The World Bank in Tanzania - World Bank

The World by Income and Region - World Bank

World Bank Data Catalog - World Bank

World Bank Open Data: Access to electricity, rural (% of rural population) - Malawi - World Bank (World Bank)
Free and open access to global development data

World Bank Open Data: Ghana Data - World Bank (World Bank Data, 2019)

World Development Indicators | DataBank - World Bank

World Development Indicators | DataBank - World Bank

OER2Go - World Possible
The world's best educational websites, now available for download OER2Go Explore

RACHEL - World Possible (World Possible)
Hi, my name is RACHEL Buy online

Using Digital Content for Learning: Teacher’s Guide - World Possible

The impact of technology on a multilingual world: Problems and opportunities - Wu, A.; Gonsalves, S-L.R.; Wagner, D.A. (In Lubin, I. (Ed.), Translating Learning Ecologies: ICT Across Global Contexts.)

Research Guides: AI-Based Literature Review Tools: Home - Xiao, Daniel
Research Guides: AI-Based Literature Review Tools: Home
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

Nudge Messaging and School Attendance in Ghana: Determining the Impact of Tailored Message Characteristics - Zhao, Annette; D'Rozario, Jonny; Kably, Nathan; Jayasinghe, Neema; Mukankusi, Aimée
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
Keywords: Coming soon; _r:AddedByMyEducationEvidence

The Design of Experiments - Fisher, Ronald A. D. (Oliver and Boyd, 1935)

Significance Tests Which May be Applied to Samples From any Populations - Pitman, E.J.G. (Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 1937)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

An Outline of General System Theory - von Bertalanffy, Ludwig (The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1950)
A survey of the history of science shows that very similar conceptions have been developed independently in various branches of science. At present, for example, holistic interpretations are prevalent in all fields whereas in the past atomistic explanations were common. Such considerations lead to the postulation of General System Theory which is a logico-mathematical discipline applicable to all sciences concerned with systems. The fact that certain principles have general applicability to systems explains the occurrence of isomorphic laws in different scientific fields. Just as Aristotelian logic was a fundamental organon for the classificatory sciences of antiquity, so may General System Theory define the general principles of dynamic interaction which appears as the central problem of modern science. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)

General systems theory—the skeleton of science - Boulding, Kenneth E. (Management science, 1956)

General Systems Theory as a New Discipline - Ashby, W. R. (Plenum Press, New York, 1958)

A New Scale of Social Desirability Independent of Psychopathology - Crowne, Douglas; Marlowe, David (Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1960)
A new social desirability scale was constructed and correlated with MMPI scales. Comparison was made with correlations of the Edwards Social Desirability scale. The new scale correlated highly with MMPI scales and supported the definition of social desirability. Ss need to respond in "culturally sanctioned ways."

An introduction to cybernetics - Ashby, W. Ross (Chapman & Hall Ltd, 1961)

Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment - Cattell, Raymond B. (Journal of Educational Psychology, 1963)
The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence propounded 20 years ago by the author has since accumulated support. However, the crucial issue of whether 1 or 2 general factors subtend intellectual performances has lacked an experiment adequately designed for accurate, determinate, simple-structure rotation at the 2nd order. By factoring culturally embedded with culture-fair intelligence measures on a background of pure personality primaries (N = 277 7th and 8th grade boys and girls), it is shown that 2 general factors indeed exist. A review, with some mathematical formulations, is given of the theory's implications for the nature-nurture ratio, brain injury, standard deviaiton of the IQ, growth curves, the concept of a relational difficulty hierarchy, test standardization, and the relative validities of traditional and culture-fair intelligence tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Cognitive Ability; Fluid Intelligence; Intelligence; crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence; intellectual performances

Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE) - Rosenberg, M. (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy, 1965)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Society and the adolescent self-image - Rosenberg, Morris (Princeton University Press, 1965)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Systems Approach - Banathy, Bela H. (The Modern Language Journal, 1967)

Principles of the self-organizing system - Ashby, W. Ross (Modern systems research for the behavioral scientist, 1968)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Instructional systems. - Banathy, Bela H. (1968)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The systems approach - Churchman, Charles West (Delta, 1968)

A system approach to education: Derivation and definition - Kaufman, Roger A. (AV communication review, 1968)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications - Bertalanffy, Ludwig von (eweb:1908, 1969)

Common characteristics of open systems - Katz, Daniel; Kahn, Robert L. (Systems thinking, 1969)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Systems Approaches to the Management of Public Education. - Mansergh, Gerald G. (1969)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Pedagogy of the oppressed - Freire, Paulo (The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc, 1970)

Deschooling Society - Illich, Ivan (Marion Boyars, 1971)
Schools have failed our individual needs, supporting false and misleading notions of 'progress' and development fostered by the belief that ever-increasing production, consumption and profit are proper yardsticks for measuring the quality of human life. Our universities have become recruiting centers for the personnel of the consumer society, certifying citizens for service, while at the same time disposing of those judged unfit for the competitive rat race. In this bold and provocative book, Illich suggest some radical and exciting reforms for the education system.
Keywords: Social Science / Sociology / General

Trends in general systems theory - Klir, George J. (Wiley-Interscience, 1972)
Keywords: System theory

Introduction to the systems approach in educational planning and management - Kraft, Richard H.P.; Latta, Raymond F. (Educational Technology, 1972)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The History and Status of General Systems Theory. - Von Bertalanffy, L. (Academy of Management Journal, 1972)

Article 160 - Constitution 1973 - Government of Pakistan (1973)

Research and the Systems Approach as Methodologies for Education - Stowe, Richard A. (AV Communication Review, 1973)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

What is the systems approach? - Chen, Gordon KC (Interfaces, 1975)
Keywords: __C:scheme:1

Mother Tongue Education: The West African Experience - Bamgbose, Ayo (Hodder and Stoughton Ltd, 1976)
In the rapidly changing political, economic, and social life of West Africa, there is a renewed interest in cultural identity. This book describes the developments and the difficulties experienced by different West African countries in the use of mother tongues in multi-lingual society. The book was commissioned to give scholars, educators, and policy-makers concerned with mother tongue education an account of developments in selected countries. Three broad areas are covered: (1) situations where the mother tongue has not yet been introduced into the formal school system but where preparations are being made; (2) situations where there has been a long tradition of mother tongue education; and (3) special projects. An introduction discusses the role of the mother tongue in education, with particular reference to West Africa. This is followed by a historical sketch of developments in mother tongue education. Contributions from Sierra Leone and Dahomey cover the first of the areas mentioned. Ghana's report covers the second area. The last two reports, from Nigeria, fall into the third category. Finally, two projects are described: the Six-Year Primary Project on the use of a major language as a medium of instruction and the Rivers Readers Project on the introduction of smaller languages into the formal school system. (Author/AM)
Keywords: African Culture; African Languages; Bilingual Education; Educational Planning; French; Igbo; Language Planning; Language of Instruction; Mandingo; Mende; Multilingualism; Native Speakers; Portuguese; Regional Dialects; Sociolinguistics; Susu; Uncommonly Taught Languages; Wolof; Yoruba

The Definition of Educational Technology. AECT Task Force on Definition and Terminology - B. Johnson, John; Myers, Dennis; H. Silber, Kenneth; Storm, Susan; Virgo, Ralph; J. Wallington, Clinton (Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1126 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 ($10, 1977)
A total, systematic, integrative concept provides the framework for this definition of educational technology as a theory, a field, and a profession. The definition statement presents an historical perspective of attempts to define educational technology and a current theoretical framework for arriving at a definition. It also identifies the intellectual techniques and practical applications derived from the theoretical framework and describes the training and certification, the ethics and standards, the leadership, the association and communications, the acknowledgement as a profession, the concern of the profession, and the relationship to other professions that both derive from the theoretical framework and exist in the field today. An evaluation of the definition statement concludes this document by the AECT Task Force on Definition and Terminology; a list of references and a glossary of terms not defined within this definition statement are appended. (Author/BK)
Keywords: Audiovisual Communications; Behavioral Sciences; Certification; Definitions; Educational History; Educational Methods; Educational Resources; Educational Technology; Educational Theories; Models; Professional Associations; Professional Occupations; Social Environment; Systems Approach

Toward an experimental ecology of human development. - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (American psychologist, 1977)

The National Education Act, 1978 - UNESCO (1978)

The Ecology of Human Development - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Harvard University Press, 1979)
To understand the way children develop, Bronfenbrenner believes that it is necessary to observe their behavior in natural settings, while they are interacting with familiar adults over prolonged periods of time. His book offers an important blueprint for constructing a new and ecologically valid psychology of development.
Keywords: Psychology / General

The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Harvard University Press, 1979)
Keywords: Child psychology; Human development; Research

The ecological approach to visual perception - Gibson, J.J. (Houghton Mifflin, 1979)

On the use of models in corporate planning - Ackoff, Russell L. (Strategic Management Journal, 1981)

Origins of Human Competence: A Cultural-Ecological Perspective - Ogbu, John U. (Child Development, 1981)
In this essay it is argued that child rearing in the family and similar micro settings in the early years of life and subsequent adolescent socialization are geared toward the development of instrumental competencies required for adult economic, political, and social roles. These cultural imperatives vary from 1 cultural group to another as do the required competencies. In the United States they are different for the white middle class and for minority groups like urban ghetto blacks. It follows that the conventional research approach which used white middle-class child-rearing practices and children's competencies as standards is not useful in understanding minority groups' child rearing and competencies. Rather, for cross-cultural research, a cultural-ecological model is proposed which is not ethnocentric and studies competence in the context of the cultural imperatives in a given population. Cross-cultural or intergroup comparison is appropriate if based on data from such contextual studies.

The nature of soft systems thinking: The work of Churchman, Ackoff and Checkland - Jackson, Michael C. (Journal of applied systems analysis, 1982)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Groping in the dark: the first decade of global modelling - Meadows, Donella; Richardson, John; Bruckmann, Gerhart (John Wiley & Sons, 1982)

Development of reliable and valid short forms of the marlowe-crowne social desirability scale - Reynolds, William M. (Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1982)
Developed, on the basis of responses from 608 undergraduate students to the 33-item Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, three short forms of 11, 12, and 13 items. The psychometric characteristics of these three forms and three other short forms developed by Strahan and Gerbasi (1972) were investigated and comparisons made. Results, in the form of internal consistency reliability, item factor loadings, short form with Marlowe-Crowne total scale correlations, and correlations between Marlowe-Crowne short forms and the Edwards Social Desirability Scale, indicate that psychometrically sound short forms can be constructed. Comparisons made between the short forms examined in this investigation suggest the 13-item form as a viable substitute for the regular 33-item Marlowe-Crowne scale.

An Integrating Framework for Research in Business and Society: A Step Toward the Elusive Paradigm? - Jones, Thomas M. (Academy of Management Review, 1983)
According to some authors, the field of business and society has suffered because it apparently lacks a dominant paradigm. This paper (1) concludes that such a paradigm is unlikely to emerge soon and (2) offers an “integrating framework” based on an interpenetrating systems model and focusing on the social control of business. This framework may serve as a unifying mechanism for existing research in the field as well as an agenda for future research.

Application of Computerized Adaptive Testing to Educational Problems - Weiss, David J.; Kingsbury, G. Gage (Journal of Educational Measurement, 1984)
Three applications of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) to help solve problems encountered in educational settings are described and discussed. Each of these applications makes use of item response theory to select test questions from an item pool to estimate a student's achievement level and its precision. These estimates may then be used in conjunction with certain testing strategies to facilitate certain educational decisions. The three applications considered are (a) adaptive mastery testing for determining whether or not a student has mastered a particular content area, (b) adaptive grading for assigning grades to students, and (c) adaptive self-referenced testing for estimating change in a student's achievement level. Differences between currently used classroom procedures and these CAT procedures are discussed. For the adaptive mastery testing procedure, evidence from a series of studies comparing conventional and adaptive testing procedures is presented showing that the adaptive procedure results in more accurate mastery classifications than do conventional mastery tests, while using fewer test questions.

Numbers and words: Combining quantitative and qualitative methods in a single large-scale evaluation study - Rossman, Gretchen B.; Wilson, Bruce L. (Evaluation Review, 1985)
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Materiales de formación en los campos de la planificación y de la administración de la educación y de las construcciones escolares - UNESCO (UNESCO Digital Library, 1985)

Recent advances in research on the ecology of human development - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Development as action in context, 1986)

Two courses of expertise - Hatano, G; Inagaki, K (Children development and education in Japan, 1986)

Those Who Understand: Knowledge Growth in Teaching - Shulman, Lee S (1986)

National Education Act - Government of Zimbabwe (1987)

Systems inquiry in education - Banathy, Bela H. (Systems Practice, 1988)

Meta-Ethnography - Noblit, George W.; Hare, R. Dwight (1988)
Synthesizing Qualitative Studies

Systems thinking, systems practice, and practical philosophy: A program of research - Ulrich, Werner (Systems Practice, 1988)

A spiral model of software development and enhancement - Boehm, B. W. (Computer, 1988)
A short description is given of software process models and the issues they address. An outline is given of the process steps involved in the spiral model, an evolving risk-driven approach that provides a framework for guiding the software process, and its application to a software project is shown. A summary is given of the primary advantages and implications involved in using the spiral model and the primary difficulties in using it at its current incomplete level of elaboration.<>
Keywords: Application software; Military computing; Navigation; Productivity; Programming; Prototypes; Software prototyping; Spirals; Testing

A spiral model of software development and enhancement - Boehm, B. W. (Computer, 1988)
A short description is given of software process models and the issues they address. An outline is given of the process steps involved in the spiral model, an evolving risk-driven approach that provides a framework for guiding the software process, and its application to a software project is shown. A summary is given of the primary advantages and implications involved in using the spiral model and the primary difficulties in using it at its current incomplete level of elaboration.<>
Keywords: Application software; Military computing; Navigation; Productivity; Programming; Prototypes; Software prototyping; Spirals; Testing

Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology - Davis, Fred D. (MIS Quarterly, 1989)

Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease of Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology - Davis, Fred D. (MIS Quarterly, 1989)
Valid measurement scales for predicting user acceptance of computers are in short supply. Most subjective measures used in practice are unvalidated, and their relationship to system usage is unknown. The present research develops and validates new scales for two specific variables, perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use, which are hypothesized to be fundamental determinants of user acceptance. Definitions for these two variables were used to develop scale items that were pretested for content validity and then tested for reliability and construct validity in two studies involving a total of 152 users and four application programs. The measures were refined and stream-lined, resulting in two six-item scales with reliabilities of.98 for usefulness and.94 for ease of use. The scales exhibited high convergent, discriminant, and factorial validity. Perceived usefulness was significantly correlated with both self-reported current usage (r=.63, Study 1) and self-predicted future usage (r=.85, Study 2). Perceived ease of use was also significantly correlated with current usage (r=.45, Study 1) and future usage (r=.59, Study 2). In both studies, usefulness had a significantly greater correlation with usage behavior than did ease of use. Regression analyses suggest that perceived ease of use may actually be a causal antecedent to perceived usefulness, as opposed to a parallel, direct determinant of system usage. Implications are drawn for future research on user acceptance.

The Paradigm Wars and Their Aftermath A “Historical” Sketch of Research on Teaching Since 1989 - Gage, Nl (Educational Researcher, 1989)
Raging during the 1980s, the Paradigm Wars resulted in the demise of objectivity-seeking quantitative research on teaching—a victim of putatively devastating attacks from anti-naturalists, interpretivists, and critical theorists. Subsequently, the interpretivists' ethnographic studies flourished, enhancing the cultural appropriateness of schooling, and critical theorists' analyses fostered the struggles for power for the poor, non-Whites, and women. Two alternative versions of the aftermath are also conceivable. Pragmatism and Popper's piecemeal social engineering offer paths toward a productive rapprochement of the paradigms, one guided by the moral obligations of educational research.

Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs - Greene, Jennifer C.; Caracelli, Valerie J.; Graham, Wendy F. (Educational evaluation and policy analysis, 1989)

A systems approach to educational testing - Frederiksen, John R.; Collins, Allan (Educational Researcher, 1989)
Our concern in this paper is with the validity of educational tests when they are employed as critical measures of educational outcomes within a dynamic system. The problem of validity arises if an educational system adapts itself to the characteristics of the outcome measures. We introduce the concept of systemically valid tests as ones that induce curricular and instructional changes in education systems (and learning strategy changes in students) that foster the development of the cognitive traits that the tests are designed to measure. We analyze some general characteristics that contribute to or detract from a testing system's systemic validity, such as the use of direct rather than indirect assessment. We then apply these characteristics in developing a set of design principles for creating testing systems that are systemically valid. Finally, we provide an illustration of the proposed principles, by applying them to the design of a student assessment system. This design example addresses not only specifications for the tests, but also the means of teaching the process of assessment to users of the system.

Computer Aided Systems Theory-EUROCAST'89: A Selection of Papers from the International Workshop EUROCAST'89, Las Palmas, Spain, February 26-March 4, 1989. Proceedings - Pichler, Franz; Moreno-Diaz, Roberto (Springer Science & Business Media, 1990)

Systems Design of Education: A Journey to Create the Future - Banathy, Bela H. (Educational Technology, 1991)
Keywords: Education / General

Constitution of Sierra Leone - Government of Sierra Leone (1991)

Situating learning in communities of practice. - Lave, Jean (Perspectives on socially shared cognition., 1991)

Approaches to qualitative-quantitative methodological triangulation - Morse, Janice M. (Nursing research, 1991)

The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think. - Schön, D. A. (Arena, 1991)

Standards for Education Data Collection and Reporting - SEDCR (1991)

How systems thinking applies to education. - Betts, Frank (Educational Leadership, 1992)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

How Systems Thinking Applies to Education - Educational Leadership - Betts, Frank (1992)

Ecological systems theory. - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1992)

Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods - Bryk, Anthony S.; Raudenbush, Stephen W. (Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods, 1992)
Much social and behavioral research involves hierarchical data structures. . . . Recent developments in the statistical theory of hierarchical linear models now afford an integrated set of methods for such applications. This introductory text explicates the theory and use of hierarchical linear models (HLM) through rich, illustrative examples and lucid explanations. The presentation remains reasonably nontechnical by focusing on three general research purposes—improved estimation of effects within an individual unit, estimating and testing hypotheses about cross-level effects, and partitioning of variance and covariance components among levels. This innovative volume describes use of both two and three level models in organizational research, studies of individual development and meta-analysis applications, and concludes with a formal derivation of the statistical methods used in the book. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Mathematical Modeling; Statistical Analysis

BRIDGING COMMUNICATION BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE TEACHING IN NIGERIAN LANGUAGES: THE ROLE OF EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY - Educational, African; Nwosu, Theory Don (1992)
null

Fuzzy systems theory and its applications - Sugeno, Michio; Asai, K.; Terano, T. (Tokyo Institute of Technology, 1992)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Applying Systems Theory Through the Lens of Learning: What Does Learning Research Say? - Jones, Beau Fly; Knuth, Randy A.; Baxendale, Steve (Springer, 1993)
Two areas of learning research, research about the learning process and views about the learner, need to be considered to guide educational stakeholders in the task of successfully redesigning schools to promote learning. The most meaningful learning results from an instructional design based on learning research. Research in the application of systems theory in education has profound implications for curriculum, instruction, and assessment in schools.
Keywords: Affective education; IQ; cognitive theory; creative thinking; critical thinking; educational research; intelligence; learner; learning processes; learning strategies; learning theories; metacognition; multiple intelligences; schema theories; school restructuring

Resampling-based multiple testing: Examples and Methods for p-Value Adjustment - Westfall, Peter H; Young, S. Stanley (John Wiley & Sons, 1993)

General system theory: Toward a conceptual framework for science and technology education for all - Chen, David; Stroup, Walter (Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1993)
In this paper we suggest using general system theory (GST) as a unifying theoretical framework for science and technology education for all. Five reasons are articulated: the multidisciplinary nature of systems theory, the ability to engage complexity, the capacity to describe system dynamics and change, the ability to represent the relationship between the micro-level and macro-level of analysis, and the ability to bring together the natural and human worlds. The historical origins of system ideas are described, and the major concepts of system theory are mapped; including the mathematical, technological, and philosophical constructs. The various efforts to implement system thinking in educational contexts are reviewed, and three kinds of learning environments are defined: expert presentation, simulation, and real-world. A broad research agenda for exploring and drawing-out the educational implications of system thinking and learning is outlined. The study of both real-world and simulated learning environments is advocated.

Ecological models of human development - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Readings on the development of children, 1994)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Des manuels scolaires sur mesure: Guide pratique à l'intention des auteurs de manuels scolaires - Chatry-Komarek, Marie (Des manuels scolaires sur mesure, 1994)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education - Spain. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (1994)

Social Network Analysis - Wasserman, S.; Faust, K. (1994)
Social network analysis is used widely in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as in economics, marketing, and industrial engineering. The social network perspective focuses on relationships among social entities and is an important addition to standard social and behavioral research, which is primarily concerned with attributes of the social units. Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications reviews and discusses methods for the analysis of social networks with a focus on applications of these methods to many substantive examples. It is a reference book that can be used by those who want a comprehensive review of network methods, or by researchers who have gathered network data and want to find the most appropriate method by which to analyze it. It is also intended for use as a textbook as it is the first book to provide comprehensive coverage of the methodology and applications of the field.

The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 312–7 years old on a stroop- like day-night test - Gerstadt, Cherie L.; Hong, Yoon Joo; Diamond, Adele (Cognition, 1994)
One hundred and sixty children 312–7 years of age (10M, 10F at each 6-month interval) were tested on a task that requires inhibitory control of action plus learning and remembering two rules. They were asked to say “day” whenever a black card with the moon and stars appeared and to say “night” when shown a white card with a bright sun. Children <5 years had great difficulty. They started out performing well, but could not sustain this over the course of the 16-trial session. Response latency decreased from 312 to 412 years. Children <412 years performed well when they took very long to respond. To test whether the requirement to learn and remember two rules alone was sufficient to cause children difficulty, 80 children 312–5 years old were tested on a control version of the task (“say ‘day’ to one abstract design and ‘night’ to another”). Even the youngest children performed at a high level. We conclude that the requirement to learn and remember two rules is not in itself sufficient to account for the poor performance of the younger children in the experimental condition.

Basic Concepts and Techniques of Rapid Appraisal - Beebe, James (Human Organization, 1995)

The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Environments: Immersion in Distributed, Virtual Worlds - Dede, Chris (Educational Technology, 1995)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Technology integration: Managing technological evolution in a complex environment - Iansiti, Marco (Research policy, 1995)

Documentation of educational research in Pakistan, 1947-1995: an annotated bibliography - Shabab, M. H (Academy of Educational Planning and Management, 1995)

A how to guide to reflection: Adding cognitive learning to community service programs - Silcox, H. C. (Brighton Press, 1995)

Grounded theory methodology: An overview - Strauss, A.; Corbin, J. (Handbook of qualitative research, 1995)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

Nothing as practical as good theory: Exploring theory-based evaluation for comprehensive community initiatives for children and families - Weiss, Carol H. (New approaches to evaluating community initiatives: Concepts, methods, and contexts, 1995)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

National Education Act 1997 (amendment) - United Republic of Tanzania (No. 10 of 1995, 1995)

Understanding of consumer behaviour as a prerequisite for environmental protection - Ölander, Folke; Thøgersen, John (Journal of Consumer Policy, 1995)

The Role of Educational Technology in Upgrading Teacher Education in Pakistan - Abbasi, M. Hashim; Millar, Alex C. (1996)
This paper outlines a joint Asian Bank/Pakistan Ministry of Education project designed to upgrade the state of teacher education and to improve the quality, status, and professional self-esteem of Pakistan's teachers. The main strategies identified by the Project for priority attention include: structural changes through the creation of four new types of teacher education institutions in each of the provinces; development of the main teacher education pre- and in-service courses; increased output and improved standard of teachers at all levels; development and implementation of a Total Educational Technology Plan; and upgrading and strengthening of existing Government Colleges for Elementary Teachers and Government Colleges of Education. Educational technology is a key element designed to assist in achieving the Project's major goals and objectives. Needs analysis produced recommendations geared for: target population; new teacher education courses; allocation of electronic media; teacher/principal attitudes towards the equipment and software; potential sources of software; availability of ancillary funding; specialist educational technology assistance for teachers; developing a profession of educational technology interested people; storage and access for hardware and software; roles of Mobile Training Units; and overseas lessons on the application of educational technology. (AEF)
Keywords: Educational Change; Educational Development; Educational Finance; Educational Strategies; Educational Technology; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Needs Assessment; Professional Development; Program Improvement; Resource Allocation; Schools of Education; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Education; Technology Planning

The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review - Cooper, Harris; Nye, Barbara; Charlton, Kelly; Lindsay, James; Greathouse, Scott (Review of Educational Research, 1996)

Development of an aspect of executive control: Development of the abilities to remember what I said and to “Do as I say, not as I do” - Diamond, Adele; Taylor, Colleen (Developmental Psychobiology, 1996)
Luria's tapping test (tap once when E taps twice, tap twice when E taps once) was administered to 160 children (80 males, 80 females) between 31/2 to 7 years old. Older children were faster and more accurate than younger children, with most of the improvement occurring by the age of 6. All children tested demonstrated understanding of the instructions during the pretest, and most started out performing well, but younger subjects could not sustain this. Over the 16 trials, percentage of correct responses decreased, especially among younger subjects. Performance here was compared with performance on the day-night Stroop-like task. The most common error on both tasks was to comply with only one of the two rules. Other errors included tapping many times regardless of what the experimenter did and doing the same thing as the experimenter, rather than the opposite. It is suggested that the tapping task requires both the ability to hold two rules in mind and the ability to inhibit a strong response tendency, that these abilities improve between 3–6 years of age, and that this improvement may reflect important changes within frontal cortex during this period of life. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Instructional Technology: A Tool or a Panacea? - Kimmel, Howard; Deek, Fadi (Journal of Science Education and Technology, 1996)
It is time to recognize that educational technology cannot be considered a panacea for educational reform. Technology, when properly used, can be a very effective tool for improving and enhancing instruction and learning experiences in the content areas. However, incorporation of electronic tools, such as computers and videodiscs, into classrooms must be accompanied by systemic change in the educational process. Successful utilization of technology depends on how we provide teachers with the necessary environment for training, tools for instruction, and technology evaluation skills. This paper examines some of the misuses of technology and then explores the appropriate use of technology in the context of current educational reform. The focus is on the integration of technology in the educational process that provides a learning environment allowing discovery and creativity through the use of computer visualizations. The teacher is seen as the essential element, requiring a solid foundation in the general applications of technology, and the ability to evaluate and select systems that are effective and efficient for specific applications.

Technology and Distance Education: Sharing Experience in Sindh, Pakistan - Panhwar, Farzana (1996)
Female literacy in Pakistan is among the lowest in the world. In 1981, the literacy rate was 16 percent for females, and 7.3 percent for rural women. Distance education can effect many social changes. Females would be the main beneficiaries because it is not socially acceptable for girls to leave home for education; parents do not like coeducational schools; social attitudes do not permit school education for girls on the conviction that any freedom to go out will result in sexual involvement with males; and women with low levels of education are stigmatized and accorded low social status. Both rural and urban conditions can be improved by providing women with integrated programs in hygiene, food, health, and basic and vocational education, as well as professional training in the sciences, trades, and industry. Problems with Pakistan's distance education system include the lack of opportunity for question and answer sessions; no provision to make up missed classes; absence of teachers to advise students on the use of the materials; lack of competition; lack of competent teachers; corruption and poor funding, resulting in nonavailability of materials in libraries; low standards, resulting in receipt of degrees without corresponding learning; lack of facilities for lab work in science and technical training; lack of rights to duplicate costly foreign video materials. (TD)
Keywords: Access to Education; Distance Education; Educational Needs; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Illiteracy; Relevance (Education); Rural Women; Sex Discrimination; Social Attitudes; Vocational Education; Womens Education

Five technologies for educational change: Systems thinking, systems design, quality science, change management, instructional technology - Salisbury, David F. (Educational Technology, 1996)

Teacher change in technology-rich classrooms - Sandholtz, Judith H.; Ringstaff, Cathy (Education and technology: Reflections on computing in classrooms, 1996)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Systems thinking - Senge, Peter (Executive Excellence, 1996)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

What is curriculum? Exploring theory and practice - Smith, Mark K (the encyclopaedia of informal education, 1996)

General System Theory and the Ecosystem Concept (The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, 1997)
Keywords: ⚠️ Invalid DOI

Interactive Radio Instruction: Twenty-Three Years of Improving Educational Quality - Bosch, Andrea (Education and Technology Technical Notes Series, 1997)
Interactive Radio Instruction (IRI) is the use of interactive lessons delivered through either radio broadcast or audiocassette. An "audio" teacher directs the lessons while classroom teachers serve as facilitators. IRI has been used in developing countries worldwide to improve the quality of education across a range of school subjects and to serve as a form of teacher development. Multiple studies of IRI consistently have shown high learning gains, decreased equity gaps, and cost-effectiveness. Twenty-three years after their initial launch, several major IRI projects continue to operate successfully. While over the years IRI has been updated in various ways, its basic structure and methodology remain largely unaltered. IRI continues to be used in projects around the world.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The Culture of Education - Bruner, Jerome (Harvard University Press, 1997)
In a masterly commentary on the possibilities of education, eminent psychologist Jerome Bruner reveals how education can usher children into their culture, though it often fails to do so. Going well beyond his earlier acclaimed books on education, Bruner looks past the issue of achieving individual competence to the question of how education equips individuals to participate in the culture on which life and livelihood depend.

Langues africaines: vers une édition scolaire: à propos d'un programme de formation pour auteurs de manuels scolaires - Chatry-Komarek, Marie (Langues africaines, 1997)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Brave new schools: Challenging cultural illiteracy through global learning networks - Cummins, Jim; Sayers, Dennis (Palgrave Macmillan, 1997)

Dynamics and indeterminism in developmental and social processes - Fogel, Alan; Lyra, Maria CDP; Valsiner, Jaan (Psychology Press, 1997)

Discrimination in education: the Tanzania case - Kisanga, Maria E; Katunzi, Naomi (UNESCO, 1997)

Designing for or designing with? Informant design for interactive learning environments - Scaife, Michael; Rogers, Yvonne; Aldrich, Frances; Davies, Matt (Association for Computing Machinery, 1997)
Keywords: children; design; hi-tech; informant; interactive learning environments; low-tech; prototypes

An interactive system for finding complementary literatures: a stimulus to scientific discovery - Swanson, DR; Smalheiser, NR (Artificial Intelligence, 1997)
An unintended consequence of specialization in science is poor communication across specialties. Information developed in one area of research may be of value in another without anyone becoming aware of the fact. We describe and evaluate interactive software and database search strategies that facilitate the discovery of previously unknown cross specialty information of scientific interest. The user begins by searching MEDLINE for article titles that identify a problem or topic of interest. From downloaded titles the software constructs input for additional database searches and produces a series of heuristic aids that help the user select a second set of articles complementary to the first set and from a different area of research. The two sets are complementary if together they can reveal new useful information that cannot be inferred from either set alone. The software output further helps the user identify the new information and derive from it a novel testable hypothesis. We report several successful tests and applications of the system.
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

When Mother-tongue Education is not Preferred - Gupta, Anthea Fraser (Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 1997)
In some language situations primary education in the mother tongue may not be desirable. A number of factors may militate against education in the mother tongue: (1) difficulty in determining the mother tongue. This is especially a problem in multilingual settings where children grow up with multiple mother tongues; (2) definition of 'a language'. Mother tongues may be deemed to be the standard variety; and (3) social and ethnic divisiveness of mother tongue education. In multilingual settings the maintenance of social cohesiveness may be of more importance than the benefitof mother-tongue education.Where patterns of language use are linked to social class, mother-tongue education could further diminish access to power structures by underprivileged groups. Ideological issues can be resolved only in the context of the particular social and political situation. There is no general rule that primary education should be in the mother tongue.

Assessment and classroom learning - Black, Paul; Wiliam, Dylan (Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 1998)

Complexity theory and the social sciences: An introduction - Byrne, David S. (Psychology Press, 1998)

Learning circles: creating conditions for professional development - Collay, Michelle (Corwin Press, 1998)
Keywords: Cooperativeness; Group work in education; In-service training; Teachers; Teaching; United States

Children's Online Privacy Protection Rule ("COPPA") - COPPA (Federal Trade Commission, 1998)
COPPA imposes certain requirements on operators of websites or online services directed to children under 13 years of age, and on operators of other websites or online services that have actual knowledge that they are collecting personal information online from a child under 13 years of age.

Quality assessment tool for quantitative studies - Effective Public Health Practice Project (Effective Public Health Practice Project, 1998)
The “Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies” developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) is a tool for doing knowledge synthesis. This instrument, along with a user manual, provides a standardized means to assess study quality and develop recommendations for study findings. The quality appraisal tool was developed by the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) as a discrete step within the systematic review process.
Keywords: Reviewed

Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics - Keck, Margeret E.; Sikkink, Kathryn (Cornell University Press, 1998)
Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink — Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics

Systems theories: Their origins, foundations, and development - Laszlo, Alexander; Krippner, Stanley (ADVANCES IN PSYCHOLOGY-AMSTERDAM-, 1998)

Voluntary and involuntary minorities: A cultural-ecological theory of school performance with some implications for education - Ogbu, John U.; Simons, Herbert D. (Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 1998)

Inservice Training of Primary Teachers through Interactive Video Technology: An Indian Experience - Raina, V. K.; Maheshwari, A. N. (International Review of Education, 1998)
Discusses India's Special Orientation Programme for Primary School Teachers (SOPT), a new technology used to train large numbers of teachers so that the losses in transmission inherent in the "cascade model" are avoided. Responses from teachers and trainers show there is considerable potential for the exploitation of this technology. Contains 20 references. (VWC)

A contemporary approach to public expenditure management - Schick, Allen (1998)
A contemporary approach to public expenditure management (English)

An integrated technology adoption and diffusion model - Sherry, Lorraine (International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 1998)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Mixed Methodology: Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches - Tashakkori, Abbas; Teddlie, Charles (SAGE, 1998)
Looking for a practical guide to using mixed methodologies? This book explores the most effective way to combine qualitative and quantitative techniques. It begins with a discussion of the paradigm wars between positivism and constructivism, explains the difference between using mixed methods in just the research methodology portion of a study versus using mixed model studies across all phases of the process, and then presents a typology of mixed methods and mixed model studies.
Keywords: Social Science / Research

Gender differences in parental investment in education - Alderman, Harold; King, Elizabeth M. (Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 1998)
The gender gap in schooling is puzzling given that the expected returns to an individual for increased schooling — as measured by proportional wage increments — does not differ by gender. This paper explores possible explanations for the disparity using a model of parental investment in children. The model allows for differences in investments due to differences in costs — including the opportunity cost of the child's labor as well as school fees and availability. Moreover, it indicates that disparities in investment could come through differences in returns realized by parents, for example, in the probability of transfers from children to parents or in the degree of sympathy or altruism, even when market returns to the children themselves do not differ. While it is difficult to distinguish these different explanations empirically, the paper reviews available evidence and indicates interventions that governments can make to reduce the gender gap in education.
Keywords: Gender disparities; Schooling investments

Home Computers and School Performance - Attewell, Paul; Battle, Juan (The Information Society, 1999)

Applying Systems Design Principles to the Design of Web-Based Training Systems - Bettin, Antje; Dillinger, Lisa; Ferraro, Sal; St-Pierre, Armand (WebNet Journal: Internet Technologies, Applications & Issues, 1999)
The Web is a popular platform for training educators and learners in educational systems. We find several Web-based training systems that are developed by enterprises that try to train teachers and students to use Web technologies in educational settings. The purpose of this article is to apply systems design principles to the design of Web-based training systems for teachers and learners. Several issues will be addressed in this paper such as the development of an Integrated Learning Community System (ILCS) for a better learning environment, the Quality Assurance / Audience Analysis /...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Complexity and post-modernism: Understanding complex systems - Cilliers, Paul; Spurrett, David (South African Journal of Philosophy, 1999)
Keywords: ❓ Multiple DOI

Research framework and dimensions for evaluating the effectiveness of educational technology systems on learning outcomes - Jones, Trevor H.; Rocco, Paolucci (Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 1999)
Keywords: ❓ Multiple DOI

Form and Substance in Mathematics and Science Professional Development - Kennedy, Mary M (National Institute for Science Education, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1999)
This document reviews studies of professional development for teachers to examine benefits to students in science and mathematics education. A major finding from this review was that programs that focused on teaching classroom management strategies or attaining knowledge of how students learn specific school subject matter provided later benefits to students. The more successful professional development programs were not simply courses in mathematics or science, but instead were about what to teach and how students learn that subject matter.

Introduction to systems thinking - Kim, Daniel H. (Pegasus Communications Waltham, MA, 1999)

Human Development in Asia 1999: The Crisis of Governance - Mahbub ul Haq Human Development Centre (Human development in South Asia, 1999)

Needs-based resource allocation in education: via formula funding of schools - Ross, Kenneth N.; Levačić, Rosalind; International Institute for Educational Planning (UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning, 1999)
Keywords: Allocation Education; Education; Education and state; Finance

The impact of education technology on student achievement: What the most current research has to say. - Schacter, John (1999)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The new dynamics of strategy - Snowden, David (IBM Systems Journal, 1999)
The new dynamics of strategy
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Supporting untrained teachers in Malawi - Kunje, Demis; Stuart, Janet (International Journal of Educational Development, 1999)
In the aftermath of the introduction of free primary education in Malawi, 17 000 untrained teachers were recruited to meet the new demand for schooling. This article reports a study carried out to investigate how the new recruits were coping and how far the schools were able to provide informal on-the-job training. It also describes how action research was introduced to help heads and both qualified and unqualified teachers to improve their own practice. Conclusions are drawn about the feasibility of school-based training in Malawi.

The impact of coaching in South African primary science InSET - Harvey, Stephen (International Journal of Educational Development, 1999)
This article presents evidence from an evaluation conducted by the Primary Science Programme (PSP) in South Africa, concerning the impact of classroom-based coaching on the teaching methods used by primary science teachers. The methods used by teachers provided with both workshops and classroom-based coaching were compared with those used by teachers who received workshops only and a control group who received no InSET at all. The findings showed that teachers who received coaching made substantial changes, whereas most teachers who received workshops-only remained similar to the control group. A social constructivist approach is adopted in interpreting these findings. The implications of this study for designing effective InSET in developing countries are also discussed.
Keywords: Constructivism; In-service training; Leader teachers; Primary science; South Africa; Teacher education

Whose Reality Counts?: Putting the first last - Chambers, Robert (Practical Action Publishing, 1999)
In this sequel to Rural Development: Putting the last first Robert Chambers argues that central issues in development have been overlooked, and that many past errors have flowed from domination by those with power. Through analysing experience - of past mistakes and myths, and of the continuing methodological revolution of PRA (participatory rural appraisal) - the author points towards solutions. In many countries, urban and rural people alike have shown an astonishing ability to express and analyse their local, complex and diverse realities which are often at odds with the top-down realities imposed by professionals. The author argues that personal, professional and institutional change is essential if the realities of the poor are to receive greater recognition. Whose Reality Counts? presents a radical challenge to all concerned with development, whether practitioners, researchers or policy-makers, in all organizations and disciplines, and at all levels from fieldworkers to the heads of agencies.This is a thought-provoking book and it would interest all those concerned with the realities of the poor in the developing world.

Reading as an Access to Mathematics Problem Solving on Multiple-Choice Tests for Sixth-Grade Students - Helwig, Robert; Rozek-tedesco, Marick A.; Tindal, Gerald; Heath, Bill; Almond, Patricia J. (The Journal of Educational Research, 1999)
The effect of providing middle school students with a video accommodation for a standardized mathematics test was examined. Two hundred forty-seven students were asked to solve 60 word problems. One half of the questions were presented in standard form, while the other half were read by an actor on a video monitor. Students were grouped according to mathematics and reading ability. A test accommodation effect was found for students possessing below-average mathematics skills. The problems were identified as having relatively high reading difficulty according to word count, number of verbs, and word familiarity. Students with above-average mathematics proficiency but low reading skill performed better when the questions were presented in video format. This accommodation may be useful on specific test items for students with certain reading deficiencies.

Creating usable innovations in systemic reform: Scaling up technology-embedded project-based science in urban schools - Blumenfeld, Phyllis; Fishman, Barry J.; Krajcik, Joseph; Marx, Ronald W.; Soloway, Elliot (Educational psychologist, 2000)

Evaluation Report for the Teacher Upgrading Program: Lao PR - de Guzman, Estafania; Karaan, Alice; Klesch, Maree; Thorburn, Andrew; Mahaffey, LeeAnne; Watt, Ron (UNICEF, 2000)

Educational Psychology: Effective teaching, effective learning - Elliott, S N; Kratochqill, T R L; Travers, J F (McGraw-Hill, 2000)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Computer-Adaptive Testing: A Methodology Whose Time Has Come - Linacre, John Michael (2000)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Work Motivation - Rainey, Hal G. (Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Revised and Expanded, 2000)
Motivation is one of the central topics in the social sciences, and work motivation plays a similarly central role in organizational behavior (OB). Work motivation has received as much intensive theoretical development as any topic in OB, and as this chapter will do, OB texts typically review a standard series of theories that have competed for acceptance among researchers. As with other major concepts, such as power, leadership, and attitude, scholars have exhaustively debated the proper definition of motivation, and have reported thousands of studies bearing on the topic.

The" thinking" in systems thinking: Seven essential skills - Richmond, Barry (Pegasus Communications, 2000)

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: classic definitions and new directions - Ryan, Richard M.; Deci, Edward L. (Contemporary Educational Psychology, 2000)
Intrinsic and extrinsic types of motivation have been widely studied, and the distinction between them has shed important light on both developmental and educational practices. In this review we revisit the classic definitions of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in light of contemporary research and theory. Intrinsic motivation remains an important construct, reflecting the natural human propensity to learn and assimilate. However, extrinsic motivation is argued to vary considerably in its relative autonomy and thus can either reflect external control or true self-regulation. The relations of both classes of motives to basic human needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are discussed.

Looking at National Systems of Innovation from the South - Arocena, Rodrigo; Sutz, Judith (Industry and Innovation, 2000)

Rwanda Vision 2020 - Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Republic of Rwanda, 2000)

Who's Wired and Who's Not: Children's Access to and Use of Computer Technology - Becker, Henry (The Future of children / Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2000)
As computer technology becomes increasingly prevalent throughout society, concerns have been raised about an emerging "digital divide" between those children who are benefitting and those who are being left behind. This article presents results from new analyses of national survey data describing children's differential access to computers in school and at home, and the varying conditions that affect how children experience computers. For example, responses from a nationwide survey of teachers suggest that, as of 1998, more than 75% of students had access to computers at school. In fact, those teaching lower-income students reported weekly use of computers more often than those teaching higher-income students. But the nature of children's experiences using computers in school varied greatly by subject and teacher objectives, and the data suggest that lower-income students use computers more often for repetitive practice, whereas higher-income students use computers more often for more sophisticated, intellectually complex applications. Differences between low-income and high-income children's access to home computers were far less subtle. Survey data indicate that only about 22% of children in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000 had access to a home computer, compared to 91% of those in families with annual incomes of more than $75,000. And among children with access, those in low-income families were reported to use the computer less than those in high-income families, perhaps because most low-income families with computers lacked a connection to the Internet. The two most predictive factors of children's use of home computers were the child's age and the computer's capabilities. The author concludes that home access to computers will be a continued area of inequality in American society, and that schools must play a critical role in ensuring equal opportunity for less-advantaged children to access the benefits of the more intellectually powerful uses of computer technology.

Stakeholder analysis: a review - Brugha, Ruairi; Varvarovszky, Zsuzsa (Health Policy and Planning, 2000)

A stakeholder analysis - Varvasovszky, Z. (Health Policy and Planning, 2000)

"User sensitive inclusive design" - in search of a new paradigm - Newell, Alan F.; Gregor, Peter (Association for Computing Machinery, 2000)
This paper considers appropriate research methodologies for the development of Universal Usability. It is written from the viewpoint of research which has the long term objective of developing technological systems for everyone, including people with disabilities. It considers whether new research paradigms are appropriate and how they are different from those used within traditional technological research. It suggests the development of a new paradigm of “User Sensitive Inclusive Design” which includes people with disabilities within a User Centred Design methodology, and recommends a collaborative approach to the development of such a methodology.
Keywords: universal design; usability; user centered design

EPPI-Centre Core Keywording Strategy (EPPI-Centre, 2001)
Keywords: -FullBiblioUHMLgen; -GeneralCitations; publicImportV1

Self-efficacy beliefs as shapers of children's aspirations and career trajectories - Bandura, Albert; Barbaranelli, Claudio; Caprara, Gian Vittorio; Pastorelli, Concetta (Child Development, 2001)

Rapid Assessment Process: An Introduction - Beebe, James (Rowman Altamira, 2001)
A newer edition of this book is available at the following address: https: //rowman.com/ISBN/9780759123212 Rapid Assessment Process (RAP) has gone under many names but invariably uses the techniques of fieldwork and ethnography in a telescoped manner to provide solid, field-based research findings for use by policymakers and program planners. It uses an emic perspective, a team of researchers, triangulation of research findings, and iterative process to produce high-quality research in a fraction of the time taken by traditional ethnography. Long used for third world projects, RAP is now being used to inform policy in many different settings. This volume is the first introduction to this group of methods, explaining to researchers and to students how to do RAP research well. The author, an international development professional who has been doing RAP studies for over two decades, clearly outlines the process, promise and pitfalls of RAP in this brief volume. Included are many examples of successful RAP studies and clear guidance to readers on how to embark on their own RAP research
Keywords: Social Science / Anthropology / General; Social Science / Methodology; Social Science / Research

The Digital Divide: Bridging the Divide Naturally - Crandall, Robert W. (Brookings, 2001)
Brookings Review article by Robert W. Crandall (Winter 2001)

Systematic Reviews of Educational Research: Does the medical model fit? - Evans, Jennifer; Benefield, Pauline (British Educational Research Journal, 2001)
There has been a recent increase in interest in the research review as a method of presenting cumulative data about the effects of educational policies and practices. This is part of a wider movement in ‘evidence-informed policy-making’ espoused by the current Government. In part, the interest as been sparked by the perceived success of the Cochrane Collaboration in medicine, which has set up a framework for conducting and verifying systematic reviews and meta-analyses of random controlled trials of medical interventions. A pilot project to apply the methods of systematic review has been carried out at the National Foundation for Educational Research. The subject of the review was ‘Strategies to Support Pupils with Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties in Mainstream Primary Classrooms'. The article describes the process of the review, the adaptations of the ‘medical model’ to educational settings and discusses some of the implications of these for researchers and policy-makers.

From Preparation to Practice: Designing a Continuum to Strengthen and Sustain Teaching - Feiman-Nemser, Sharon (Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education, 2001)
This paper was written to stimulate discussions and debate about what a professional learning continuum from initial preparation through the early years of teaching could be like. Drawing on a broad base of literature, the author proposes a framework for thinking about a curriculum for teacher learning over time. The paper also considers the fit (or misfit) between conventional approaches to teacher preparation, induction and professional development and the challenges of learning to teach in reform-minded ways and offers examples of promising programs and practices at each of these stages. The paper is organized around three questions: (a) What are the central tasks of teacher preparation, new teacher induction, and early professional development? (b) How well do conventional arrangements address these central tasks? (c) What are some promising programs and practices at each stage in the learning to teach continuum that promote standards-based teaching and enable teachers to become active participants in school reform?

An Integrated ICT-led Socio-Economic Development Policy and Plan for Rwanda 2001 - 2005 - Government of Rwanda (2001)

Children's rights: a second chance. - Lansdown, Gerison (International Save the Children Alliance, 2001)

Simplifying complexity: a review of complexity theory - Manson, Steven M. (Geoforum, 2001)

Modelling and supporting ICT implementation in secondary schools - Mooij, Ton; Smeets, Ed (Computers & Education, 2001)

Applying the general systems theory to students'conflict management in Nigeria's tertiary institutions - Oyebade, S. A. (Lagos Journal of Educational Administration and Planning, 2001)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Meta-Study of Qualitative Health Research - Paterson, Barbara L.; Thorne, S.E.; Canam, C.; Jillings, C. (2001)
A Practical Guide to Meta-Analysis and Meta-Synthesis

Teacher Efficacy: Capturing an elusive construct - Tschannen-Moran, Megan; Hoy, Anita Woolfolk (Teaching and Teacher Education, 2001)

Fertility Behavior and Psychological Stress: The Mediating Influence of Gender Norm Beliefs Among Egyptian Women - Waszak, Cynthia; Severy, Lawrence J.; Kafafi, Laila; Badawi, Isis (Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2001)
The influence of gender norms on women's family planning experiences is a finding that cuts across numerous studies included in Family Health International's multi-country Women's Studies Project. This paper explores findings from one of these studies on the mediating influence of beliefs about gender norms on the relationship between fertility behavior and psychological well-being. Using cross-sectional survey data from 4,908 Egyptian women, hierarchical multiple regression models were tested with depression and anxiety as the dependent variables. Independent variables included three demographic variables, two measures of beliefs about gender norms developed from survey items using exploratory factor analytic techniques, and two fertility behavior variables—use of family planning and number of children. Gender norm beliefs predicted both anxiety and depression. The statistical analyses demonstrated a separate effect of family planning use on anxiety, independent of gender norm beliefs, but the effect of family planning behaviors on depression disappeared when gender norm beliefs were included in the regression model, which indicates a mediating effect of gender norm beliefs. Although cross-sectional data do not allow for the determination of causality among the three types of variables, a conceptual framework is offered for the possible causal mechanisms for the identified relationships.

Sex, ecology, spirituality: The spirit of evolution - Wilber, Ken (Shambhala Publications, 2001)

The role of nongovernmental organizations in primary education: a study of six NGOs in India - Jagannathan, Shanti (Robert McNamara Fellowships Program, World Bank Institute, 2001)

School Culture and School Performance: An Explorative Study into the Organizational Culture of Secondary Schools and Their Effects - Maslowski, Ralf (2001)
Thesis (doctoral)--University of Twente, 2001.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Development as Freedom - Sen, Amartya (OUP Oxford, 2001)
In Development as Freedom Amartya Sen explains how in a world of unprecedented increase in overall opulence millions of people living in the Third World are still unfree. Even if they are not technically slaves, they are denied elementary freedoms and remain imprisoned in one way or another by economic poverty, social deprivation, political tyranny or cultural authoritarianism. The main purpose of development is to spread freedom and its 'thousand charms' to the unfree citizens. Freedom, Sen persuasively argues, is at once the ultimate goal of social and economic arrangements and the most efficient means of realizing general welfare. Social institutions like markets, political parties, legislatures, the judiciary, and the media contribute to development by enhancing individual freedom and are in turn sustained by social values. Values, institutions, development, and freedom are all closely interrelated, and Sen links them together in an elegant analytical framework. By asking 'What is the relation between our collective economic wealth and our individual ability to live as we would like?' and by incorporating individual freedom as a social commitment into his analysis Sen allows economics once again, as it did in the time of Adam Smith, to address the social basis of individual well-being and freedom.
Keywords: Business & Economics / Economics / General; Political Science / General

Individual Differences in Cognitive Planning on the Tower of Hanoi Task: Neuropsychological Maturity or Measurement Error? - Bishop, D. V. M.; Aamodt-Leeper, G.; Creswell, C.; McGurk, R.; Skuse, D. H. (The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 2001)
The Tower of Hanoi (ToH) task was given to 238 children aged from 7 to 15 years, and 20 adults. Individual variation within an age band was substantial. ToH score did not correlate significantly with Verbal IQ, nor with ability to inhibit a prepotent response. We readministered the ToH to 45 children after 30 to 40 days. The test-retest correlation of ·5 is low in relation to accepted psychometric standards, though at least as high as reliability of the related Tower of London (ToL) in adults. The reasons for low reliability remain unclear; task novelty did not seem to be involved, as children did not improve on retest. We conclude that it is not safe to use this test to index integrity or maturation of underlying neurological systems in children. We compared our results with three published studies using the ToL with children, and found similar levels of performance on problems involving the same number of moves. Another study using automated ToL obtained much poorer scores, suggesting that computerised presentation may impair children's performance.
Keywords: Assessment; executive function; psychometrics

Digital Divide in Developing Countries - Lu, Ming-te (Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 2001)

IT and Education for the Poorest of the Poor: Constraints, Possibilities, and Principles - Wagner, Daniel (TechKnowLogia: International Journal for the Advancement of Knowledge and Learning, 2001)
Long before the term "Digital Divide" became a common term to describe gaps between the rich and poor in the effective access and use of information technology (IT), most policy makers, researchers and practitioners could at least agree on one thing: Reaching the poorest of the poor was going to be the most difficult of challenges.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Double-Shift Secondary Schools: Possibilities and Issues - Linden, Toby (2001)

Constructivist learning systems: a new paradigm - Weiqi Li (Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies, 2001)
The educational enterprise is in the midst of a philosophical shift from a behaviorist to a constructivist paradigm. If constructivism is to be taken seriously as a new educational paradigm in the information age, learning technology R&D must pay more attention to learners instead of teachers. A constructivist learning environment (CLE) is a technology-rich, open place where a learner can use a variety of tools and information resources in his pursuit of learning goals and problem-solving activities. Wherein the learner can draw upon information resources and tools to actively construct knowledge, generate a diverse array of ideas, develop multiple modes of representation, engage in social interaction, and solve authentic problems. Four major elements are bound together by their roles in the establishment of a CLE: public knowledge system; distributed instructional system; learning community; constructivist learning system.
Keywords: Buildings; CLE; Collaborative work; Education; Educational technology; Information technology; Learning systems; Problem-solving; Process control; Research and development; Shape; constructivist learning environments; constructivist learning systems; constructivist paradigm; distributed instructional system; educational enterprise; educational paradigm; educational technology; human factors; information age; information resources; learning community; learning goals; learning technology R&d; philosophical shift; problem-solving activities; public knowledge system; social aspects of automation; social interaction; teaching; user interfaces

The Relations of Early Television Viewing to School Readiness and Vocabulary of Children from Low-Income Families: The Early Window Project - Wright, John; Huston, Aletha; Murphy, Kimberlee; Peters, Michelle; Pinõn, M.; Scantlin, R.; Kotler, Jennifer (Child development, 2001)
For two cohorts of children from low- to moderate-income families, time-use diaries of television viewing were collected over 3 years (from ages 2-5 and 4-7 years, respectively), and tests of reading, math, receptive vocabulary, and school readiness were administered annually. Relations between viewing and performance were tested in path analyses with controls for home environment quality and primary language (English or Spanish). Viewing child-audience informative programs between ages 2 and 3 predicted high subsequent performance on all four measures of academic skills. For both cohorts, frequent viewers of general-audience programs performed more poorly on subsequent tests than did infrequent viewers of such programs. Children's skills also predicted later viewing, supporting a bidirectional model. Children with good skills at age 5 selected more child-audience informative programs and fewer cartoons in their early elementary years. Children with lower skills at age 3 shifted to viewing more general-audience programs by ages 4 and 5. The results affirm the conclusion that the relations of television viewed to early academic skills depend primarily on the content of the programs viewed.

Affordability and cost-effectiveness: decision-making on the cost-effectiveness plane - Sendi, P. P.; Briggs, A. H. (Health Economics, 2001)
Much recent research interest has focused on handling uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis and in particular the calculation of confidence intervals for incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs). Problems of interpretation when ICERs are negative have led to two important and related developments: the use of the net-benefit statistic and the presentation of uncertainty in cost-effectiveness analysis using acceptability curves. However, neither of these developments directly addresses the problem that decision-makers are constrained by a fixed-budget and may not be able to fund new, more expensive interventions, even if they have been shown to represent good value for money. In response to this limitation, the authors introduce the affordability curve which reflects the probability that a programme is affordable for a wide range of threshold budgets. The authors argue that the joint probability an intervention is affordable and cost-effective is more useful for decision-making since it captures both dimensions of the decision problem faced by those responsible for health service budgets.

The Tertiary Education Commission Act - Kabbah, President Alhaji Ahmad Tejan (2001)

The National Council for Technical , Vocational and other Academic Awards Act - Kabbah, President Alhaji Ahmad Tejan (2001)

The Polytechnics Act - Kabbah, President Alhaji Ahmad Tejan (2001)

What makes professional development effective? Results from a national sample of teachers - Garet, Michael; Porter, Andrew; Desimone, Laura; Birman, Beatrice; Yoon, Kwang Suk (American Educational Research Journal - AMER EDUC RES J, 2001)
This study uses a national probability sample of 1,027 mathematics and science teachers to provide the first large-scale empirical comparison of effects of different characteristics of professional development on teachers’ learning. Results, based on ordinary least squares regression, indicate three core features of professional development activities that have significant, positive effects on teachers’ self-reported increases in knowledge and skills and changes in classroom practice: (a) focus on content knowledge; (b) opportunities for active learning; and (c) coherence with other learning activities. It is primarily through these core features that the following structural features significantly affect teacher learning: (a) the form of the activity (e.g., workshop vs. study group); (b) collective participation of teachers from the same school, grade, or subject; and (c) the duration of the activity.

Identity and schooling: Some lessons for the economics of education - Akerlof, G.A.; Kranton, R.E. (Journal of Economic Literature, 2002)

Teachers' and Pupils' Experiences of Integrated Education in Uganda - Arbeiter, Susanne; Hartley, Sally (International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2002)
Under the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme in Uganda, which was implemented in 1997, the idea of integrated education was put into practice. Today children with disabilities are enrolled in regular primary schools in the whole country. After three years of experience with UPE, the aim of this study was to examine the views of teachers about their needs for training and support regarding the task of teaching children with disabilities in ordinary classrooms. A qualitative approach was chosen using individual interviews, focus group discussions with teachers, pupils and head teachers, and observations in classrooms. Three primary schools in different districts of Uganda were selected as research sites. For a number of reasons data collection from the pupils proved problematic but generally the ndings con rmed the information drawn from the review of literature. In addition to the high teacher–pupil ratio, there is an alarming lack of resources in the schools and an urgent need for teacher training to meet special needs in the classroom. Despite these dif cult conditions found in schools, many teachers had positive attitudes towards integrating children with disabilities, but only a few examples from the classroom observations showed good practice for meeting a diversity of needs.

Interactive Radio Instruction: An Update from the Field - Bosch, Andrea; Rhodes, Rebecca; Kariuki, Sera (Education Development Center, 2002)
Interactive radio instruction (IRI), a methodology developed to turn a typically one-way technology into a tool for active learning in and outside the classroom, continues to be an attractive educational strategy in developing countries after almost 30 years. The original model for IRI math, created in Nicaragua by a team from Stanford University in the early 1970s, sought to combine the low cost and high reach of the radio medium and a clear understanding of how people learn. Since that time, 20 countries around the world have developed IRI programs for a variety of subjects, audiences, and learning environments, many of which have been sustained for up to 10 years and counting. The methodology has been expanded and adapted to include different levels of math, science, health, English, Spanish and Portuguese, environmental education, early childhood development, and adult basic education for learners of all ages. In each case, the series has been designed specifically by local specialists to be engaging and to meet learning objectives in that country. After three decades, interest in IRI does not seem to be waning. (See the Annex at the end of this chapter for a list of IRI projects and their current status.) This chapter updates earlier information about interactive radio instruction over the past five years, and introduces two cases where IRI has had an impact in Africa in two ways not captured in the past.1 In Guinea, IRI has gone to scale on an unprecedented level in West Africa to reach students and teachers on a national level. The Guinean IRI series is integrated with teacher development initiatives and is used in almost all primary schools across the nation, with 880,000 students. In Zambia, a new IRI series is being developed that reaches out to students who otherwise would be without schools, and have become increasingly vulnerable due to poverty and the HIV/AIDs. This example shows how IRI can be used effectively to overcome obstacles of access in Africa and to increase the chances that students can receive an education. These examples show how IRI retains its core elements, yet continues to evolve to meet new educational and social challenges.

Using meta ethnography to synthesise qualitative research: A worked example - Britten, Nicky; Campbell, Rona; Pope, Catherine; Donovan, Jenny; Morgan, Myfanwy; Pill, Roisin (Journal of Health Services Research and Policy, 2002)
Objectives: To demonstrate the benefits of applying meta ethnography to the synthesis of qualitative research, by means of a worked example. Methods:. Four papers about lay meanings of medicines were arbitrarily chosen. Noblit and Hare's seven-step process for conducting a meta ethnography was employed: getting started; deciding what is relevant to the initial interest; reading the studies; determining how the studies are related; translating the studies into one another; synthesising translations; and expressing the synthesis. Results: Six key concepts were identified: adherence/compliance; self-regulation; aversion; alternative coping strategies; sanctions; and selective disclosure. Four second-order interpretations (derived from the chosen papers) were identified, on the basis of which four third-order interpretations (based on the key concepts and second-order interpretations) were constructed. These were all linked together in a line of argument that accounts for patients' medicine-taking behaviour and communication with health professionals in different settings. Third-order interpretations were developed which were not only consistent with the original results but also extended beyond them. Conclusions: It is possible to use meta ethnography to synthesise the results of qualitative research. The worked example has produced middle-range theories in the form of hypotheses that could be tested by other researchers. © The Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd 2002.

Sampling issues in design, conduct, and interpretation of international comparative studies of school achievement - Chromy, J.R. (In A.C. Porter, & A. Gamoran (Eds.), Methodological advances in cross-national surveys of educational achievement (pps. 80- 116)., 2002)

Preparing for culturally responsive teaching - Gay, Geneva (Journal of Teacher Education, 2002)

Complicated and complex systems: what would successful reform of Medicare look like? - Glouberman, Sholom; Zimmerman, Brenda (Romanow Papers, 2002)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Professional Development and Teacher Change - Guskey, Thomas R. (Teachers and Teaching, 2002)
This article describes a model of teacher change originally presented nearly two decades ago (Guskey, 1986) that began my long and warm friendship with Michael Huberman. The model portrays the temporal sequence of events from professional development experiences to enduring change in teachers’ attitudes and perceptions. Research evidence supporting the model is summarized and the conditions under which change might be facilitated are described. The development and presentation of this model initiated a series of professional collaborations between Michael and myself, and led to the development of our co-edited book, Professional Development in Education: new paradigms and practices (Guskey & Huberman, 1995), which was named `Book of the Year’ by the National Staff Development Council in 1996.

Teacher learning for educational change: A systems thinking approach - Hoban, Garry Francis; Hoban, Garry F. (Open University Press Buckingham, 2002)

Information and communication technologies in teacher education: a planning guide - Khvilon, Evgueni; Patru, Mariana (UNESCO, 2002)
Keywords: auto_merged

Mother-tongue education in South Africa: the weight of history - Klerk, Gerda de (2002)

Policies and Guidelines - National Commission for Science and Technology (2002)

Action research and the transfer of reflective approaches to in-service education and training (INSET) for unqualified and underqualified primary teachers in Namibia - O’Sullivan, Margo C. (Teaching and Teacher Education, 2002)
The literature on training approaches for both pre-service and in-service teacher training has been dominated since the 1980s by reﬂective approaches. This has undoubtedly inﬂuenced the relatively recent introduction of reﬂective approaches in developing countries. This article explores efforts, within an action research study of a 3-year (1995–1997) In-service Education and Training (INSET) programme, to implement reﬂective approaches in the training of unqualiﬁed and underqualiﬁed primary teachers in Namibia. The study raises ‘transfer’ questions concerning the appropriateness of reﬂective approaches, as conceptualised in western contexts, for these teachers. It led to the adaptation of these approaches and ultimately the development of an approach termed the ‘structured reﬂection’ approach, which was within the professional capability of the teachers to implement at the time of the study. Action research was used to develop this approach. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.