of public goods provision in Africa suggests that, on their own, bottom–up pressures from voters and service users are only a weak factor in improving performance. It confirms the importance of working with politicians and service providers as well as clients. However, getting ‘uptake’ of these findings into the practice of development agencies is difficult. In the dissemination of previous studies, certain propositions about the power of information and community monitoring have been heavily over-sold because they satisfy practitioners' hunger for simple, upbeat messages. Incentives, ideologies and vested interests inhibit the adoption of more complex findings.
Keywords: Africa; community monitoring; governance; public services; research uptake

US pulls funding from Pakistan's Sesame Street - Boone, Jon (The Guardian, 2012)
Keywords: Children's TV; Pakistan; Sesame Street; Television; US news; World news

Voices From Urban Classrooms: Teachers’ Perceptions on Instructing Diverse Students and Using Culturally Responsive Teaching - Bonner, Patricia J.; Warren, Susan R.; Jiang, Ying H. (Education and Urban Society, 2018)
This study explored the perceptions of 430 P-12 urban teachers regarding the instruction of diverse students and their own ability to effectively implement culturally responsive teaching (CRT). Employing qualitative methodology, four open-ended sentence stems were used to capture teachers’ thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. Results reveal teachers’ strong commitment to CRT, an understanding of behaviors which constitute CRT, a strong sense of efficacy in teaching diverse students, and anticipation of positive outcomes through proactively addressing diverse students’ needs. This research provides valuable information for school districts and schools of education as they develop culturally responsive teachers for today’s diverse classrooms.
Keywords: multicultural education; social justice; students; teachers; urban education

School Characteristics and Teacher Turnover: Assessing the Role of Preferences and Opportunities - Bonhomme, Stéphane; Jolivet, Grégory; Leuven, Edwin (The Economic Journal, 2016)
Job characteristics can affect worker turnover through their effect on utility and through their effect on outside job opportunities. The aim of this study is to identify and estimate the roles of these two channels separately. Our method exploits information on job changes, and relies on an augmented sample selection correction. To illustrate our approach, we use an exhaustive register of Dutch primary school teachers and show a detailed picture of preferences for school characteristics. We also find that the dependence between current and outside job attributes can affect turnover and thus the allocation of teachers across schools.

Experimental evidence on scaling up education reforms in Kenya - Bold, Tessa; Kimenyi, Mwangi; Mwabu, Germano; Ng’ang’a, Alice; Sandefur, Justin (Journal of Public Economics, 2018)
What constraints arise when translating successful NGO programs to improve public services in developing countries into government policy? We report on a randomized trial embedded within a nationwide reform of teacher hiring in Kenyan government primary schools. New teachers offered a fixed-term contract by an international NGO significantly raised student test scores, while teachers offered identical contracts by the Kenyan government produced zero impact. Observable differences in teacher characteristics explain little of this gap. Instead, data suggests that bureaucratic and political opposition to the contract reform led to implementation delays and a differential interpretation of identical contract terms. Additionally, contract features that produced larger learning gains in both the NGO and government treatment arms were not adopted by the government outside of the experimental sample.
Keywords: Contract teachers; Education; External validity; Kenya; Randomized evaluation; State capacity

What Do Teachers Know and Do? Does It Matter? Evidence from Primary Schools in Africa - Bold, Tessa; Filmer, Deon; Martin, Gayle; Molina, Ezequiel; Rockmore, Christophe; Stacy, Brian; Svensson, Jakob; Wane, Waly (Policy Research Working Paper, 2017)
School enrollment has universally increased over the past 25 years in low-income countries. However, enrolling in school does not guarantee that children learn. A large share of children in low-income countries learn little, and they complete their primary education lacking even basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills—the so-called "learning crisis." This paper uses data from nationally representative surveys from seven Sub-Saharan African countries, representing close to 40 percent of the region's total population, to investigate possible answers to this policy failure by quantifying teacher effort, knowledge, and skills. Averaging across countries, the paper finds that students receive two hours and fifty minutes of teaching per day—or just over half the scheduled time. In addition, large shares of teachers do not master the curricula of the students they are teaching; basic pedagogical knowledge is low; and the use of good teaching practices is rare. Exploiting within-student, within-teacher variation, the analysis finds significant and large positive effects of teacher content and pedagogical knowledge on student achievement. These findings point to an urgent need for improvements in education service delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa. They also provide a lens through which the growing experimental and quasi-experimental literature on education in low-income countries can be interpreted and understood, and point to important gaps in knowledge, with implications for future research and policy design.
Keywords: Education; Education Policy; Learning Crisis; Public Service Delivery; Teacher Absenteeism; Teacher Effectiveness; Teacher Performance

Case Study Report: RET International Kenya - Boisvert, Kayla (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2017)

wwwlitbaskets.io, an IT artifact supporting exploratory literature searches for Information Systems research - Boell, SK; Wang, B (2019)
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024; ⛔ No DOI found

What works now? : evidence-informed policy and practice - Boaz, Annette; Davies, Huw; Fraser, Alec; Nutley, Sandra (Policy Press, 2019)
Building substantially on the earlier, landmark text, What Works? (Policy Press, 2000), this book brings together key thinkers and researchers to provide a contemporary review of the aspirations and realities of evidence-informed policy and practice. The text is clearly structured and provides sector-by-sector analysis of evidence use in policy-making and service delivery. It considers some cross-cutting themes, including a section of international commentaries, and concludes by looking at lessons from the past and prospects for the future.

An examination of the use of technology in the teaching of history. A study of selected senior high schools in the cape coast metropolis, Ghana. - Boadu, Gideon (International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2014)
This study examined the use of technology in the teaching of History in three (3) selected Senior High Schools in the Cape Coast metropolis. The study was modelled on the descriptive survey design with a sample size of 159 respondents, made up of 153 History students and 6 History teachers from three selected schools. The instruments used to collect data were the questionnaire and the interview guide. The study found that technologies such as computers, projectors, internet, and audio-visuals, could be used to teach History. Again, it was found that teachers have positive perceptions of the use of technology in teaching History, and students were also found to portray positive attitudes in class when technology is used to teach. Finally, the study revealed that teachers face the challenge of unavailability of technology resources, lack of enough time, and lack of motivation, in their attempt to use technology in class. It is recommended that seminars should be organized for teachers to expose them to the types of technologies and how to use them. Again, Ministry of Education should make technology resources available in schools, and also teachers should innovative and creative by using a variety of technologies in their lessons.
Keywords: Attitude; History; Perception; Teaching; Technology; ⛔ No DOI found

Why is School-based Management (SBM) in Cambodia? - Bo, Chankoulika (2019)

Using Dual Systems theory to conceptualise challenges to routine when transforming pedagogy with digital technologies - Blundell, Christopher; Lee, Kar-Tin; Nykvist, Shaun (Teachers and Teaching, 2019)
(2019). Using Dual Systems theory to conceptualise challenges to routine when transforming pedagogy with digital technologies. Teachers and Teaching: Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 937-954.
Keywords: Barriers; Case Studies; Classroom Techniques; Correlation; Educational Change; Information Technology; Learning Theories; Student Behavior; Systems Approach; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Role; Teacher Student Relationship; Teaching Methods; Technology Integration; ⛔ No DOI found

Theorising Effective Uses of Digital Technology with Activity Theory - Blayone, Todd J. B. (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2019)
Effective uses of digital technologies are vital to full inclusion in a network society. Digital-abilities researchers have produced several major frameworks, but these have generally not incorporated socio-contextual perspectives. To explore this lacuna, and engage in a reflective act of theorisation, activity theory is used to conceptualise four sub-systems of digitally mediated action. Eschewing technological determinism, humans are positioned as active agents capable of identifying, taking up, modifying and even subverting established technology uses in pursuit of meaningful objectives. At the same time, attention is given to contextual conditions shaping diverse activity systems supported by assemblages of humans and machines. Having theorised effective digital-technology uses through the lens of activity theory, the author reflects on this conceptual apparatus itself. In so doing, activity theory is characterised as a fertile, if complex and contested, future-oriented tradition that challenges individual-social dichotomies and addresses both humans and machines as mediators of activity, development and learning.
Keywords: Automation; Computer Use; Cultural Influences; Educational Technology; Group Activities; Information Technology; Man Machine Systems; Social Theories; Technology Uses in Education

Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything - Blank, Steve (2013)

Adoption and use of technology in early education - Blackwell, Courtney K.; Lauricella, Alexis R.; Wartella, Ellen; Robb, Michael; Schomburg, Roberta (Computers & Education, 2013)
The increased access to, but continued under-use of, technology in education makes it imperative to understand the barriers teachers face when integrating technology into their classrooms. While prior research suggests teachers encounter both ﬁrst-order extrinsic barriers and second-order personal barriers, much of this research has focused on K-12 teachers, not early childhood educators. Applying the Uniﬁed Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology to early childhood education, the current study examines predictors of early childhood educators’ access to and use of traditional technologies and newer mobile devices. Findings from 1329 teachers of 0–4-year-olds reveal that while extrinsic barriers inﬂuence access to a range of technologies, positive beliefs in children’s learning from technology signiﬁcantly predicted actual use of technology. Overall, the study provides new insight into factors inﬂuencing technology integration speciﬁcally for early childhood educators, a subgroup that has not been represented in much of the literature on technology integration in formal education.

Income shocks and gender gaps in education: Evidence from Uganda - Björkman-Nyqvist, Martina (Journal of Development Economics, 2013)
This paper uses exogenous variation in rainfall across districts in Uganda to estimate the causal effects of household income shocks on children's enrollment and academic performance conditional on gender. I find negative deviations in rainfall from the long-term mean to have negative and highly significant effects on female enrollment in primary schools and the effect grows stronger for older girls. I find no effect of rainfall variation on the enrollment of boys and young girls. Moreover, I find that when schooling is free of charge and both marginal boys and girls are enrolled, a negative income shock has an adverse effect on the test scores of female students while boys are not affected. The results imply that households respond to income shocks by varying the amount of schooling and resources provided to girls while boys are to a large extent sheltered — a finding consistent with a model where parents' values of child labor differ across sexes.
Keywords: Education; Gender; Rainfall; Test scores

Meet the Rwandan innovation for One-Laptop-Per-Child - Bizimungu, Julius (The New Times, 2018)

Nudging at Scale: Experimental Evidence from FAFSA Completion Campaigns - Bird, Kelli, A.; Castleman, Benjamin; Denning, Jeffrey; Goodman, Joshua; Lamberton, Cait; Rosinger, Kelly Ochs (NBER Working Paper Series, 2019)
Do nudge interventions that have generated positive impacts at a local level maintain efficacy when scaled state or nationwide? What specific mechanisms explain the positive impacts of promising smaller-scale nudges? We investigate, through two randomized controlled trials, the impact of a national and state-level campaign to encourage students to apply for financial aid for college. The campaigns collectively reached over 800,000 students, with multiple treatment arms to investigate different potential mechanisms. We find no impacts on financial aid receipt or college enrollment overall or for any student subgroups. We find no evidence that different approaches to message framing, delivery, or timing, or access to one-on-one advising affected campaign efficacy. We discuss why nudge strategies that work locally may be hard to scale effectively.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Access and equity in Open Education Resources: E-learning for girl and women in Bangladesh Open University. - Billah, Masum (2013)
Open Educational Resources are freely accessible, usually openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes. E-learning is (website, e-book, cd, DVD etc) latest addition to OER which is accessible through internet and computing systems. Though these resources are ‘open’ to all for learning, but the socio economic situation of women and girls in Bangladesh is a challenge to take the advantage of e-learning systems. This research has been carried out to comprehend the situation of women and girls in Bangladesh in terms of E-learning, identify the challenges and opportunities of access to E-learning among women and girls and recommend about further improvement of those systems. The research had been consisted of several stages of analysis. Primarily different e-learning systems have been identified and later the contents have been analyzed to explore whether the topics and knowledge are relevant to women and girls. In the next stage, two groups of girls have been selected as respondent groups among which one group has been selected as user group who are currently using e-learning systems, and other group has non-users group. Comparison between these two groups has helped to identify the challenges that some girls face to use e-learning system and to recognize the factors that facilitated some girls to use the elearning system. In further stage of analysis, information from user’s group has helped to explore about the contents that should be included in the e-learning systems especially for women education, which will ensure a gender balance to use the system. At the end, it is expected that the research can recommend two factors; firstly, how these e-learning system could be more accessible among girls/women through increasing knowledge about the systems, and; secondly, what is required to include in these system to ensure equity to use the system and to gain knowledge from it.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

When cost-effective interventions are unaffordable: Integrating cost-effectiveness and budget impact in priority setting for global health programs - Bilinski, Alyssa; Neumann, Peter; Cohen, Joshua; Thorat, Teja; McDaniel, Katherine; Salomon, Joshua A. (PLOS Medicine, 2017)

Talking about education: exploring the significance of teachers’ talk for teacher agency - Biesta, Gert; Priestley, Mark; Robinson, Sarah (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2017)
The interest in teachers’ discourses and vocabularies has for a long time been studied under the rubric of knowledge, most notably teachers’ professional knowledge. This interest can be traced back to Shulman’s distinction between different kinds of teacher knowledge and Schwab’s interest in the role of practical reasoning and judgement in teaching. Within the research, a distinction can be found between a more narrow approach that focuses on teachers’ propositional or theoretical knowledge and a more encompassing approach in which teachers’knowledge is not only the knowledge for teachers generated elsewhere, but also the knowledge of teachers. This is the ‘stock of knowledge’gained from a range of sources and experiences, including teachers’ ongoing engagement with the practice of teaching itself. In this paper, we focus on the role of teachers’ talk in their achievement of agency. We explore how, in what way and to what extent such talk helps or hinders teachers in exerting control over and giving direction to their everyday practices, bearing in mind that such practices are not just the outcome of teachers’ judgements and actions, but are also shaped by the structures and cultures within which teachers work.

Causes of Girls Drop out from Primary Schools in Tehsil Bahrain District Swat, KPK Pakistan - Bibi, Aqsa; Ahmad, Waqar (Asian Journal of Contemporary Education, 2019)
Getting education is very important for both boys and girls. However, there are female children who do not complete school cycle and leave school before its completion which is one of the concerning issues for the Ministry of Education in Pakistan. To know why these girls drop out of school, the study provides some brief information on it. To get information on the above issue, structured interviews were used. The study was conducted in 4 Girls primary schools of Tehsil Bahrain district SWAT. Data was collected from sample of 80 respondents, in which (11 dropout girls from Govt Girls Primary School Madyan Swat, 16 from Govt Girls Primary School Ayeen Swat, 22 dropout girls from Girls Primary School Darolai Swat, 3 dropout girls from Girls Primary School Jail Bahrain Swat. 20 mothers of the dropout students and 8 teachers. After collecting information, some of the main causes for the dropout were found as work to earn some money for support of family (poverty), moving from one place to another, culture of the village, punishment, teachers' behavior, long distance from house to school and lack of text books and facilities. By looking to the findings of the study, there is a need of other researches in the area.
Keywords: Child Labor; Cultural Influences; Dropout Research; Dropouts; Elementary School Students; Females; Foreign Countries; Individual Characteristics; Poverty; Student Attitudes

Using Wiki in teacher education: Impact on knowledge management processes and student satisfaction - ScienceDirect - Biasutti, Michele; El-Deghaidy, Heba (Computers & Education, 2012)

Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty - Bhuasiri, Wannasiri; Xaymoungkhoun, Oudone; Zo, Hangjung; Rho, Jae Jeung; Ciganek, Andrew P. (Computers & Education, 2012)
This study identifies the critical success factors that influence the acceptance of e-learning systems in developing countries. E-learning is a popular mode of delivering educational materials in higher education by universities throughout the world. This study identifies multiple factors that influence the success of e-learning systems from the literature and compares the relative importance among two stakeholder groups in developing countries, ICT experts and faculty. This study collected 76 usable responses using the Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The results reveal 6 dimensions and 20 critical success factors for e-learning systems in developing countries. Findings illustrate the importance of curriculum design for learning performance. Technology awareness, motivation, and changing learners behavior are prerequisites for successful e-learning implementations. Several recommendations are provided to aid the implementation of e-learning systems for developing countries which have relevance for researchers and practitioners. Limitations as well as possible research directions are also discussed.
Keywords: AHP; Critical success factors; Delphi method; Developing countries; E-learning

Bangladesh Education Sector Public Expenditure Review - Bhatta, Saurav Dev; Genoni, Maria Eugenia; Sharma, Uttam; Khaltarkhuu, Buyant Erdene; Maratou-Kolias, Laura; Asaduzzaman, T. M. (World Bank, 2019)
Adequate investment in human capital development is critical for enabling Bangladesh to reach its goal of becoming an upper middle-income country. Bangladesh, currently a lower-middle country with an annual per capita gross national income (GNI) of USD 1,470 (WDI 2019), aims to attain upper-middle income status by 2021 and eliminate poverty by 2030. Recognizing the importance of investing in education for building its human capital base, the government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been allocating a large portion of the national budget to the education sector each year during the past two decades. Effective utilization and equitable distribution of allocated public spending is important for ensuring adequate progress in education outcomes. This report analyzes major spending and outcomes trends in the overall education sector in recent years, with a focus on primary and secondary education. Responding to the recommendation of the 2015 Bangladesh Public Expenditure Review Update for more analytical work on public spending in different sectors, including education, the current study analyzes the trends in major education expenditures, access to education, quality of education, and disparities in education outcomes in the past two decades. It also looks at the composition of education expenditure, consistency between budget allocations and actual expenditures, equity in education spending, and potential links between spending and key educational outcomes. Because of data limitations, this report focuses mainly on primary and secondary education. It is expected that this analysis will add to the literature on investments in the Bangladesh education sector and inform discussions on identifying policy priorities and making resource allocation decisions in the sector.
Keywords: Education Budget; Education Expenditure; Education Outcomes; Equity in Education; Public Expenditure Review

One Laptop per Child at home: Short-term impacts from a randomized experiment in Peru - Beuermann, Diether W.; Cristia, Julian; Cueto, Santiago; Malamud, Ofer; Cruz-Aguayo, Yyannu (American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, 2015)
This paper presents results from a randomized controlled trial whereby approximately 1,000 OLPC XO laptops were provided for home use to children attending primary schools in Lima, Peru. The intervention increased access and use of home computers, with some substitution away from computer use outside the home. Children randomized to receive laptops scored about 0.8 standard deviations higher in a test of XO proficiency but showed lower academic effort as reported by teachers. There were no impacts on academic achievement or cognitive skills as measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices test. Finally, there was little evidence for spillovers within schools. (JEL I21, I28, J13, O15)
Keywords: ACCESS TO LAPTOPS; Academic achievement; Achievement tests; Business And Economics; EXCLUSION CRITERIA APPLIED; Elementary school students; Portable computers; Quality: H; Relevance: M; Statistical analysis; ___working_potential_duplicate; publishPDF

The cascade model of teachers’ continuing professional development in Kenya: A time for change? - Bett, Harry Kipkemoi (Cogent Education, 2016)
Kenya is one of the countries whose teachers the UNESCO (2015) report cited as lacking curriculum support in the classroom. As is the case in many African countries, a large portion of teachers in Kenya enter the teaching profession when inadequately prepared, while those already in the field receive insufficient support in their professional lives. The cascade model has often been utilized in the country whenever need for teachers’ continuing professional development (TCPD) has arisen, especially on a large scale. The preference for the model is due to, among others, its cost effectiveness and ability to reach out to many teachers within a short period of time. Many researchers have however cast aspersions with this model for its glaring shortcomings. On the contrary, TCPD programmes that are collaborative in nature and based on teachers’ contexts have been found to be more effective than those that are not. This paper briefly examines cases of the cascade model in Kenya, the challenges associated with this model and proposes the adoption of collaborative and institutionbased models to mitigate these challenges. The education sectors in many nations in Africa, and those in the developing world will find the discussions here relevant.

Mathematics Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities - Bethell, George (World Bank, 2016)

The impact of national and international assessment programmes on education policy, particularly policies regarding resource allocation and teaching and learning practices in developing countries - Best, Maura; Knight, Pat; Lietz, Petra; Lockwood, Craig; Nugroho, Dita; Tobin, Mollie (Assessment and Reporting, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Teacher Policies, Incentives, and Labor Markets in Chile, Colombia, and Perú: Implications for Equality - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Jaimovich, Analía; Rodríguez, Julio; Santos, Humberto (Inter-American Development Bank, 2018)

Teachers' Preferences for Proximity and the Implications for Staffing Schools: Evidence from Peru - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Hincapie, Diana; Méndez, Carolina; Paredes, Diana (Inter-American Development Bank, 2019)
Keywords: C:Peru; _C:Peru PER

Ebola, Education And Innovation In Sierra Leone - Berry, Chris (DFID bloggers, 2015)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Education Management Information Systems: A Guide to Education Project Design, Evaluation, and Implementation Based on Experiences from EQUIP2 Projects in Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia - Bernbaum, Marcia; Moses, Kurt (2011)

Higher education reforms: Latin America in comparative perspective - Bernasconi, Andrés; Celis, Sergio (Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2017)
This article introduces a special issue of EPAA/AAPE devoted to recent higher education reforms in Latin America. The last two decades have seen much policy development in higher education in the region, examined and discussed by scholars in each country, but dialog with the international literature on higher education reform, or an explicit comparative focus, have been mostly absent from these works. By way of presentation of the papers included in this issue, we first provide an overview of major policy changes in higher education in the Latin American region since the 1990s. We then turn to the six works in this special issue to describe the theories and methods supporting them. Next, we illustrate how general analytic categories can be derived from single or multi country case studies to illuminate themes capable of cutting across the particulars of national contexts, with their unique traditions, policy paths, and politics. Our three common threads are, first, the types of drivers for reform, that is, how policy change originates, either bottom-up from the institutions, or top-down from the government, and various possibilities in between. Second, understanding challenges to institutional autonomy in a continuum of intensity of state intended intervention in higher education. Third, explaining different levels of strain between public and private sectors in higher education based on conditions of competition for economic resources. While the papers in this special issue do not cover all countries, nor all issues on which policy has been crafted in the last two decades across the region, the collection of articles herein account for topics of enduring importance: faculty work in Ecuador, financial aid in Colombia, public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in Argentina and Uruguay, and social justice, access, and inclusion in higher education, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. The articles presented in this special issue provide much insight onto higher education policy in Latin America and, additionally, offer ample opportunity to develop social science knowledge on the basis of strong comparative work.
Keywords: Change in universities

A meta-analysis of blended learning and technology use in higher education: from the general to the applied - Bernard, Robert M.; Borokhovski, Eugene; Schmid, Richard F.; Tamim, Rana M.; Abrami, Philip C. (Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 2014)
This paper serves several purposes. First and foremost, it is devoted to developing a better understanding of the effectiveness of blended learning (BL) in higher education. This is achieved through a meta-analysis of a sub-collection of comparative studies of BL and classroom instruction (CI) from a larger systematic review of technology integration (Schmid et al. in Comput Educ 72:271–291, 2014). In addition, the methodology of meta-analysis is described and illustrated by examples from the current study. The paper begins with a summary of the experimental research on distance education (DE) and online learning (OL), encapsulated in meta-analyses that have been conducted since 1990. Then it introduces the Bernard et al. (Rev Educ Res 74(3):379–439, 2009) meta-analysis, which attempted to alter the DE research culture of always comparing DE/OL with CI by examining three forms of interaction treatments (i.e., student–student, student–teacher, student–content) within DE, using the theoretical framework of Moore (Am J Distance Educ 3(2):1–6, 1989) and Anderson (Rev Res Open Distance Learn 4(2):9–14, 2003). The rest of the paper revolves around the general steps and procedures (Cooper in Research synthesis and meta-analysis: a step-by-step approach, 4th edn, SAGE, Los Angeles, CA, 2010) involved in conducting a meta-analysis. This section is included to provide researchers with an overview of precisely how meta-analyses can be used to respond to more nuanced questions that speak to underlying theory and inform practice—in other words, not just answers to the “big questions.” In this instance, we know that technology has an overall positive impact on learning (g+ = +0.35, p < .01, Tamim et al. in Rev Educ Res 81(3):4–28, 2011), but the sub-questions addressed here concern BL interacting with technology in higher education. The results indicate that, in terms of achievement outcomes, BL conditions exceed CI conditions by about one-third of a standard deviation (g+ = 0.334, k = 117, p < .001) and that the kind of computer support used (i.e., cognitive support vs. content/presentational support) and the presence of one or more interaction treatments (e.g., student–student/–teacher/–content interaction) serve to enhance student achievement. We examine the empirical studies that yielded these outcomes, work through the methodology that enables evidence-based decision-making, and explore how this line of research can improve pedagogy and student achievement.

SMS-based school parents communication technology - Berlinski, S.; Busso, M.; Dinkelman, Taryn; Martinez, C.A. (Department for International Development (DFID), 2016)
Authors test whether a program of sending student data to parents using high frequency text messaging improves education outcomes

Reducing parent-school information gaps and improving education outcomes: Evidence from high frequency text messaging in Chile - Berlinski, S; Busso, M; Dinkelman, T; Martinez, C (2016)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

How behavioral science can empower parents to improve children's educational outcomes - Bergman, Peter (Behavioral Science & Policy, 2019)
Parents powerfully influence their children’s educational outcomes. Yet psychological and informational barriers impede parents’ ability to engage with their children in ways that improve outcomes: parents tend to have inflated perceptions of their children’s performance, which can deter them from taking helpful steps to effectively support their learning, and parenting is complex. Limited cognitive bandwidth for coping with complexities can steer parents’ attention away from actions that have long-term benefits for their children and toward actions yielding immediate returns. Poor school-to-parent communication and poverty exacerbate all of these problems. In this article, the author demonstrates how providing timely, actionable information to parents can lower these barriers and help parents engage with their children more productively from kindergarten through high school. Moreover, providing this information can improve educational outcomes at low cost.

Technology adoption in education: Usage, spillovers and student achievement - Bergman, Peter (2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Research commentarydata-driven computationally intensive theory development - Berente, N.; Seidel, S; Safadi, H. (Information Systems Research, 2019)
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

How can Mother Tongue-based MLE be carried out in classrooms where three or more local languages are represented as mother tongues? - Benson, Carol; Young, Catherine (Good Answers to Tough Questions in Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education, 2016)

L1-based multilingual education in the Asia and Pacific region and beyond - Benson, Carol; Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia, 2019)
This must-have handbook offers a comprehensive survey of the field. It reviews the language education policies of Asia, encompassing 30 countries sub-divided by regions, namely East, Southeast, South and Central Asia, and considers the extent to which these are being implemented and with what effect. The most recent iteration of language education policies of each of the countries is described and the impact and potential consequence of any change is critically considered. Each country chapter provides a historical overview of the languages in use and language education policies, examines the ideologies underpinning the language choices, and includes an account of the debates and controversies surrounding language and language education policies, before concluding with some predictions for the future.

Exploring the use of the ICT in supporting dyslexic students’ preferred learning styles : A preliminary evaluation - Benmarrakchi, FatimaEzzahra; El Kafi, Jamal; Elhore, Ali; Haie, Sara (Education and Information Technologies, 2017)
Dyslexia is one of the most common learning disabilities. It is described as a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. It affects relatively about 7–10 % of the population across most languages and cultures. In this study, we explore the potential benefits offered by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to support dyslexic students by considering their preferred learning styles. In the current paper we administered the VAK and Honey & Mumford questionnaires to 28 Arabic students with ages between 8 and 10 years old. 8 students from dyslexic group and 20 students from control group were selected to assess and compare their preferred learning style. The implemented system focuses on dyslexia in Arabic language, especially in Arabic countries such as Morocco. Based on the results of the analysis of learning styles differences, we introduced an adaptive mobile learning to support and promote learning for dyslexic students. The aim of the study is to consider the relationship between dyslexia and learning style and to suggest a different learning way. Preliminary results show that the ICT has a valuable role in providing opportunities for learners with dyslexia to participate more fully in education.

How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis - Bengtsson, Mariette (NursingPlus Open, 2016)

Gender bias is rife in textbooks - Benavot, A; Jere, C (2016)

Government Policy for the Internet Must Be Rights-Based and User-Centred | United Nations - Ben-Hassine, Wafa (2019)

Do SMS Text Messaging and SMS Community Forums Improve Outcomes of Adult and Adolescent Literacy Programs? - Beltramo, Theresa; Levine, David (2012)
The most recent two decades in Senegal have been witness to a large shift of social communication norms, accessibility of information communication technologies (ICTs), and growth of ICT networks. Use of mobile phones in rural areas in Senegal is substantial– the penetration rate is 44.6% in 2008 (ITU, 2009). Increased cell phone usage is matched by expanding network coverage and the emergence of several competing operators.2Basic use of mobile phones in rural areas is widespread, but sending SMS and accessing the Internet by mobile phone is much less common (ITU, 2009). The possibility to expand SMS usage in rural communities throughout Senegal is large as text messaging remains the least expensive form of communication over distance. In addition, a significant portion of the rural Senegalese population migrates for work (on average each household reported 5 of their family members currently living and working outside Senegal).Senegalese out-migration flows are dominated by men ages 15-34 and thus this youthful population is of prime age for developing communication patterns which incorporate text messaging (UNDP Human Development Statistics, 2009)3. SMS text messaging can provide a low-cost solution to communicate with the diaspora. (see Appendix 3). However, the usage of mobile phones as a communications strategy can only be functional if all members of the community understand how to use, and have access to, a cell phone, as well as read and write messages. A very high share of women and teenage girls in rural Senegal lack both access to a mobile phone and the literacy skills needed to text message. In our study, only one in 8 female respondents owned a cell phone, less than half the rate for men. In addition, over 40% of the female respondents had no literacy or numeracy skills, again almost double the rate for men. Thus, the gender bias in literacy and numeracy skills and cell phone ownership must be addressed for equitable inclusive growth using ICT. We report on a pilot study in 20 communities of adding cell phone literacy and a free “SMS Community Forum” to an adult literacy and numeracy program. Overall results are promising, but the SMS Community Forum is not yet achieving all of its goals.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

Data analysis methods for qualitative research: managing the challenges of coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis. - Belotto, Michael J. (The Qualitative Report, 2018)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Beyond the Basics: Improving Post-Primary Content Delivery through Classroom Technology - Beg, Sabrin; Lucas, Adrienne M; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umer (2019)
Using an RCT in middle schools in Pakistan, we test the eﬀect of a governmentimplemented in-class technology and brief teacher training intervention on student achievement in grade level mathematics and science. After only 4 months of exposure, student achievement increased by 0.2-0.3 standard deviations on math and science tests, 52 to 120 percent more than the control group, and students were more likely to pass the provincially standardized high stakes exams. Increased eﬀorts by both students and teachers indicate a complementarity between technology and other inputs in education production. At a scale of 100 schools, this program is extremely cost-eﬀective.

Beyond the Basics: Improving Post-Primary Content Delivery through Classroom Technology - Beg, Sabrin A; Lucas, Adrienne M; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umar (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019)
Using an RCT in middle schools in Pakistan, we test the effect of a government- implemented in-class technology and brief teacher training intervention on student achievement in grade level mathematics and science. After only 4 months of exposure, student's combined math and science score increased by 0.3 standard deviations on both project and government tests, 59 percent more than the control group. Students were also more likely to pass the provincial high-stakes exams. Increased attendance by both students and teachers indicate technology can increase other inputs. At the 200 school scale, this program is extremely cost-effective.
Keywords: EXCLUSION CRITERIA APPLIED; Quality: H; Relevance: M

Engaging Teachers with Technology Increased Achievement, Bypassing Teachers Did Not - Beg, Sabrin A.; Lucas, Adrienne M.; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umar (NBER Working Papers, 2019)
Founded in 1920, the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Computer literacy and e-learning perception in Cameroon: the case of Yaounde Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - Bediang, Georges; Stoll, Beat; Geissbuhler, Antoine; Klohn, Axel M; Stuckelberger, Astrid; Nko’o, Samuel; Chastonay, Philippe (BMC Medical Education, 2013)
Background: Health science education faces numerous challenges: assimilation of knowledge, management of increasing numbers of learners or changes in educational models and methodologies. With the emergence of e-learning, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and Internet to improve teaching and learning in health science training institutions has become a crucial issue for low and middle income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. In this perspective, the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of Yaoundé has played a pioneering role in Cameroon in making significant efforts to improve students’ and lecturers’ access to computers and to Internet on its campus. The objective is to investigate how computer literacy and the perception towards e-learning and its potential could contribute to the learning and teaching process within the FMBS academic community. Method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among students, residents and lecturers. The data was gathered through a written questionnaire distributed at FMBS campus and analysed with routine statistical software. Results: 307 participants answered the questionnaire: 218 students, 57 residents and 32 lecturers. Results show that most students, residents and lecturers have access to computers and Internet, although students’ access is mainly at home for computers and at cyber cafés for Internet. Most of the participants have a fairly good mastery of ICT. However, some basic rules of good practices concerning the use of ICT in the health domain were still not well known. Google is the most frequently used engine to retrieve health literature for all participants; only 7% of students and 16% of residents have heard about Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The potential of e-learning in the improvement of teaching and learning still remains insufficiently exploited. About two thirds of the students are not familiar with the concept of e-leaning. 84% of students and 58% of residents had never had access to e-learning resources. However, most of the participants perceive the potential of e-learning for learning and teaching, and are in favour of its development at the FMBS. Conclusion: The strong interest revealed by the study participants to adopt and follow-up the development of elearning, opens new perspectives to a faculty like the FMBS, located in a country with limited resources. However, the success of its development will depend on different factors: the definition of an e-learning strategy, the implementation of concrete measures and the adoption of a more active and participative pedagogy.

The Internal, External, and Diagnostic Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review - Becker, Stephen P.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Burns, G. Leonard; Jarrett, Matthew A.; Langberg, Joshua M.; Marshall, Stephen A.; McBurnett, Keith; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Willcutt, Erik G. (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2016)
Objective To conduct the first meta-analysis evaluating the internal and external validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct as related to or distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and as associated with functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning. Method Electronic databases were searched through September 2015 for studies examining the factor structure and/or correlates of SCT in children or adults. The search procedures identified 73 papers. The core SCT behaviors included across studies, as well as factor loadings and reliability estimates, were reviewed to evaluate internal validity. Pooled correlation effect sizes using random effects models were used to evaluate SCT in relation to external validity domains (i.e., demographics, other psychopathologies, functional impairment, and neuropsychological functioning). Results Strong support was found for the internal validity of the SCT construct. Specifically, across factor analytic studies including more than 19,000 individuals, 13 SCT items loaded consistently on an SCT factor as opposed to an ADHD factor. Findings also support the reliability (i.e., internal consistency, test–retest reliability, interrater reliability) of SCT. In terms of external validity, there is some indication that SCT may increase with age (r = 0.11) and be associated with lower socioeconomic status (r = 0.10). Modest (potentially negligible) support was found for SCT symptoms being higher in males than females in children (r = 0.05) but not in adults. SCT is more strongly associated with ADHD inattention (r = 0.63 in children, r = 0.72 in adults) than with ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity (r = 0.32 in children, r = 0.46 in adults), and it likewise appears that SCT is more strongly associated with internalizing symptoms than with externalizing symptoms. SCT is associated with significant global, social, and academic impairment (r = 0.38–0.44). Effects for neuropsychological functioning are mixed, although there is initial support for SCT being associated with processing speed, sustained attention, and metacognitive deficits. Conclusion This meta-analytic review provides strong support for the internal validity of SCT and preliminary support for the external validity of SCT. In terms of diagnostic validity, there is currently not enough evidence to describe SCT in diagnostic terms. Key directions for future research are discussed, including evaluating the conceptualization of SCT as a transdiagnostic construct and the need for longitudinal research.
Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; diagnosis; nosology; sluggish cognitive tempo; systematic review

Cyclone Idai: On the Ground Data from Mozambique - Becker, Nick (GeoPoll, 2019)
GeoPoll has conducted an SMS survey in Mozambique to reach those affected by Cyclone Idai. Data from Sofala province and Beira city following the cyclone.

Educational outcomes and research from 1:1 computing settings - Bebell, D.; O'Dwyer, L. M. (Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 2010)
Despite the growing interest in 1:1 computing initiatives, relatively little empirical research has focused on the outcomes of these investments. The current special edition of the Journal of Technology and Assessment presents four empirical studies of K-12 1:1 computing programs and one review of key themes in the conversation about 1:1 computing among advocates and critics. In this introduction to our 1:1 special edition, we synthesize across the studies and discuss the emergent themes. Looking specifically across these studies, we summarize evidence that participation in the 1:1 programs was associated with increased student and teacher technology use, increased student engagement and interest level, and modest increases in student achievement.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Indonesia got schooled: 15 years of rising enrolment and flat learning profiles - Beatty, Amanda; Berkhout, Emilie; Bima, Luhur; Coen, Thomas; Pradhan, Menno; Suryadarma, Daniel (Research on Improving Systems of Education, 2018)

Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016-2017 - BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2017)

Sierra Leone Media Landscape Report - BBC Media Action (2018)

Millions of Bangladeshis learn English with BBC Janala - BBC (2014)
From 2005-2014, BBC Janala ("window" in Bangla) was a unique service unlocking access to English language learning for millions of people in Bangladesh.

US pulls Pakistan Sesame Street aid - BBC (2012)

Integrating analyses in mixed methods research - Bazeley, Patricia (SAGE Publications Ltd., 2018)
Integrating Analyses for Mixed Methods Research goes beyond mixed methods research design and data collection, providing a pragmatic discussion of the challenges of effectively integrating data to facilitate a more comprehensive and rigorous level of analysis. Showcasing a range of strategies for integrating different sources and forms of data as well as different approaches in analysis, readers learn to plan, conduct, and disseminate complex analyses with confidence. Key techniques include: . Building an integrative framework . Analyzing sequential, complementary and comparative data . Identifying patterns and contrasts in linked data . Categorizing, counting, and blending mixed data . Managing dissonance and divergence . Transforming analysis into warranted assertions With clear steps that can be tailored to any project, this book is perfect for students and researchers undertaking their own mixed methods research.
Keywords: Methodology; Mixed methods research; Research; Social sciences

Accelerated Education Programs in Crisis and Conflict: Building Evidence and Learning - Baxter, Pamela; Ramesh, Aparna; Menendez, Alicia; North, Lindsay (READING AND ACCESS EVALUATIONS, 2016)

Roles and student identities in online large course forums: Implications for practice - Baxter, Jacqueline Aundree; Haycock, Jo (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2014)
The use of large online discussion forums within online and distance learning continues to grow. Recent innovations in online learning such as the MOOC (massive open online course) and concomitant growth in the use of online media for the delivery of courses in traditional campus based universities provide both opportunity and challenge for online tutors and learners alike. The recognition of the role that online tutors and student identity plays in the field of retention and progression of distance learners is also well documented in the field of distance learning. Focusing on a course forum linked to a single Level 2 undergraduate module and open to over 1,000 students, this ideographic case study, set in a large distance learning university, uses qualitative methodology to examine the extent to which participation in a large forum can be considered within community of practice (COP) frameworks and contributes to feelings of efficacy, student identity, and motivation. The paper draws on current theory pertaining to online communities and examines this in relation to the extent to which the forum adds to feelings of academic and social integration. The study concludes that although the large forum environment facilitates a certain degree of academic integration and identity there is evidence that it also presents a number of barriers producing negative effects on student motivation and online identity.
Keywords: C: United Kingdom; e-learning; higher education; online forums; online identities; online learning

The Misallocation of Pay and Productivity in the Public Sector: Evidence from the Labor Market for Teachers - Bau, Natalie; Das, Jishnu (Policy Research Working Paper, 2017)

The Generalizability Puzzle - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (2017)

The Generalizability Puzzle (SSIR) - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2017)
Rigorous impact evaluations tell us a lot about the world, not just the particular contexts in which they are conducted. Open access to this article is made possible by MIT.

Opening New Doors: Community Engagement in India - Batada, Ameena; Banerjee, Sashwati; Subramanian, Mathangi; Banerjee, Sashwati; Subramanian, Mathangi (The Sesame Effect: The Global Impact of the Longest Street in the World, 2016)

Financial incentives and coverage of child health interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Bassani, Diego G.; Arora, Paul; Wazny, Kerri; Gaffey, Michelle F.; Lenters, Lindsey; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (BMC Public Health, 2013)
Financial incentives are widely used strategies to alleviate poverty, foster development, and improve health. Cash transfer programs, microcredit, user fee removal policies and voucher schemes that provide direct or indirect monetary incentives to households have been used for decades in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and more recently in Southeast Asia. Until now, no systematic review of the impact of financial incentives on coverage and uptake of health interventions targeting children under 5 years of age has been conducted. The objective of this review is to provide estimates on the effect of six types of financial incentive programs: (i) Unconditional cash transfers (CT), (ii) Conditional cash transfers (CCT), (iii) Microcredit (MC), (iv) Conditional Microcredit (CMC), (v) Voucher schemes (VS) and (vi) User fee removal (UFR) on the uptake and coverage of health interventions targeting children under the age of five years.

Teacher Professional Development and Student Literacy Growth: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Basma, Badriah; Savage, Robert (Educational Psychology Review, 2018)
This systematic review explores the impact of teacher professional development (PD) on student reading achievement. The first part of the literature evaluates all available existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of PD intervention studies. No quality reviews of PD and reading specifically (distinct from ‘attainment’) were found. There was a little overlap of studies in existing reviews. The second part of the systematic review focuses on the most recent intervention studies exploring PD and student reading achievement. The results of a meta-analysis of all high-quality studies are presented in the third part of the paper. This analysis showed no strong evidence of publication bias and an effect size for PD on student literacy of g = 0.225. This effect was moderated by the number of hours of PD whereby studies with fewer than 30 h of PD was significant for student reading outcomes (g = 0.367, p < 0.001) but more than 30 PD hours was not significant (g = 0.143, p > .05). Following a Weight of Evidence assessment, analysis showed that nearly all high-quality articles involved shorter PD. Weight of Evidence was a significant moderator, (g = 0.408, p < 0.001 for high-quality studies, g = 0.077, p > 0.5, n.s., for medium quality studies). Our review suggests that only high-quality studies of short teacher PD currently provide evidence of impact on student’s reading achievement.
Keywords: C: International

Facing Forward: Schooling for Learning in Africa - Bashir, Sajitha; Lockheed, Marlaine; Ninan, Elizabeth; Tan, Jee-Peng (World Bank, 2018)
This book lays out a range of policy and implementation actions that are needed for countries in sub-Saharan Africa to meet the challenge of improving learning while expanding access and completion of basic education for all. It underscores the importance of aligning the education system to be relentlessly focused on learning outcomes and to ensuring that all children have access to good schools, good learning materials, and good teachers. It is unique in characterizing countries according to the challenges they faced in the 1990s and the educational progress they have made over the past 25 years. The authors review the global literature and contribute their extensive new analyses of multiple datasets from over three dozen countries in the region. They integrate findings about what affects children's learning, access to schooling, and progress through basic education. The book examines four areas to help countries better align their systems to improve learning: completing the unfinished agenda of reaching universal basic education with quality; ensuring effective management and support of teachers; targeting spending priorities and budget processes on improving quality; and closing the institutional capacity gap. It concludes with an assessment of how future educational progress may be affected by projected fertility rates and economic growth. The primary audience for this book are policy makers in Africa, practitioners, and partners concerned about building the knowledge capital of sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Education Management; Education Spending; Human Capital; Institutional Capacity; Knowledge Capital; Service Delivery; Teacher Effectiveness; Universal Basic Education

Un potencial con barreras: La participación de las mujeres en el área de Ciencia y Tecnología en Argentina | Publications - Basco, Ana Inés; Lavena, Cecilia (2019)

Compás Millennial: La generación Y en la era de la integración 4.0 - Basco, Ana Inés; Carballo, Marita; Pernas, Mariana; Alzualde, Paula; Codoni, Soledad; Conte Grand, Ramiro; Wulff, Alejandra; Basco, Ana Inés; Carballo, Marita (Inter-American Development Bank, 2017)

Techno-integration of Latin America: institutions, exponential trade, and equality in the era of algorithms - Basco, Ana Ines (2017)

Perceptions of Pre-Service English Teachers towards the Integration of an LMS into English Language Teacher Education - Basal, Ahmet (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2015)
With the growing availability of educational technologies, informing future teachers about the use of such technologies in their classrooms has become essential, particularly for language teachers. Integrating these technologies into the curriculum of language teaching education programs is more appropriate than simply sharing information with pre-service teachers via short computer courses. Over the past decade, various Learning Management Systems (LMSs) have been gradually integrated into language teacher education programs to provide 24/7-connected teaching and learning environments. Many studies have investigated LMS adoption in terms of economic and technical challenges. However, what have been less covered are the perceptions of pre-service on the integration of an LMS. This paper reports on a study designed to gain insights into the perceptions of pre-service English teachers on the integration of an LMS into courses at a state university in Turkey. A total of 122 prospective English teachers participated in the study. Data were collected from questionnaires, open-ended questions, and semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that pre-service English teachers had positive perceptions towards the use of an LMS as an integral part of face-to-face courses. The study also provides recommendations towards LMS integration into courses in other English language teaching departments.
Keywords: ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Education--Computer Applications; Educational technology; English (Second Language); English teachers; Foreign Countries; Foreign language instruction; Higher Education; Language Teachers; Language teachers; Learning management systems; Likert Scales; Management Systems; Mixed Methods Research; Positive Attitudes; Postsecondary Education; Preservice Teachers; Questionnaires; Second Language Instruction; Second Language Learning; Semi Structured Interviews; Student Attitudes; Teacher Education; Teacher education; Technology Integration; Turkey; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096949; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb; ⛔ No DOI found

in Emergency and Post-Crisis Situations - Barry, Barbara; Newby, Landon (Global Education Cluster Working Group and IIEP-UNESCO, 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Medium- and Long-Term Educational Consequences of Alternative Conditional Cash Transfer Designs: Experimental Evidence from Colombia - Barrera-Osorio, Felipe; Linden, Leigh L.; Saavedra, Juan E. (American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2019)
In 2005 the city of Bogota, Colombia, introduced three conditional cash transfer programs for secondary schooling, randomly assigning socioeconomically disadvantaged students to different payment structures. We show, through administrative data, that forcing families to save one-third of the transfer increases long-term human capital accumulation by means of additional tertiary education—which is not incentivized—, casting doubt on conditionalities as a driving mechanism. Directly incentivizing on-time tertiary enrollment does no better than forcing families to save a portion of the transfer. Whereas forcing families to save increases enrollment in four-year universities, incentivizing tertiary enrollment only increases enrollment in low-quality colleges.
Keywords: Education; Financial Aid, Returns to Education, Human Capital; Household Saving; Human Development; Income Distribution; Labor Productivity, Economic Development: Human Resources; Migration; Occupational Choice; Personal Finance, State and Local Government: Health; Public Pensions, Analysis of Education, Educational Finance; Skills; Welfare

Information and collective action in community-based monitoring of schools : Field and lab experimental evidence from Uganda - Barr, A; Mugisha, F; Serneels, P; Zeitlin, A (2012)

Mathematical modelling in teacher education: dealing with institutional constraints - Barquero, Berta; Bosch, Marianna; Romo, Avenilde (ZDM: The International Journal on Mathematics Education, 2018)
Considering the general problem of integrating mathematical modelling into current educational systems, this paper focuses on the "ecological dimension" of this problem--the institutional constraints that hinder the development of mathematical modelling as a normalised teaching activity--and the inevitable step of the professional development of teachers. Within the framework of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic, this step is approached using the "study and research paths for teacher education" (SRP-TE), an inquiry-based process combining practical and theoretical questioning of school mathematical activities. We present a research study focusing on the design and analysis of an online and distance-learning course for in-service mathematics teachers based on the SRP-TE methodology. This course starts from the initial question of how to analyse, adapt and integrate a learning process related to mathematical modelling and how to sustain its long-term development. Our analysis is based on a case study consisting in four successive editions of a course for Latin American in-service mathematics teachers held at the Centre for Applied Research in Advanced Science and Technology in Mexico. The starting point is a modelling activity about forecasting the number of Facebook users, which includes functional modelling and regression. The results show how the course represents a valuable instrument to help teachers progress in the critical issue of identifying institutional constraints--most of them beyond the scope of action of teachers and students and not approached by previous research--hindering the integration of mathematical modelling in current secondary schools.
Keywords: Anthropological theory of the didactic; Barriers; Case Studies; Distance Education; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Ecological Factors; Ecology; Foreign Countries; Functions; Inservice Teacher Education; Institutional constraints; Instructional Design; Mathematical Models; Mathematical modelling; Mathematics Teachers; Mexico; Online Courses; Prediction; Regression (Statistics); Social Media; Study and research path; Teacher education; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095891; __finaldtb

Equity issues in Parental and Community involvement in schools: What teacher educators need to know - Barquedano-Lopez, Patricia; Alexander, Rebecca Anne; Hernandez, Sara (Review of Research in Education, 2013)

Redesigning an education project for child friendly radio: a multisectoral collaboration to promote children’s health, education, and human rights after a humanitarian crisis in Sierra Leone - Barnett, Sarah; van Dijk, Jetske; Swaray, Abdulai; Amara, Tamba; Young, Patricia (BMJ, 2018)
Sarah Barnett and colleagues describe how an educational project was rapidly adapted into a radio education programme after the 2014 Ebola epidemic in Sierra Leone

Cohort profile: the Young Lives study - Barnett, Inka; Ariana, Proochista; Petrou, Stavros; Penny, Mary E; Duc, Le Thuc; Galab, S; Woldehanna, Tassew; Escobal, Javier A; Plugge, Emma; Boyden, Jo (International Journal of Epidemiology, 2013)

Reforming teacher education in Nigeria: Laying a foundation for the future - Barnes, Adrienne E.; Boyle, Helen; Zuilkowski, Stephanie Simmons; Bello, Zaliha Nasiruddeen (Teaching and Teacher Education, 2019)
Teacher educators in Nigeria receive limited professional development, particularly regarding the instruction of early grade reading skills. As part of the USAID-funded Northern Education Initiative Plus project, Florida State University faculty provided intensive teacher educator professional development to staff at four Teacher Education Institutions in northern Nigeria. Positive impacts on teacher educator knowledge, skills, and attitudes were observed related to content and pedagogical knowledge, use of participatory teaching and learning activities in the college classrooms, and improvement in student teacher engagement and learning. Continued success of the implemented model for training will be dependent upon national adoption and scale up.

Pakistan National Human Development Report: Unleashing the Potential of a Young Pakistan - Bari, Faisal; Najam, Adil (UNDP, 2017)

Elements Shaping the South African Education System of the Future - Barends, Heidi (2019)
The South African education system is deeply unjust because a child’s place of birth, skin colour and family’s income largely determines their educational attainment. Understanding future trends and developments can assist stakeholders in planning and decision making. Better decisions could ultimately improve the education system. Therefore, this research aims to answer three questions: What trends could impact the South African education system? What opportunities and threats arise due to these trends? Who could influence the system?  To address these questions, a mixed-method approach was adopted. First, conceptual systems diagrams were developed to depict the current education system and its stakeholders. Then, semi-structured expert interviews were used to identify future trends, threats and opportunities.  This study found that the trends impacting South Africa broadly align with global trends. Examples include an increase in privatisation, technology in schools and climate change. More violence in schools is the main outlier. The study found that the risks related to technology and climate change are not being planned or accounted for. Similarly, violence is currently not a priority. The study also found that participants agreed on who the major stakeholders are, but disagreed on what actions stakeholders should take.
Keywords: Actor Diagram; Basic Education; CLD; Causal Loop Diagram; Education System; Foresight Study; Future Study; Future Trends; South African Education System; Systems Approach; _C:China CHN; _C:Germany DEU; _C:India IND; _C:Japan JPN; _C:Nigeria NGA; _C:Pakistan PAK; _C:South Africa ZAF; _C:Turkey TUR; _C:United Kingdom GBR; _C:United States USA; __C:scheme:1; _not_EdTechHub; _zenodoOTHER

Elements Shaping the South African Education System of the Future [poster] - Barends, Heidi (2019)
A poster summarising the findings of the dissertation titles 'Elements Shaping the South African Education System of the Future' (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3370973)
Keywords: Basic Education; Education System; Foresight Study; Future Study; Future Trends; South African Education; South African Education System; _not_EdTechHub; _zenodoOTHER

Elements Shaping the South African Education System of the Future [presentation] - Barends, Heidi (2019)
A summary presentation of the dissertation titled 'Elements Shaping the South African Education System of the Future' (DOI:10.5281/zenodo.3370973)
Keywords: Actor Diagram; Basic Education; Causal Loop Diagram; Education System; Foresight Study; Future Study; Future Trends; South African Education; South African Education System; Systems Approach; _not_EdTechHub; _zenodoOTHER

Deliverology 101: A Field Guide For Educational Leaders - Barber, Michael; Moffit, Andy; Kihn, Paul (Corwin Press, 2011)
'Michael Barber's pioneering work as head of my Delivery Unit helped ensure real progress, not just with our education reforms, but with healthcare and policing too. It attracted worldwide attention. This guide distils the wisdom he gained at that time and has refined since. I strongly recommend it.' - Tony Blair, Former UK Prime Minister 1997-2007A step-by-step approach to delivering resultsMichael Barber, former chief advisor on delivery to British Prime Minister Tony Blair, and his colleagues Andy Moffit and Paul Kihn thoroughly describe Barber's proven reform delivery processes in this practical field guide. The timing is ideal, as Barack Obama's administration prioritizes education reform. Citing education reform case studies from more than 20 countries, the authors assert that most previous reforms were unsuccessful due to failed implementation. This book focuses on how to accomplish meaningful results, including:- Significant and ongoing education reform- Excellence and equity across public educationThe authors illustrate a field-tested program that ensures reform is achieved in the most profound sense, with students able to see, feel, and reap the benefits of a high-quality education. It is based not only on the experience of the Blair administration but also on case studies of successful implementation of reform in the U.S. and elsewhere.Listen as Barber describes the importance of the book:
Keywords: Education / Decision-Making & Problem Solving; Education / Leadership

The Good News From Pakistan - Barber, Michael (Reform, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Design-based research: a methodological toolkit for engineering change - Barab, S. (Handbook of the Learning Sciences, 2014)

Developing a Quantitative Data Analysis Plan - Banks, Emily; Paige, Ellie; Mather, Tanya (Australian National University, 2013)

Making innovation work for girls and women in Tanzania, Tanzania: HDIF, 2017 - Bangser, Maggie; Davies, Emma; Lähde, Kristiina; McGinty, David (HDIF Tanzania, 2017)

Progotir Pathey, Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019, Survey Findings Report - Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS); UNICEF Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2019)

Researchers ask questions and policymakers want answers: How can both do better? - Bangay, Colin; Little, Angela (HEART, 2015)
In a recent meeting between DFID advisers and Young Lives researchers, we asked the question: ‘Who is this research for?’ Although there was collective agreement on the value of evidence that can drive change and make a difference to children’s lives, it was also clear there were tensions between the drivers and approaches of the... Read more

Using information communications technologies (ICT) to implement universal design for learning - Banes, David; Hayes, Anne; Kurz, Christopher; Kushalnagar, Raja (USAID, 2019)

Using Information Communication Technologies (ICT) to Implement Universal Design for Learning (UDL) - Banes, David; Hayes, Anne; Kurz, Christopher; Kulshalnagar, Raja (University Research Co., LLC, 2019)

Improving literacy and math instruction at scale in India’s primary schools: The case of Pratham’s Read India program - Banerji, Rukmini; Chavan, Madhav (Journal of Educational Change, 2016)
Pratham’s “Read India” initiative is a large-scale intervention to improve basic learning and arithmetic among children in primary school. It was started almost 10 years ago and has evolved considerably over time. Currently, this initiative uses two strategies. The first strategy is to work directly with village communities and local schools to improve children’s learning. “Learning camps” are organized in the local school or community for a period of 6–10 days at a time. Local village volunteers help to teach children who are organized in groups by their level of learning. These camps—intensive bursts of focused instruction—are repeated several times during the year. This model which has been rigourously evaluated shows that children’s learning levels improve significantly. The second strategy is to work with the government. This approach is used when school systems want to partner or collaborate with Pratham for improving basic learning. The key element here too is grouping children and teaching them from their level rather than by their grade. This approach also shows promising results. Independent evaluations and randomized control trials conducted on both models have indicated significant impact. Moving between the present set of conditions in India and past lessons, this case describes a decade-long journey of efforts to change teaching and learning at the ground level as well the efforts to bring about significant shifts in priority at the system level. The “Read India” case presented here contributes knowledge on strategies under which effective pedagogy can be brought to scale. It also discusses challenges of transforming instructional change in a context of low initial capacity at the school and system levels, where attention to rapid expansion of access to school had kept aside for a long time critical questions about teaching quality and learning outcomes. A second contribution of “Read India” to current knowledge on large-scale educational change relates to the role non-government actors such as Pratham can play in bringing effective pedagogy to scale to improve student learning.

Mainstreaming an Effective Intervention: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations of “Teaching at the Right Level” in India - Banerjee, Abhijit; Banerji, Rukmini; Berry, James; Duflo, Esther; Kannan, Harini; Mukherji, Shobhini; Shotland, Marc; Walton, Michael (NBER Working Paper Series, 2016)
Previous randomized studies have shown that addressing children’s current learning gaps, rather than following an over-ambitious uniform curriculum, can lead to significant learning gains. In this study, we evaluate a series of efforts to scale up the NGO Pratham’s approach to teaching children according to their actual learning level, in four Indian States. While this approach was previously shown to be extremely effective when implemented with community volunteers outside of school, the objective of these new scale-up evaluations was to develop a model that could be implemented within the government school system. In the first two instances (Bihar and Uttarakhand), the methodology was not adopted by government schoolteachers, despite well-received training sessions and Pratham support. Motivated by the quantitative and qualitative analysis of these early attempts, we adapted the approach and designed large-scale experiments in the states of Haryana and Uttar Pradesh to test two new scale-up models. In Haryana, teachers received support from government resource persons trained by Pratham, and implemented the approach during a dedicated hour. In Uttar Pradesh, Pratham volunteers implemented high-intensity, short-burst “learning camps” for 40 days, in school and during school hours, with additional 10-day summer camps. Both models proved effective, with gains in language of 0.15 standard deviation in Haryana, and 0.70 standard deviations in Uttar Pradesh, on all students enrolled in these schools at baseline. These two models provide blueprints that can be replicated inside other government systems.
Keywords: C:India; Education; India; ___working_potential_duplicate

From proof of concept to scalable policies: Challenges and solutions, with an application - Banerjee, Abhijit; Banerji, Rukmini; Berry, James; Duflo, Esther; Kannan, Harini; Mukerji, Shobhini; Shotland, Marc; Walton, Michael (Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2017)

Pitfalls of Participatory Programs: Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Education in India - Banerjee, Abhijit V; Banerji, Rukmini; Duflo, Esther; Glennerster, Rachel; Khemani, Stuti (American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 2010)
Participation of beneficiaries in the monitoring of public services is increasingly seen as a key to improving their quality. We conducted a randomized evaluation of three interventions to encourage beneficiaries' participation to India: providing information on existing institutions, training community members in a testing tool for children, and training volunteers to hold remedial reading camps. These interventions had no impact on community involvement, teacher effort, or learning outcomes inside the school. However, in the third intervention, youth volunteered to teach camps, and children who attended substantially improved their reading skills. This suggests that citizens face constraints in influencing public services. (JEL H52, I21, I28, O15)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Mainstreaming an Effective Intervention: Evidence from Randomized Evaluations of 'Teaching at the Right Level' in India - Banerjee, Abhijit V.; Banerji, Rukmini; Berry, James; Kannan, Harini; Mukerji, Shobhini; Walton, Michael (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 22746, 2016)

Technology Integration before Student Outcomes: Factors Affecting Teacher Adoption of Technology in India - Bandyopadhyay, Alankar (University of Maryland, 2013)

Books or laptops? The effect of shifting from printed to digital delivery of educational content on learning - Bando, Rosangela; Gallego, Francisco; Gertler, Paul; Fonseca, Dario Romero (Economics of Education Review, 2017)
Information and communication technologies can be used for educational purposes, but these devices may also pose as distractors that may tamper with the learning process. This paper presents results from a randomized controlled trial in which laptops replaced traditional textbook provision in elementary schools in high poverty communities in Honduras. We show that at the end of one school year, we fail to reject that there were no differences between laptop and textbook provision on mathematics and Spanish test scores and in non-academic outcomes related to coding and verbal fluency.
Keywords: Computers; E-learning; Education; RCT; Technology; Textbooks

The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program - Bandiera, Oriana; Buehren, Niklas; Goldstein, Markus; Rasul, Imran; Smurra, Andrea (World Bank, 2018)
We evaluate an intervention to raise young women’s economic empowerment in Sierra Leone, where women frequently experience sexual violence and face multiple economic disadvantages. The intervention provides them with a protective space (a club) where they can …nd support, receive information on health/reproductive issues and vocational training. Unexpectedly, the post-baseline period coincided with the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Our analysis leverages quasi-random across-village variation in the severity of Ebola-related disruption, and random assignment of villages to the intervention to document the impact of the Ebola outbreak on the economic lives of 4 700 women tracked over the crisis, and any ameliorating role played by the intervention. In highly disrupted control villages, the crisis leads younger girls to spend signi…cantly more time with men, out-of-wedlock pregnancies rise, and as a result, they experience a persistent 16pp drop in school enrolment post-crisis. These adverse e¤ects are almost entirely reversed in treated villages because the intervention enables young girls to allocate time away from men, preventing out-of-wedlock pregnancies and enabling them to re-enrol in school post-crisis. In treated villages, the unavailability of young women leads some older girls to use transactional sex as a coping strategy. The intervention causes them to increase contraceptive use so this does not translate into higher fertility. Our analysis pinpoints the mechanisms through which the severity of the aggregate shock impacts the economic lives of young women, and shows how interventions in times of crisis can interlink outcomes across younger and older cohorts. JEL Classi…cation: I25, J13, J24.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Empowering Adolescent Girls: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial in Uganda - Bandiera, Oriana; Buehren, Niklas; Burgess, Robin; Goldstein, Markus; Gulesci, Selim; Rasul, Imran; Sulaiman, Munshi (World Bank, 2012)
Nearly 60% of Uganda’s population is aged below 20. This generation faces health challenges associated with HIV, coupled with economic challenges arising from an uncertain transition into the labor market. We evaluate the impacts of a programme designed to empower adolescent girls against both challenges through the simultaneous provision of: (i) life skills to build knowledge and reduce risky behaviors; (ii) vocational training enabling girls to establish small-scale enterprises. The randomized control trial tracks 4 800 girls over two years. We …nd the programme signi…cantly improves HIV and pregnancy related knowledge, as well as corresponding risky behaviors: among those sexually active, self-reported routine condom usage increases by 50%. Furthermore, from a baseline of 21%, there is the near elimination of girls reporting having recently had sex unwillingly. On outcomes related to vocational training, the intervention raised the likelihood of girls being engaged in income generating activities by 35%, mainly driven by increased participation in self-employment. The …ndings suggest combined interventions might be more e¤ective among adolescent girls than single-pronged interventions aiming to change risky behaviors solely through related education programmes, or to improve labor market outcomes solely through vocational training.

Pocket Book on Bangladesh Education Statistics 2017 - BANBEIS (Bangladesh Bureau of Education Information and Statistics, 2018)

African Languages Today: The Challenge of and Prospects for Empowerment under Globalization - Bamgbose, Ayo (40th Annual Conference on African Linguistics, 2011)
Abstract: Ayo Bamgbose, African Languages Today: The Challenge of and Prospects for Empowerment under Globalization

Using mixed methods in monitoring and evaluation: experiences from international development - Bamberger, Michael; Rao, Vijayendra; Woolcock, Michael (SAGE handbook of mixed methods in social & behavioral research, 2010)

Introduction To Mixed Methods In Impact Evaluation - Bamberger, M. (2012)

The Teacher's Soul and the Terrors of Performativity - Ball, Stephen (Journal of Education Policy, 2010)
This paper is the latest in a short series on the origins, processes and effects of performativity in the public sector. Performativity, it is argued, is a new mode of state regulation which makes it possible to govern in an ‘advanced liberal’ way. It requires individual practitioners to organize themselves as a response to targets, indicators and evaluations. To set aside personal beliefs and commitments and live an existence of calculation. The new performative worker is a promiscuous self, an enterprising self, with a passion for excellence. For some, this is an opportunity to make a success of themselves, for others it portends inner conflicts, inauthenticity and resistance. It is also suggested that performativity produces opacity rather than transparency as individuals and organizations take ever greater care in the construction and maintenance of fabrications.

Educational equity for children from diverse language backgrounds: Mother tongue-based bilingual or multilingual education in the early years - Ball, Jessica (UNESCO International Symposium: Translation and Cultural Mediation, 2010)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Reimagining digital literacies from a feminist perspective in a postcolonial context - Bali, Maha (Media and Communication, 2019)

Unstructured data in marketing - Balducci, B; Marinova, D (Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 2018)

Cost Effectiveness of Interactive Radio Instruction Program Karnataka: Basic and Program Cost Effectiveness - Bakshi, Shubhashansha (Working Papers, 2011)
The Program CEA extends to the study to an impact analysis of the Radio programs to assess whether the expenditure being made for this intervention is helping the students in improving their learning outcomes. This would then serve as a true measure of effectiveness that is; linking the outreach with the outcomes. This requires tracking a cohort of treatment and control groups over a period of three years. Also the study has documented the qualitative behaviour as observed in these groups. URL:[http://cbps.in/Publications.aspx].
Keywords: Attendance; CEA; Central Tendency; Cost Effectiveness; Enrolment; Interactive Radio Instruction Program; Karnataka; Qualitative analysis; Research; Teachers; cohort of treatment; data; outcomes; qualitative behaviour; school; villages

Design Research in Education: A Practical Guide for Early Career Researchers - Bakker, Arthur (Routledge, 2018)
Design Research in Education is a practical guide containing all the information required to begin a design research project. Providing an accessible background to the methodological approaches used in design research as well as addressing all the potential issues that early career researchers will encounter, the book uniquely helps the early career researcher to gain a full overview of design research and the practical skills needed to get their project off the ground. Based on extensive experience, the book also contains multiple examples of design research from both undergraduate and postgraduate students, to demonstrate possible projects to the reader. With easy to follow chapters and accessible question and response sections, Design Research in Education contains practical advice on a wide range of topics related to design research projects including: The theory of design research, what it entails, and when it is suitable The formulation of research questions How to structure a research project The quality of research and the methodological issues of validity and reliability How to write up your research The supervision of design research. Through its theoretical grounding and practical advice, Design Research in Education is the ideal introduction into the field of design based research and is essential reading for bachelor's, master's and PhD students new to the field, as well as to supervisors overseeing projects that use design research.

Bias in Online Classes: Evidence from a Field Experiment - Baker, Rachel; Dee, Thomas S.; Brent, Evans; John, June (Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis, 2018)
The anonymity of online discussion forums does not deter instructors from exhibiting bias in favor of white males.

Improving Secondary School Teacher Quality in Sub-Saharan Africa - Bainton, Dave; Barrett, Angeline Mbogo; Tikly, Leon (Bristol Working Papers in Education, 2016)
Keywords: C:sub-Saharan Africa

Impact of Online Computer Assisted Learning on Education: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China - Bai, Yu; Tang, Bin; Wang, Boya; Auden, Emma; Mandell, Blake (Rural Education Action Program (REAP), 2018)
Education of poor and disadvantaged populations has been a long-standing challenge for education systems in both developed and developing countries. In China, millions of students in rural areas and migrant communities lag far behind their urban counterparts in terms of academic achievement. When they fall behind, they often have no way to catch up. Many of their parents have neither the skills nor the money to provide remedial tutoring; rural teachers often do not have time to give students the individual attention they need. Given this, there is growing interest by both educators and policymakers in helping underperforming students catch up using computer assisted learning (CAL). While CAL interventions have been shown to be effective internationally and elsewhere in China, traditional software-based CAL programs are difficult and costly to implement. An online version of CAL (OCAL), however, may be able to bypass many of offline CAL’s implementation problems and enhance the remedial tutoring experience. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence on whether OCAL programs can be effective in improving the quality of rural primary school education in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of an OCAL intervention on the academic and non-academic performance of students and to explore the mechanism behind OCAL’s impact. Importantly, we also aim to assess the cost effectiveness of the new OCAL program versus traditional CAL interventions. To achieve these objectives, we carried out a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving over 1650 fifth grade students in 44 schools in rural areas and migrant communities across China. Students in the 22 treatment schools attended two 40minute OCAL sessions during their computer class each week for one semester; the students in the other 22 schools were in the control group and did not receive any intervention. According to our findings, OCAL improved overall English scores of students in the treatment group relative to the control group by 0.56 standard deviations. This impact is large when compared with offline CAL programs. We found that OCAL also led to a positive change in the attitudes of students towards English learning and towards student aspirations for their future education level. We found three possible explanations for OCAL’s impact. After rejecting the possibility of the Hawthorne Effect or self-efficacy-induced changes, we believe interest-oriented stimulation is the main source of improvement among students. The chance for comparison and competition with peers, as well as customized remedial question banks tailored to each student’s individual needs, likely contributed to the measured increases in academic performance among students in our sample. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the OCAL program is more cost-effective than traditional offline CAL, a comparison which is significant for policymakers as it indicates high potential for OCAL program expansion.
Keywords: Quality: H; Relevance: M; ⛔ No DOI found

Impact of Online Computer Assisted Learning on Education: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in China - Bai, Yu; Tang, Bin; Wang, Boya; Auden, Emma; Mandell, Blake (2018)
Education of poor and disadvantaged populations has been a long-standing challenge for education systems in both developed and developing countries. In China, millions of students in rural areas and migrant communities lag far behind their urban counterparts in terms of academic achievement. When they fall behind, they often have no way to catch up. Many of their parents have neither the skills nor the money to provide remedial tutoring; rural teachers often do not have time to give students the individual attention they need. Given this, there is growing interest by both educators and policymakers in helping underperforming students catch up using computer assisted learning (CAL). While CAL interventions have been shown to be effective internationally and elsewhere in China, traditional software-based CAL programs are difficult and costly to implement. An online version of CAL (OCAL), however, may be able to bypass many of offline CAL’s implementation problems and enhance the remedial tutoring experience. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence on whether OCAL programs can be effective in improving the quality of rural primary school education in developing countries. The objective of this paper is to examine the impact of an OCAL intervention on the academic and non-academic performance of students and to explore the mechanism behind OCAL’s impact. Importantly, we also aim to assess the cost effectiveness of the new OCAL program versus traditional CAL interventions. To achieve these objectives, we carried out a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving over 1650 fifth grade students in 44 schools in rural areas and migrant communities across China. Students in the 22 treatment schools attended two 40minute OCAL sessions during their computer class each week for one semester; the students in the other 22 schools were in the control group and did not receive any intervention. According to our findings, OCAL improved overall English scores of students in the treatment group relative to the control group by 0.56 standard deviations. This impact is large when compared with offline CAL programs. We found that OCAL also led to a positive change in the attitudes of students towards English learning and towards student aspirations for their future education level. We found three possible explanations for OCAL’s impact. After rejecting the possibility of the Hawthorne Effect or self-efficacy-induced changes, we believe interest-oriented stimulation is the main source of improvement among students. The chance for comparison and competition with peers, as well as customized remedial question banks tailored to each student’s individual needs, likely contributed to the measured increases in academic performance among students in our sample. Cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the OCAL program is more cost-effective than traditional offline CAL, a comparison which is significant for policymakers as it indicates high potential for OCAL program expansion.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Preparing teacher education students to integrate mobile learning into elementary education - Bai, Hua (TechTrends, 2019)
The wide adoption of mobile technology has greatly influenced K-12 education. In teacher education programs, it is necessary for educators to train teacher education students to use mobile technology for educational purpose. This paper reports an exploratory effort in preparing elementary education students for mobile learning. The participants’ perceptions of mobile learning and intended use of mobile technology were examined through the analyses of their online discussion posts, responses to survey items and their projects. Their perceived benefits of mobile learning, limitations of mobile technology, their intended implementation of mobile learning and the challenges they anticipated were reported. Implications and recommendations were discussed regarding the knowledge of mobile apps, pedagogical practices and some non-instructional issues.

Connected Society: The State of Mobile Internet Connectivity 2019 - Bahia, Kalvin; Suardi, Stefano (GSMA, 2019)

BAG - BAG Innovation Ltd (2019)

“Thinking Outside the Camp”: Education Solutions for Syrian Refugees in Jordan - Baeyer, Sarah Lebaron Von (Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings, 2017)
This paper presents a case study of a project on education solutions for Syrian refugees in Jordan conducted between 2015–2017. First, it describes how ReD's methodological approach provided a unique perspective to studies on refugees. By immersing a team in the day-to-day lives and settings that most Syrian refugees experience in Jordan—i.e., outside of camps and in people's actual homes—ReD led its client to “think outside the camp,” something that relief agencies and companies often fail to do due to the refugee camp model of humanitarian assistance that, ever since WWII, has dominated the approach to refugees. Second, as a result of its unique methodological approach, ReD uncovered important findings about social networks and technology use and access in Syrian refugees’ homes and communities that ultimately shaped the client's perspective on solution development. For example, ReD's team of ethnographers found that nearly all out-of-camp Syrian households had at least one Smartphone in their possession, if not two or more, and that digital devices served as important tools of communication and community-building among people displaced by conflict. Consequently, ReD advised its client to tap into these pre-existing social networks and mobile technologies in order to develop an education solution that best fit refugees’ “real-life” practices. Ultimately, both ReD's methods and its findings led to a significant impact in how the client strategized on and developed their education solution, and can serve as a broader model for how to approach building services and/or products for displaced populations with access to basic mobile technologies. “The Jordanian educational/policy response to refugees is broken and will not easily be fixed or tinkered with. Solutions must work around this system.” (Education expert and activist working with vulnerable youth and school dropouts in Jordan)
Keywords: Google Scholar/ refugee education technology; RER theme_durable solutions

Annual Development Plan 2019/20 - Azad Government of the State of Jammu & Kashmir (2018)

Teaching linear algebra supported by GeoGebra visualization environment - Aytekin, Cahit; Kiymaz, Yasemin (Acta Didactica Napocensia, 2019)
Linear algebra differs from other mathematics courses because of the special difficulties that students have in understanding the concepts. Teaching without concretizing the concepts of Linear Algebra encouraged students to memorize definitions of concepts and rules has been articulated. Many researches show that technology-supported teaching is effective in concretizing abstract concepts. In this study, it was examined how pre-service mathematics teachers relate the definitions of concepts (linear combination, linear dependency/independency and spanning) and their visual equivalents in R[superscript 2] and R[superscript 3]. The study was conducted with four students who attended the Linear Algebra-2 course in the Elementary Mathematics Teaching, Faculty of Education of a state university in Turkey. The study was conducted by the teaching experiment method. Interviews were conducted using activities prepared in the GeoGebra program. It was observed that the participants used these concepts in very flexible way and they established a relationship between visualization and definitions in a very short time compared to the time spent during an educational period.
Keywords: Algebra; Computer Software; Definitions; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Technology; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Teachers; Postsecondary Education; Preservice Teachers; Teaching Methods; Technology Uses in Education; Turkey; Visualization; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2099267; __finaldtb

E-learning in secondary Schools in Kenya: A Case of the NEPAD E-schools - Ayere, Mildred; Odera, F; Agak, John (Educational Research and Reviews, 2010)
The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) schools were set up as centres of excellence in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration, so that other schools could copy their model in e-learning. It was for this reason that they were provided with computers, e-materials, internet appliances and trained personnel. But to gauge their levels of success as e-learning centres there was need to compare them to other schools offering ICT education in Kenya. It was for this reason that this study compared the application of the e-learning in NEPAD and non-NEPAD schools in Kenya. Specifically, the study: Identified significant differences in levels of integration of ICT in curriculum subjects; surveyed the differences in use of e-materials in education research; examined availability of e-libraries; identified significant differences in academic performance of NEPAD and non-NEPAD schools attributed to e-learning. The study used a combination of an exploratory approach using descriptive survey and ex-post-facto design. It was carried out in six of the eight provinces in Kenya, where the NEPAD schools are located. It targeted 1600 form four students from 35 secondary schools involved in ICT education (NEPAD schools included). Saturated sampling was used for the six NEPAD schools while six non-NEPAD schools were selected through simple random sampling. The sample consisted of three officials from the ministry of education, twelve principals and twelve heads of ICT department (HODs), and 570 of the form four students. The main data collection instrument was the questionnaire; administered to the students, the principals, and the HODs. The interview schedule was administered to the ministry of education personnel while an observation checklist was used as a confirmatory tool. Analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study found that, there was a significant difference in the application of e-learning in NEPAD and non-NEPAD schools. Based on these findings, it was recommended that schools involved in ICT education should intensify teacher facilitation and support teacher roles that are required in e-learning Key words: E-Learning, ICT integration, ICT education, new partnership for Africa's development (NEPAD).
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

How Can Schools Support Parents’ Engagement in their Children’s Learning? Evidence from Research and Practice - Axford, Nick; Berry, Vashti; Lloyd, Jenny; Moore, Darren; Rogers, Morwenna; Hurst, Alison; Blockley, Kelly; Durkin, Hannah; Minton, Jacqueline (EEF, 2019)
The EEF is an independent charity dedicated to breaking the link between family income and educational achievement.

Defining student engagement - Axelson, Rick D.; Flick, Arend (Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 2011)

In which countries do the most highly qualified and experienced teachers teach in the most difficult schools? - Avvisati, Francesco (OECD, 2018)
Teachers are the most important school resource. In every country, teachers’ salaries and training represent the greatest share of expenditure on education; and this investment in teachers can have significant returns. Research shows that being taught by the best teachers can make a real difference in the learning and life outcomes of otherwise similar students. But not all students are equal when it comes to access to high-quality teaching. In fact, PISA data show that there are inequities in access to experienced and qualified teachers in many countries, and that they are related to the gap in learning outcomes between advantaged and disadvantaged students.

The heterogeneous effect of information on student performance: Evidence from a randomized control trial in Mexico - Avitabile, Ciro; de Hoyos, Rafael (Journal of Development Economics, 2018)
We use data from the randomized control trial of the Percepciones pilot to study whether providing 10th grade students with information about the average earnings associated with different educational attainments, life expectancy, and obtaining funding for higher education can contribute to improving student outcomes. We find that the intervention had no effects on a proxy for on-time high school completion, but a positive and significant impact on standardized test scores and self-reported measures of effort. The effects on standardized test scores are larger for girls and for students from households with relatively high incomes. We also find positive, but not statistically significant effects, on the probability of taking a university entry exam and of obtaining a high score in the exam.
Keywords: Gender; Information; School performance; Subjective expectations

External Validity: The Next Step for Systematic Reviews? - Avellar, Sarah A.; Thomas, Jaime; Kleinman, Rebecca; Sama-Miller, Emily; Woodruff, Sara E.; Coughlin, Rebecca; Westbrook, T’Pring R. (Evaluation Review, 2017)
Background:Systematic reviews?which identify, assess, and summarize existing research?are usually designed to determine whether research shows that an intervention has evidence of effectiveness, rather than whether an intervention will work under different circumstances. The reviews typically focus on the internal validity of the research and do not consistently incorporate information on external validity into their conclusions.Objectives:In this article, we focus on how systematic reviews address external validity.Methods:We conducted a brief scan of 19 systematic reviews and a more in-depth examination of information presented in a systematic review of home visiting research.Results:We found that many reviews do not provide information on generalizability, such as statistical representativeness, but focus on factors likely to increase heterogeneity (e.g., numbers of studies or settings) and report on context. The latter may help users decide whether the research characteristics?such as sample demographics or settings?are similar to their own. However, we found that differences in reporting, such as which variables are included and how they are measured, make it difficult to summarize across studies or make basic determinations of sample characteristics, such as whether the majority of a sample was unemployed or married.Conclusion:Evaluation research and systematic reviews would benefit from reporting guidelines for external validity to ensure that key information is reported across studies.
Keywords: external validity; systematic reviews

Increasing Students’ Awareness of Their Behavior in Online Learning Environments with Visualizations and Achievement Badges - Auvinen, Tapio; Hakulinen, Lasse; Malmi, Lauri (IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 2015)
In online learning environments where automatic assessment is used, students often resort to harmful study practices such as procrastination and trial-and-error. In this paper, we study two teaching interventions that were designed to address these issues in a university-level computer science course. In the first intervention, we used achievement badges, a form of gamification, to reward students for submitting early, solving exercises with few iterations, and completing the exercises with full points. In the second intervention, we used heatmap visualizations that show a prediction of the student's success if he or she continues to behave in the same way, based on data from earlier courses. The results from a controlled experiment show that the heatmap visualizations had an impact on how early the students submitted their exercises and how many points they earned from them. We also observed that performance approach goal orientation correlated with an interest towards the achievement badges whereas performance avoidance correlated with an interest towards the visualizations. The results indicate that increasing students' awareness of their behavior can have a positive impact on their study practices and results. However, the same type of feedback may not suit all students because of individual differences.
Keywords: Adaptation models; Context; Data visualization; Education; Heating; Monitoring; Visualization; achievement badges; automatic assessment; computer aided instruction; computer science education; data visualisation; distance learning; educational courses; exercise solving; exercise submission; further education; gamification; goal orientation; heatmap visualization; human factors; online learning environment; performance avoidance; student awareness; student behavior; student reward; student study practice; student success prediction; teaching; teaching intervention; university-level computer science course