The creation of a nudging protocol to support online student engagement in higher education - Brown, Alice; Lawrence, Jill; Basson, Marita; Axelsen, Megan; Redmond, Petrea; Turner, Joanna; Maloney, Suzanne; Galligan, Linda (Active Learning in Higher Education, 2023)
Combining nudge theory with learning analytics, ‘nudge analytics’, is a relatively recent phenomenon in the educational context. Used, for example, to address such issues as concerns with student (dis)engagement, nudging students to take certain action or to change a behaviour towards active learning, can make a difference. However, knowing who to nudge, how to nudge or when to nudge can be a challenge. Providing students with strategic, sensitive nudges that help to move them forward is almost an art form. It requires not only technical skills to use appropriate software and interpret data, but careful consideration of what to say and how to say it. In this article a nudge protocol is presented that can be used in online courses to encourage student engagement with key course resources that are integral to supporting their learning.

The cultural politics of constructivist pedagogies: Teacher education reform in the United Republic of Tanzania - Vavrus, Frances (International Journal of Educational Development, 2009)
This article examines recent educational reforms in Tanzania by looking at the cultural politics of pedagogical change in secondary and teacher education. It presents an ethnography of a teachers college founded on the principles of social constructivism in a country where formalistic, teacher-centered pedagogy is the norm. Using data collected through a year of participant observation, it argues that the cultural, economic, and political dimensions of teachers’ practice need to be considered alongside efforts to reform the country's educational system. It offers contingent constructivism as an alternative to the international consensus on a single model of excellent teaching.
Keywords: Development; Educational policy; International education; Tanzania; Teacher education

The Culture of Education - Bruner, Jerome (Harvard University Press, 1997)
In a masterly commentary on the possibilities of education, eminent psychologist Jerome Bruner reveals how education can usher children into their culture, though it often fails to do so. Going well beyond his earlier acclaimed books on education, Bruner looks past the issue of achieving individual competence to the question of how education equips individuals to participate in the culture on which life and livelihood depend.

The current landscape and future of tablet-based cognitive assessments for children in low-resourced settings - McHenry, Megan S.; Mukherjee, Debarati; Bhavnani, Supriya; Kirolos, Amir; Piper, Joe D.; Crespo-Llado, Maria M.; Gladstone, Melissa J. (PLOS digital health, 2023)

The DAISY Consortium Home Page (The DAISY Consortium)
Global Reach DAISY is an international non-profit membership organization working with over 150 partners all around the world to improve access to reading for people with print disabilities Join Us… Shaping the Technology of Tomorrow At DAISY we work closely…Continue reading...

The Data Protection Act (No. 24 of 2019) - Republic of Kenya (2019)

The Definition of Educational Technology. AECT Task Force on Definition and Terminology - B. Johnson, John; Myers, Dennis; H. Silber, Kenneth; Storm, Susan; Virgo, Ralph; J. Wallington, Clinton (Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 1126 16th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 ($10, 1977)
A total, systematic, integrative concept provides the framework for this definition of educational technology as a theory, a field, and a profession. The definition statement presents an historical perspective of attempts to define educational technology and a current theoretical framework for arriving at a definition. It also identifies the intellectual techniques and practical applications derived from the theoretical framework and describes the training and certification, the ethics and standards, the leadership, the association and communications, the acknowledgement as a profession, the concern of the profession, and the relationship to other professions that both derive from the theoretical framework and exist in the field today. An evaluation of the definition statement concludes this document by the AECT Task Force on Definition and Terminology; a list of references and a glossary of terms not defined within this definition statement are appended. (Author/BK)
Keywords: Audiovisual Communications; Behavioral Sciences; Certification; Definitions; Educational History; Educational Methods; Educational Resources; Educational Technology; Educational Theories; Models; Professional Associations; Professional Occupations; Social Environment; Systems Approach

The design and testing of multimedia for teaching arithmetic to deaf learners - Techaraungrong, Piyaporn; Suksakulchai, Surachai; Kaewprapan, Wacheerapan; Murphy, Elizabeth (Education and Information Technologies, 2017)
The purpose of the study reported on in this paper was to design and test multimedia for deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) learners. The study focused on counting, addition and subtraction with grade one (age 7) DHH learners in Thailand. The multimedia created for the study was informed by design considerations for DHH learners of arithmetic and aimed to minimize cognitive load. Testing took place over a period of 16 weeks during which learners alternated between 2 and 3 week sessions of one hour per day with multimedia (numbers 1–10) versus 2–3 week sessions of one hour per day with the teacher (numbers 11–20). Results of the design included features such as non-essential use of text, reliance on non-symbolic objects, user control, and signals to relevant content. Results of testing showed that learning with multimedia resulted in higher scores than learning with the teacher (Z = 4.545, p = 0.000). Post-intervention interviews highlighted the role of motivation, ease of comprehension and independent learner control of the multimedia. The conclusion highlighted the need for multimedia design principles that reflect a more inclusionary focus on children with special needs such as those featured in this study.

The Design of Experiments - Fisher, Ronald A. D. (Oliver and Boyd, 1935)

The development and policies of ICT supporting educational technology in Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Myanmar - Machmud, Muhammad Takwin; Widiyan, Agung Purwa; Ramadhani, Noer Risky (International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education (IJERE), 2021)
This study has an objective to identify the development and policies of educational technology application in ASEAN countries. Through the literature review and analysis, this recent study has compared the issue of educational technology development and policies in ASEAN countries. The reviewing country has been chosen based on the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) index amongst the ASEAN countries, that are Singapore (as the highest rank), Thailand & Indonesia (as the middle rank), and Myanmar (as the lowest rank). The result of the study shows that the majority of the countries focused to improve network capabilities in supporting online learning, and the policies of each country showed a similarity in improving the technology equity for the learner. However, Singapore shows more advance technological implementation such as the application of broader Artificial Intelligence in classroom activity, while the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Thailand and Indonesia still in developing progress. In conclusion, the technology education development in ASEAN countries has moved forward through the past year and the policies of educational technology for each country have been similar in strengthening the ASEAN plan.

The Development of Effective Strategies to Teach Reading among Unqualified Primary Teachers in a Developing Country Context - O'Sullivan, Margo (International Journal of Early Years Education, 2003)
The teaching of reading in primary classrooms in developing countries, particularly, the teaching of English reading to second-language pupils, receives very little attention in the literature. One notable study that highlighted the low standard of reading in developing countries claimed that the teaching of reading in these countries is in crisis (Williams, 1993). This can be attributed to teachers’ reliance on a rote memory approach to teaching reading. There is, however, very little research available on efforts that attempt to address this problem. This article emerged from a research study of an in-service programme in Namibia and it begins to address this gap. The programme, for mainly unqualiﬁed primary teachers, sought to develop teachers’ capacity to teach reading more effectively. It explored the usefulness of various Western strategies to teach reading, bearing the transfer issue in mind. The study highlighted the usefulness of an instructional structured reading lesson and explored the issue of prescription inherent in it. It also found that structured and bottom-up strategies were more effective than top-down strategies. However, the main lesson to be learned is that an eclectic approach to teaching reading, using strategies adapted to the realities within which teachers work, is useful in developing country contexts.

The DHS Program - Quality information to plan, monitor and improve population, health, and nutrition programs - USAID

The difference between economic and financial analysis for WASH services - Ross, Ian (WASHeconomics.com, 2018)
The distinction between economic analysis and financial analysis is not always straightforward. In this post I try to clarify this. Definitions I have previously defined WASH economics as “the stud…

The difference between emergency remote teaching and online learning - Hodges, Charles; Moore, Stephanie; Lockee, Barbara; Trust, Torrey; Bond, Mark (EDUCAUSE Review, 2020)
Well-planned online learning experiences are meaningfully different from courses offered online in response to a crisis or disaster. Colleges and universities working to maintain instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic should understand those differences when evaluating this emergency remote teaching.

The Digital Divide - Dijk, Jan van (John Wiley & Sons, 2020)
Contrary to optimistic visions of a free internet for all, the problem of the ‘digital divide’ – the disparity between those with access to internet technology and those without – has persisted for close to twenty-five years.In this textbook, Jan van Dijk considers the state of digital inequality and what we can do to tackle it. Through an accessible framework based on empirical research, he explores the motivations and challenges of seeking access and the development of requisite digital skills. He addresses key questions such as: Does digital inequality reduce or reinforce existing, traditional inequalities? Does it create new, previously unknown social inequalities? While digital inequality affects all aspects of society and the problem is here to stay, Van Dijk outlines policies we can put in place to mitigate it.The Digital Divide is required reading for students and scholars of media, communication, sociology, and related disciplines, as well as for policymakers.
Keywords: Social Science / Popular Culture; Social Science / Sociology / General

The Digital Divide - Peroni, M.; Bartolo, Michelangelo (Multidisciplinary Teleconsultation in Developing Countries, 2018)
The digital divide, at a worldwide level, as well as at a regional level, is still a reality. However, over the last few years, the Internet and digital technologies have spread surprisingly fast, above all in their use through mobile telephone networks, and they have new users every year, even in the less developed countries, like in Africa. The installation of new underwater optic fibre cables surrounding Africa, with an increasing capacity for data transmission, has brought down the costs of interconnection with the global Internet backbones. Up to a few years ago, these connections were only possible through the satellite network, which are far more expensive for the local providers, and these high costs inevitably affect the end users. These services can now be offered at prices that more and more people can afford in Africa, which was and still is the continent that is most affected by the phenomenon of the digital divide.
Keywords: Digital divide; Optic fibre connections; Satellite Internet connection

The Digital Divide: Bridging the Divide Naturally - Crandall, Robert W. (Brookings, 2001)
Brookings Review article by Robert W. Crandall (Winter 2001)

The digital gender gap - Kuroda, Reiko; Lopez, Mariana; Sasaki, Janelle; Settecase, Michelle (GSMA, 2019)

The digital roadmap: How developing countries can get ahead - Pathways for Prosperity Commission (Pathways for Prosperity Commission, 2019)

The Digital StudyHall (DSH) - DSH (Digital StudyHall, 2012)

The Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS): a method of assessing executive function in children - Zelazo, Philip David (Nature Protocols, 2006)
The dimensional change card sort (DCCS) is an easily administered and widely used measure of executive function that is suitable for use with participants across a wide range of ages. In the standard version, children are required to sort a series of bivalent test cards, first according to one dimension (e.g., color), and then according to the other (e.g., shape). Most 3-year-olds perseverate during the post-switch phase, exhibiting a pattern of inflexibility similar to that seen in patients with prefrontal cortical damage. By 5 years of age, most children switch when instructed to do so. Performance on the DCCS provides an index of the development of executive function, and it is impaired in children with disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism. We describe the protocol for the standard version (duration = 5 min) and the more challenging border version (duration = 5 min), which may be used with children as old as 7 years. *Note: In the version of the article originally published, the boat in the upper right of the figure was blue. It should be red. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

The discourse on ICT teacher professional development needs: The case of a South African teachers’ union - Dlamini, Reuben; Mbatha, Khanyisile (International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 2018)
The prevalence and adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in education has often been guided by utopian perspectives without proper research to understand the schooling context and teachers’ ICT development needs. This paper reports on the findings from a study of in-service teachers who are members of a teachers’ union in South Africa. These teachers were surveyed using a questionnaire based on Second Information Technology in Education Study (SITES), which is an analytic framework that includes teacher characteristics, pedagogical practices and ICT use, school factors and system, and other external factors. This exploratory study was conducted within the framework of a teachers’ union to understand members’ preparedness to integrate ICT tools in their teaching practices. Findings indicate the need for in-service professional development activities in the use of ICT for teaching, in teaching in multicultural environments, and in classroom management. Equally important is the role of school management and administration in the adoption and integration of ICT tools in education. In addition, the research provided clear evidence that despite the huge investments into ICT infrastructure by government, inequalities in ICT competencies among teachers remain. The most important conclusion is that the investments being made are politically motivated and that teachers are being side-lined in the decision-making processes and preference given to political visions.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The discourse on ICT teacher professional development needs: The case of a South African teachers’ union - Dlamini, Reuben; Mbatha, Khanyisile (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2018)
The prevalence and adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in education has often been guided by utopian perspectives without proper research to understand the schooling context and teachers’ ICT development needs. This paper reports on the findings from a study of in-service teachers who are members of a teachers’ union in South Africa. These teachers were surveyed using a questionnaire based on Second Information Technology in Education Study (SITES), which is an analytic framework that includes teacher characteristics, pedagogical practices and ICT use, school...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The discourse on ICT teacher professional development needs: The case of a South African teachers’ union - Dlamini, Reuben; Mbatha, Khanyisile (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2018)
The prevalence and adoption of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools in education has often been guided by utopian perspectives without proper research to understand the schooling context and teachers’ ICT development needs. This paper reports on the findings from a study of in-service teachers who are members of a teachers’ union in South Africa. These teachers were surveyed using a questionnaire based on Second Information Technology in Education Study (SITES), which is an analytic framework that includes teacher characteristics, pedagogical practices and ICT use, school...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Distribution of Teacher Quality and Implications for Policy - Hanushek, Eric; Rivkin, Steven (Annual Review of Economics, 2011)
It has become commonplace to measure teacher quality in terms of teacher value-added. Operationally, this means evaluating teachers according to the learning gains of students on various achievement tests. Existing research consistently shows large variations in teacher effectiveness, much of which is within schools as opposed to between schools. The policy implications of these variations are dramatic. But the underlying statistical modeling has become the subject of intense research, in part because of this direct use of value-added measures in policy discussions.

The ecological approach to visual perception - Gibson, J.J. (Houghton Mifflin, 1979)

The Ecology of Human Development - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Harvard University Press, 1979)
To understand the way children develop, Bronfenbrenner believes that it is necessary to observe their behavior in natural settings, while they are interacting with familiar adults over prolonged periods of time. His book offers an important blueprint for constructing a new and ecologically valid psychology of development.
Keywords: Psychology / General

The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design - Bronfenbrenner, Urie (Harvard University Press, 1979)
Keywords: Child psychology; Human development; Research

The economic impacts of learning losses - Hanushek, Eric A; Woessmann, Ludger (OECD, 2020)

The economic impacts of learning losses - Hanushek, Eric A.; Woessmann, Ludger (OECD, 2020)
The worldwide school closures in early 2020 led to losses in learning that will not easily be made up for even if schools quickly return to their prior performance levels. These losses will have lasting economic impacts both on the affected students and on each nation unless they are effectively remediated. While the precise learning losses are not yet known, existing research suggests that the students in grades 1-12 affected by the closures might expect some 3 percent lower income over their entire lifetimes. For nations, the lower long-term growth related to such losses might yield an average of 1.5 percent lower annual GDP for the remainder of the century. These economic losses would grow if schools are unable to re-start quickly. The economic losses will be more deeply felt by disadvantaged students. All indications are that students whose families are less able to support out-of-school learning will face larger learning losses than their more advantaged peers, which in turn will translate into deeper losses of lifetime earnings. The present value of the economic losses to nations reach huge proportions. Just returning schools to where they were in 2019 will not avoid such losses. Only making them better can. While a variety of approaches might be attempted, existing research indicates that close attention to the modified re-opening of schools offers strategies that could ameliorate the losses. Specifically, with the expected increase in video-based instruction, matching the skills of the teaching force to the new range of tasks and activities could quickly move schools to heightened performance. Additionally, because the prior disruptions are likely to increase the variations in learning levels within individual classrooms, pivoting to more individualised instruction could leave all students better off as schools resume. As schools move to re-establish their programmes even as the pandemic continues, it is natural to focus considerable attention on the mechanics and logistics of safe re-opening. But the long-term economic impacts also require serious attention, because the losses already suffered demand more than the best of currently considered re-opening approaches.

The Economic Lives of Young Women in the Time of Ebola: Lessons from an Empowerment Program - Bandiera, Oriana; Buehren, Niklas; Goldstein, Markus; Rasul, Imran; Smurra, Andrea (World Bank, 2018)
We evaluate an intervention to raise young women’s economic empowerment in Sierra Leone, where women frequently experience sexual violence and face multiple economic disadvantages. The intervention provides them with a protective space (a club) where they can …nd support, receive information on health/reproductive issues and vocational training. Unexpectedly, the post-baseline period coincided with the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Our analysis leverages quasi-random across-village variation in the severity of Ebola-related disruption, and random assignment of villages to the intervention to document the impact of the Ebola outbreak on the economic lives of 4 700 women tracked over the crisis, and any ameliorating role played by the intervention. In highly disrupted control villages, the crisis leads younger girls to spend signi…cantly more time with men, out-of-wedlock pregnancies rise, and as a result, they experience a persistent 16pp drop in school enrolment post-crisis. These adverse e¤ects are almost entirely reversed in treated villages because the intervention enables young girls to allocate time away from men, preventing out-of-wedlock pregnancies and enabling them to re-enrol in school post-crisis. In treated villages, the unavailability of young women leads some older girls to use transactional sex as a coping strategy. The intervention causes them to increase contraceptive use so this does not translate into higher fertility. Our analysis pinpoints the mechanisms through which the severity of the aggregate shock impacts the economic lives of young women, and shows how interventions in times of crisis can interlink outcomes across younger and older cohorts. JEL Classi…cation: I25, J13, J24.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The Economics of Zero Rating - Eisenach, Jeffrey (Insights in Economics, 2015)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Ed-Tech Space Pakistan 2020 - Planet N

The EdTech Hub’s approach to amplifying impact through engagement – The EdTech Hub - Jamieson Eberhardt, Molly (EdTech Hub, 2019)
If you have spent time working in the education sector, you’ll know that even marginal gains are worthy of celebration. Those of us involved in launching the EdTech Hub know this well — from our experience as teachers, researchers, advisers, programme implementers, and civil servants. Nevertheless, we have the ambition to help accelerate progress toward quality education at an unprecedented rate. We of course know that sustainable change often takes time, and we respect hard-earned marginal gains. But what we’re really after is improvement in education outcomes at a pace that matches the urgency of the problem — think millions of children receiving quality education within a decade, not in decades.
Keywords: LP: English; _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH

The EdTech Hub’s Helpdesk and COVID-19: Demand-driven advice (EdTech Hub, 2020)
This is part of our coronavirus (COVID-19) and EdTech series. With more than 1.5 billion children now affected by school closures, ministries of education and decision-makers around the world are urgently in need of fast, evidence-based, context-specific advice about out-of-school learning. Teachers, caregivers, parents and policymakers are tirelessly working to ensure that learning doesn’t stop. Faced with one of the…
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH

The EdTech Lab Series: Insights from rapid evaluations of EdTech products - Sampson, Rob; Johnson, Doug; Somanchi, Anmol; Barton, Hannah; Joshi, Ruchika; Seth, Madhav; Shotland, Marc (Central Square Foundation, 2019)

The Education System in Jordan - Ministry of Education, Jordan (2020)

The Education System in Malawi. Africa education country status report - World Bank (2010)

The Education, Youth and Sport Performance Report to Congress for the Academic Year 2021–2022 - Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports (2023)

The effect of blended instruction on accelerated learning - Patchan, Melissa M.; Schunn, Christian D.; Sieg, Wilfried; McLaughlin, Dawn (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2014)
The effect of blended instruction on accelerated learning
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The effect of blended instruction on accelerated learning - Patchan, Melissa M.; Schunn, Christian D.; Sieg, Wilfried; McLaughlin, Dawn (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2016)

The effect of blended instruction on accelerated learning - Patchan, Melissa M.; Schunn, Christian D.; Sieg, Wilfried; McLaughlin, Dawn (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2016)

The effect of blended learning on student performance at course-level in higher education: A meta-analysis - Vo, Hien M.; Zhu, Chang; Diep, Nguyet A. (Studies in Educational Evaluation, 2017)
The present paper analyzes the impact of blended learning (BL) on the academic achievement of higher education students. A meta-analysis (k=51 effect sizes) was conducted to perform a statistical synthesis of studies contrasting student performance in BL conditions with traditional classroom instruction. We include disciplines and instructors’ end-of-course evaluation method as moderating variables. The results show that BL demonstrates a small summary effect (g+=0.385, p<0.001) compared to traditional teaching methods A significantly higher mean effect size was found in STEM disciplines (g+=0.496) compared to that of non-STEM disciplines (g+=0.210). Nevertheless, the weighted mean effect sizes reveal no significant differences regarding of end-of-course assessment methods, namely one-moment and multiple-component assessment. The finding confirms that BL is significantly associated with greater learning performance of STEM-disciplined students than with traditional classroom practice. Accordingly, discussion concerning the findings and implications for future research are elaborated.
Keywords: Blended learning; Discipline; Higher education; Meta-analysis; Student performance

The Effect of Computer-Assisted Instruction on Student’s Attitudes and Achievement in Matrices and Transformations in Secondary Schools in Uasin Gishu District, Kenya - Mwei, Philip K.; Too, Jackson K.; Wando, Dave (2011)
Performance in Mathematics in secondary school Education in Kenya remains poor. Consequently the Kenya secondary school examination (KCSE) Mathematics results continue to cause concern to all the stakeholders in the education sector. Therefore, there is serious and urgent need for intervention. Although research has indicated that computer-assisted instruction (CAI) enhances student achievement, promotes positive attitudes towards Mathematics and instruction, and improves interpersonal relations, few studies have focused on CAI in Kenyan secondary schools Mathematics teaching/learning. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of CAI on students’ attitude and achievement in matrices and transformations between form four students who received instruction using CAI module or conventional instruction methods. The pretest – posttest control group experimental research design was used. Six classes selected at random with 205 students participated in the study. Results of this study indicated higher achievement and positive attitudes with CAI treatment groups. Making connections between the goals of Mathematics education and CAI offers a valuable means for improving mathematical knowledge and skills and hence performance in Mathematics.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Effect of Computer-Assisted Learning on Students’ Long-Term Development - Bianchi, Nicola; Lu, Yi; Song, Hong (Social Science Research Network, 2020)
In this paper, we examine the effect of computer-assisted learning on students’ long-term development. We explore the implementation of the “largest ed-tech intervention in the world to date,” which connected China’s best teachers to more than 100 million rural students through satellite internet. We find evidence that exposure to the program improved students’ academic achievement, labor performance, and computer usage. We observe these effects up to ten years after program implementation. These findings indicate that education technology can have long-lasting positive effects on a variety of outcomes and can be effective in reducing the rural–urban education gap.
Keywords: China; computer-assisted education; education policy; education quality; education technology

The Effect of Covid-19 on Education in Africa and its Implications for the Use of Technology (ICDE)
The Effect of Covid-19 on Education in Africa and its Implications for the Use of Technology As African countries begin to come to terms with the effect of the Covid-19 pandemic on their education systems, eLearning Africa and the EdTech Hub conducted a survey of over 1600 education and technology

The effect of Covid-19 on education in Africa and its implications for the use of technology - eLearning Africa; EdTech Hub (EdTech Hub, 2020)
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen; _cover:other:ok; _zenodo:submitted; _zenodoETH

The effect of extra funding for disadvantaged pupils on achievement - Leuven, Edwin; Lindahl, Mikael; Oosterbeek, Hessel; Webbink, Dinand (The Review of Economics and Statistics, 2007)

The effect of free primary education policy on late school entry in urban primary schools in Kenya - Ngware, Moses W.; Oketch, Moses; Ezeh, Alex C.; Mutisya, Maurice (International Review of Education, 2013)

The effect of instructional material design process to mathematics teacher candidates' TPACK - Durusoy, Okan; Karamete, Aysen (European Journal of Education Studies, 2018)
It is inevitable to receive technology support for teacher training activities in this new era in which technology is at large in our lives. Sufficiency in terms of TPACK (Technology, Pedagogy and Content Knowledge) is among the basic conditions for being qualified teachers. For this reason, activities for teacher candidates' TPACK development should be involved in teacher training activities. TPACK expresses a combined knowledge, so complex activities should be consulted to increase this accumulation of knowledge. In this direction, the process of designing instructional materials allows learning by design and can address all of this integrated knowledge. In this study, in math education department of a state university in Turkey, a research was conducted with 19 teacher candidates studying in the third grade. Teacher candidates have been assigned tasks for designing materials they can use in their lessons. Before starting the tasks, all the teacher candidates filled out the TPACK scale (Schmidt et al., 2009) and pre-test data were generated. Among the task steps that were carried out, the prospective teachers shared the developmental stages of the material with their friends and enriched the materials in the direction of their comments. To gain more time, presentations and interpretations are conducted through a closed Facebook group. At the end of material development process which was carried out by sticking to learning by design principles, the TPACK scale was re-applied to all the teachers and the post test data of the study was obtained. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon signed rank test showed that there was a significant difference between the two tests and that all the teacher candidates increased their total scores. As a result of the study, it was found that the process of material development carried out by learning by design framework leads to a positive change in TPACK of teacher candidates.
Keywords: ERIC, Resources in Education (RIE); Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Instructional Design; Instructional Materials; Material Development; Mathematics Education; Mathematics Teachers; Pedagogical Content Knowledge; Postsecondary Education; Preservice Teachers; Scores; Technological Literacy; Turkey; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2096821; __finaldtb; _not_EdTechHub

The effect of internet services on child education outcomes: evidence from poa! Internet in Kenya - Okyere, Charles Yaw (Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2022)
In 2016-2018 poa! Internet, a private internet service provider, distributed free internet services across schools in Nairobi, Kenya. Using inverse probability weighting (IPW) method, the study finds that the intervention significantly increases students’ internet use and training, receipt of information on educational content, and participation in information and communication technologies (ICTs) education programmes. However, the study does not find evidence that internet services increase school attendance. The results suggest that facilitating access to internet services in schools can significantly increase child computer and internet skills and training in developing countries, even if those investments have limited gains on school attendance.
Keywords: Internet services; Kenya; education; gender; quasi-experimental design

The effect of school closures on standardised student test outcomes - Maldonado, Joana Elisa; De Witte, Kristof (British Educational Research Journal, 2021)

The effect of school closures on standardised student test outcomes - Maldonado - 2022 - British Educational Research Journal - Wiley Online Library - Maldonado, Joana Elisa; De Witte, Kristof (2021)

The effect of school neighborhoods on teacher retention decisions - Boyd, Donald; Lankford, Hamilton; Loeb, Susanna; Ronfeldt, Matthew; Wyckoff, James (Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children's Life Chances, 2011)
A substantial body of research demonstrates that schools with large populations of poor, non-white and low-achieving students, on average have more difficulty attracting and retaining teachers (Boyd et. al., 2005; Boyd et al, 2009; Hanushek et. al., 2004; Ingersoll, 2001; Scafidi et. al., 2007). However, little work assesses the extent to which differences in the neighborhoods
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Effect of Teacher Coaching on Instruction and Achievement: A Meta-Analysis of the Causal Effect - Kraft, Matthew A.; Blazar, David; Hogan, Dylan (Review of Educational Research, 2018)
Teacher coaching has emerged as a promising alternative to traditional models of professional development. We review the empirical literature on teacher coaching and conduct meta-analyses to estimate the mean effect of coaching programs on teachers’ instructional practice and students’ academic achievement. Combining results across 60 studies that employ causal research designs, we find pooled effect sizes of 0.49 standard deviations (SD) on instruction and 0.18 SD on achievement. Much of this evidence comes from literacy coaching programs for prekindergarten and elementary school teachers. Although these findings affirm the potential of coaching as a development tool, further analyses illustrate the challenges of taking coaching programs to scale while maintaining effectiveness. Average effects from effectiveness trials of larger programs are only a fraction of the effects found in efficacy trials of smaller programs. We conclude by discussing ways to address scale-up implementation challenges and providing guidance for future causal studies.
Keywords: C:High-income countries; C:United States; ___working_potential_duplicate; effect size; experimental design; meta-analysis; professional development; school/teacher effectiveness; teacher education/development

The Effect of Teacher-Family Communication on Student Engagement: Evidence from a Randomized Field Experiment - Kraft, M; Dougherty, Shaun (Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2013)
In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of teacher communication with parents and students as a means of increasing student engagement. We estimate the causal effect of teacher communication by conducting a randomized field experiment in which sixth- and ninth-grade students were assigned to receive a daily phone call home and a text/written message during a mandatory summer school program. We find that frequent teacher–family communication immediately increased student engagement as measured by homework completion rates, on-task behavior, and class participation. On average, teacher–family communication increased the odds that students completed their homework by 40%, decreased instances in which teachers had to redirect students’ attention to the task at hand by 25%, and increased class participation rates by 15%. Drawing upon surveys and interviews with participating teachers and students, we identify three primary mechanisms through which communication likely affected engagement: stronger teacher–student relationships, expanded parental involvement, and increased student motivation.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The Effect of Teachers' Professional Development in Video Technology on Mathematics and the English Language Learning of Preschoolers in a Rural Primary School in Pakistan. - Ikram, Hamid (2016)
The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the effect of teachers' professional development in video technology (PBS & Sesame Street videos) on mathematics and the English language learning among nursery students in the rural area of Pakistan where it was impossible for students to experience watching videos for learning purposes. This study showed teachers' motivation and frustration, before and after professional development, toward the use of video technology in the classroom. Also, this study showed the effect of learning videos assisted with games, coloring activities, and portfolios on student's English and mathematics' learning. The demographics of gender, socioeconomic status of the students, parents' education and occupation, learning resources at home for children, and the use of technology and media at home were contrasted to examine how they affect students learning of mathematics and English. The participants of the study were 80 nursery students and two English and math teachers in a rural primary school of Punjab province in Pakistan. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview protocol, biographical survey, and English and math tests. The demographic characteristics of the participants revealed that there were 55 percent female students and 45 percent male students ranging in age from 4 to 6 years. The demographics also revealed that 81 percent of the students belonged to households that had not more than $100 income per month. The findings supported that a majority of the students belonged to low socioeconomic status (SES), and fathers were the main source of household income. The findings showed that fathers' level of education was higher than that of the mothers' level of education. The effective delivery of the content with videos and students' engagement motivated teachers. The use of videos remarkably enhanced students' learning of math numbers and English alphabet in experimental classrooms. However, the lack of funds and technology training was the biggest frustration for teachers. The findings from this research contributed to the literature about teachers' professional development and use of learning media. The findings also identified the reasons behind teachers' frustration and motivation to bring technology in the classroom. Consequently, these study findings informed administrators, teachers, and parents to improve existing teaching and learning practices at early education level in Pakistan. [The dissertation citations contained here are published with the permission of ProQuest LLC. Further reproduction is prohibited without permission. Copies of dissertations may be obtained by Telephone (800) 1-800-521-0600. Web page: http://www.proquest.com/en-US/products/dissertations/individuals.shtml.]
Keywords: Educational Media; Educational Technology; Elementary School Teachers; English Language Learners; Foreign Countries; Mathematics Education; Mathematics Instruction; Mixed Methods Research; Pakistan; Preschool Children; Professional Development; Rural Schools; Second Language Learning; Semi Structured Interviews; Surveys; Technology Uses in Education; Video Technology

The effect of the Ebola crisis on the education system’s contribution to post-conflict sustainable peacebuilding in Liberia - Santos, Ricardo; Novelli, Mario (University of Sussex, 2017)

The effect of using Teams Games Tournaments (TGT) cooperative technique for learning mathematics in secondary schools of Bangladesh - Salam, Abdus; Hossain, Anwar; Rahman, Shahidur (Journal of Research in Mathematics Education, 2015)

The Effectiveness and Usability of the Educational Software on Concept Education for Young Children with Impaired Hearing - Goker, Hanife; Ozaydin, Latife; Tekedere, Hakan (EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science & Technology Education, 2016)
Early intervention and early education have a special place in educating the children with Impaired Hearing (IH). The advancements in information and communication technologies have led to adopting the view that such technologies could be applied in the educational process of the children with IH. Besides, the positive results acquired in the studies conducted in the light of this review have brought up the fact that proper technology-based educational environments should be provided and popularized for the young children with IH. In this study, educational software has been developed for the purpose of teaching emotions and opposite concepts to young children with IH. With this software, videos with topic descriptions, games reinforcing funny and topic-based learning, questions and audio-visual feedbacks have been used. The effectiveness of this software in concept education along with its usability by children has been examined; and in addition, the subjective viewpoints of the teachers of students with IH on this software have been consulted as well.

The effectiveness of a one-year online mentoring program for girls in STEM - Stoeger, Heidrun; Duan, Xiaoju; Schirner, Sigrun; Greindl, Teresa; Ziegler, Albert (Computers & Education, 2013)
Although the performance of girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is continually improving and is no longer below that of boys in most domains, girls' interests in STEM and participation rates are still too low. Online mentoring may help ameliorate this situation. To test this assumption, a one-year personal mentoring program for eleven to eighteen-year-old female college-preparatory students was evaluated. Mentee and mentor communicate with one another and with other program participants via email, online chat, and forums. To measure program effectiveness, we randomly assigned participants (N = 312) to either a treatment group (N = 208) or a waiting-list control group (N = 104). We collected questionnaire data at three points in time. In comparison to the waiting-list group, the treatment-group participants showed greater levels of desirable short-term and long-term developments. Our findings indicate various advantages for online mentoring for promoting girls' interests in STEM.
Keywords: Evaluation; Gender; Mentoring; Online learning; STEM

The Effectiveness of Direct Instruction Curricula: A Meta-Analysis of a Half Century of Research - Stockard, Jean; Wood, Timothy W.; Coughlin, Cristy; Rasplica Khoury, Caitlin (Review of Educational Research, 2018)
Quantitative mixed models were used to examine literature published from 1966 through 2016 on the effectiveness of Direct Instruction. Analyses were based on 328 studies involving 413 study designs and almost 4,000 effects. Results are reported for the total set and subareas regarding reading, math, language, spelling, and multiple or other academic subjects; ability measures; affective outcomes; teacher and parent views; and single-subject designs. All of the estimated effects were positive and all were statistically significant except results from metaregressions involving affective outcomes. Characteristics of the publications, methodology, and sample were not systematically related to effect estimates. Effects showed little decline during maintenance, and effects for academic subjects were greater when students had more exposure to the programs. Estimated effects were educationally significant, moderate to large when using the traditional psychological benchmarks, and similar in magnitude to effect sizes that reflect performance gaps between more and less advantaged students.

The effectiveness of integrating interactive technology in reading comprehension: A case study of Jamaica's grade school - Iyare, Ngozi F.; James, Julia; Amonde, Tom M. (Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 2018)
Aim/Purpose: There is growing number of countries embarking on large-scale, government-supported initiatives (e.g., Antigua & Barbuda, Australia, Brazil, India, Iran, Jamaica, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, Turkey, and the United Arab Emirates) to distribute tablet devices to students in the K-12 schooling sector. The review of the government-supported initiatives concluded that the majority of these initiatives have been driven not by educational frameworks or research-based evidence but by the tablet hype. The goal of this study is to provide research-based evidence by investigating if the learning experience for grade-three learners with interactive technology improves knowledge and skills in reading comprehension compared to learning in the traditional chalk and talk environment. Background: Prior studies provided limited evidence based mainly on data from developed countries about the influence of the use of interactive technology on reading comprehension at lower grade school level. Methodology: Employing a mixed-method case study research approach, this study aims to investigate the effects of integrating interactive technology in reading comprehension and examine the perspectives of students. This case study employed a sample of 30 public school third-grade students located in a relatively poor residential area in St Catherine, Jamaica as well as the two classroom teachers. Thirty students were divided into two groups -- an experimental group, which included 16 participants and a control group, which included 14 participants. The intervention program was carried out over a period of eight weeks. Contribution: This study has provided (a) additional data to show evidence for the effectiveness of interactive technology in reading comprehension and (b)research based evidence for the distribution of computer devices to students in the K-12 schooling sectors. Findings: We found empirical support for the positive effects of technology-based approaches for addressing reading comprehension and vocabulary skills. Our results were based on the pre-test and post-test assessments. Additional data was collected using a survey questionnaire which was given to the students before and after the intervention. The change from pretest to posttest was significantly different between the two groups as measured by the Mann Whitney U test. Recommendations for Practitioners: The empirical support for the effects of technology-based approaches for addressing reading comprehension and vocabulary skills identified in this study will assist teachers with strategies and programs that should improve students' motivation as well as their grades. Recommendation for Researchers: For future studies, we recommend focusing on a longer intervention period and using a larger sample size that would likely yield more definitive and generalizable results.
Keywords: Case Studies; Control Groups; Conventional Instruction; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Elementary Education; Elementary School Students; Experimental Groups; Foreign Countries; Grade 3; Instructional Effectiveness; Jamaica; Mastery Learning; Outcomes of Education; Reading Comprehension; Reading Improvement; Reading Instruction; Teaching Methods; Technology Integration

The effectiveness of online and blended learning: A meta-analysis of the empirical literature - Means, Barbara; Toyama, Yukie; Murphy, Robert; Bakia, Marianne (Teachers College Record, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The effectiveness of publicly vs. privately assigned group leaders among learners in rural villages in Tanzania - Uchidiuno, Judith; Yarzebinski, Evelyn; Vargas-Vite, Emilio; Koedinger, Ken; Ogan, Amy (International Society of the Learning Sciences (ISLS), 2019)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The effectiveness of technology-supported personalised learning in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis - Major, Louis; Francis, Gill A.; Tsapali, Maria (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2021)
Digital technology offers the potential to address educational challenges in resource-poor settings. This meta-analysis examines the impact of students' use of technology that personalises and adapts to learning level in low- and middle-income countries. Following a systematic search for research between 2007 and 2020, 16 randomised controlled trials were identified in five countries. Studies involved 53,029 learners aged 6–15 years. Coding examined learning domain (mathematics and literacy); personalisation level and delivery; technology use; and intervention duration and intensity. Overall, technology-supported personalised learning was found to have a statistically significant—if moderate—positive effect size of 0.18 on learning (p = 0.001). Meta-regression reveals how more personalised approaches which adapt or adjust to learners' level led to significantly greater impact (an effect size of 0.35) than those only linking to learners' interests or providing personalised feedback, support, and/or assessment. Avenues for future research include investigating cost implications, optimum programme length, and teachers' role in making personalised learning with technology effective. Practitioner notes What is already known about this topic? Promoting personalised learning is an established aim of educators. Using technology to support personalised learning in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) could play an important role in ensuring more inclusive and equitable access to education, particularly in the aftermath of COVID-19. There is currently no rigorous overview of evidence on the effectiveness of using technology to enable personalised learning in LMICs. What this paper adds? The meta-analysis is the first to evaluate the effectiveness of technology-supported personalised learning in improving learning outcomes for school-aged children in LMICs. Technology-supported personalised learning has a statistically significant, positive effect on learning outcomes. Interventions are similarly effective for mathematics and literacy and whether or not teachers also have an active role in the personalisation. Personalised approaches that adapt or adjust to the learner led to significantly greater impact, although whether these warrant the additional investment likely necessary for implementation at scale needs to be investigated. Personalised technology implementation of moderate duration and intensity had similar positive effects to that of stronger duration and intensity, although further research is needed to confirm this. Implications for practice and/or policy: The inclusion of more adaptive personalisation features in technology-assisted learning environments can lead to greater learning gains. Personalised technology approaches featuring moderate personalisation may also yield learning rewards. While it is not known whether personalised technology can be scaled in a cost-effective and contextually appropriate way, there are indications that this is possible. The appropriateness of teachers integrating personalised approaches in their practice should be explored given ‘supplementary’ uses of personalised technology (ie, additional sessions involving technology outside of regular instruction) are common.
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen; _cover:analysis:nopdf; _zenodo:submitted; computer-assisted learning; learning outcomes; low- and middle-income; meta-analysis; personalisation; personalised adaptive learning; ⛔ No DOI found

The effectiveness of technology-supported teacher professional learning communities in emergency settings - El-Serafy, Yomna; Adam, Taskeen; Hassler, Björn (Future-Proofing Teacher Education, 2022)
Professional learning communities are becoming increasingly popular in emergency settings due to their potential to be a sustainable, scalable, and grounded modality for teacher professional development. In settings where formal structures of professional development are absent or disjointed, professional learning communities respond to the urgent need to develop quality teachers. Moreover, where teachers have experienced significant trauma, such communities offer highly valued spaces for socioemotional support. Increasingly, practitioners in emergency settings are moving towards using technology to support professional learning communities, either by facilitating them entirely online or by using technology for specific components. This chapter builds upon existing literature on the use of technology in professional learning communities, both globally and in emergency settings in particular. The chapter correlates such literature to findings from primary research that involved 280 practitioners of professional learning communities in emergency settings. We demonstrate the potential for technology to significantly increase access to and effectiveness of professional learning communities in emergency settings, while laying out significant barriers to implementation.

The Effectiveness of Using Technology in English Language Classrooms in Government Primary Schools in Bangladesh - Parvin, Ruxana Hossain; Salam, Shaikh Flint (FIRE: Forum for International Research in Education, 2015)
Across the globe, governments of different countries have recognized the importance and value of digital technologies in language learning. This article is based on the pilot project of Save the Children using information and communication technology (ICT) in education. Through this initiative, interactive multimedia software based on national curriculum of English Class 4 were developed and tested in selected government primary schools. The pre-intervention survey indicated that the teachers do not have the language competence to confidently facilitate English classes using the Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approach. The results of the project showed that the use of audio-visual content has strong potential for enhancing and promoting interactive language classes. However, the success of the program depends on how the technology is designed and implemented and how the teachers are trained to use it.

The Effectiveness of Volunteer Tutoring Programs: A Systematic Review - Ritter, Gary; Denny, George; Albin, Ginger; Barnett, Joshua; Blankenship, Virginia (2006)

The effects of a technology-aided learning environment on the improvement of a primary special education school - Karal, Hasan (Educational Research and Reviews, 2015)
The changes demanded by technology are reshaping people’s expectations of education. These changing demands and expectations have introduced certain concepts, such as individuals who have become skilled at learning and the learning organization. Individuals and schools, as the most basic unit of educational organizations, should demonstrate a shift from traditional training toward becoming ‘learning’ or ‘effective’ schools in order to survive in the world today. This requires effective implementation of technology infrastructure in schools and the integration of technology into learning environments. This study aimed to examine the impact of technology-aided learning environments on the improvement of a primary special education school where students with hearing impaired attend. The study adopted qualitative research approach and used case study as a research design. Semi-structured interviews and observations were employed for collecting necessary data. The study sample comprised a school principal, a vice principal, a staff, thirteen teachers and four parents of the students in the school. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using a descriptive analysis through the qualitative analysis software MAXQDA©. It was found that themes such as cooperation and organization for school improvement, innovation and student achievement received the highest level of emphasis. The results of the study suggest that using technology aided learning environments, helped the school to improve, changed the way of teachers’ functioning and contributed to their professional development. Progress in the social and academic performances of the students was also observed. Key words: School development, technology, innovation, hearing impaired.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The Effects of a Technology-Aided Learning Environment on the Improvement of a Primary Special Education School - Karal, Hasan (Educational Research and Reviews, 2015)
The changes demanded by technology are reshaping people's expectations of education. These changing demands and expectations have introduced certain concepts, such as individuals who have become skilled at learning and the learning organization. Individuals and schools, as the most basic unit of educational organizations, should demonstrate a shift from traditional training toward becoming '"learning" or "effective" schools in order to survive in the world today. This requires effective implementation of technology infrastructure in schools and the integration of technology into learning environments. This study aimed to examine the impact of technology-aided learning environments on the improvement of a primary special education school where students with hearing impaired attend. The study adopted qualitative research approach and used case study as a research design. Semi-structured interviews and observations were employed for collecting necessary data. The study sample comprised a school principal, a vice principal, a staff, thirteen teachers and four parents of the students in the school. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using a descriptive analysis through the qualitative analysis software MAXQDA©. It was found that themes such as cooperation and organization for school improvement, innovation and student achievement received the highest level of emphasis. The results of the study suggest that using technology aided learning environments, helped the school to improve, changed the way of teachers' functioning and contributed to their professional development. Progress in the social and academic performances of the students was also observed.
Keywords: Academic Achievement; Assistant Principals; Attitude Measures; Case Studies; Cooperation; Educational Innovation; Educational Technology; Elementary Education; Elementary School Teachers; Foreign Countries; Observation; Parents; Principals; Qualitative Research; School Personnel; Semi Structured Interviews; Special Education; Statistical Analysis; Teaching Methods; Technology Uses in Education; ___working_potential_duplicate

The Effects of a Technology-Aided Learning Environment on the Improvement of a Primary Special Education School - Karal, Hasan (Educational Research and Reviews, 2015)
The changes demanded by technology are reshaping people's expectations of education. These changing demands and expectations have introduced certain concepts, such as individuals who have become skilled at learning and the learning organization. Individuals and schools, as the most basic unit of educational organizations, should demonstrate a shift from traditional training toward becoming '"learning" or "effective" schools in order to survive in the world today. This requires effective implementation of technology infrastructure in schools and the integration of technology into learning environments. This study aimed to examine the impact of technology-aided learning environments on the improvement of a primary special education school where students with hearing impaired attend. The study adopted qualitative research approach and used case study as a research design. Semi-structured interviews and observations were employed for collecting necessary data. The study sample comprised a school principal, a vice principal, a staff, thirteen teachers and four parents of the students in the school. The data were analyzed qualitatively by using a descriptive analysis through the qualitative analysis software MAXQDA©. It was found that themes such as cooperation and organization for school improvement, innovation and student achievement received the highest level of emphasis. The results of the study suggest that using technology aided learning environments, helped the school to improve, changed the way of teachers' functioning and contributed to their professional development. Progress in the social and academic performances of the students was also observed.
Keywords: Academic Achievement; Assistant Principals; Attitude Measures; Case Studies; Cooperation; Educational Innovation; Educational Technology; Elementary Education; Elementary School Teachers; Foreign Countries; Observation; Parents; Principals; Qualitative Research; School Personnel; Semi Structured Interviews; Special Education; Statistical Analysis; Teaching Methods; Technology Uses in Education; ___working_potential_duplicate

The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction designed according to 7E Model of Constructivist Learning on Physics Student Teachers' Achievement, Concept Learning, Self-Efficacy Perceptions and Attitudes - Kocakaya, S; Gonen, Selahattin (Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE, 2010)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The effects of continuing professional development (CPD) though SPRINT on teacher classroom practices and student learning outcomes. In Collaboration toward Greater Autonomy in Educational Development - Mubanga, R (2012)

The effects of continuing professional development (CPD) through SPRINT on teacher classroom practices and student learning outcomes - Mazala, Chileya Mbasilu (2011)
This study looked at the effects of Continuing Professional Development (CPD) through School Programmes for In -Service for the Term (SPRINT) on teacher classroom practices and student learning outcomes. The purpose of the study was to find out if SPRINT had any effect on teacher classroom practice and student learning outcomes. The target population was all Ndola high schools. The sample consisted of 196 respondents that is, five head teachers, five deputy heads, fifteen heads of department, five School In- Service Providers (SIP), five Zone INSET Providers (ZIP) and twelve teachers from each of the five schools and one Resource Centre Coordinator. The sample also included one hundred grade twelve pupils, twenty randomly picked from each of the five schools Purposive sampling was used to select the schools, head teachers, heads of department, INSET providers and the subject coordinator. Teachers and pupils were selected using simple random sampling. Questionnaires, observations, interviews, Focus Group Discussions and documentary evidence were the research instruments used to gather information. A review of relevant literature and its implication for CPD was undertaken to provide interrogation framework for this study. Guskey's five levels of evaluation were used to structure the framework Data were analyzed by identifying and categorizing significant themes relevant to research objectives. The data were presented in form of tables, percentages,graphs and charts. Qualitative data from interviews were coded and emerging themes grouped into categories The themes and categories of initial data were compared with those of subsequent interviews. Categories were then regrouped to get the most significant categories and themes.The findings from this study indicated that teachers at all career stages expressed the desire to take part in Continuing Professional Development through SPRINT.Research findings also showed that SPRINT activities did impact on teacher classroom practice basing on the twelve observable skills recommended by The Ministry of Education. The findings from this study further revealed that SPRINT had an impact on student learning outcomes as shown by the average scores of students whose teachers took part in CPD and those whose teachers did not.Average scores for the latter were lower than the former category of students.The findings further revealed that although there was evidence of the effect of CPD through SPRINT on teacher classroom practices and student learning outcomes, this programme was hindered by weak organisational support.The results of the study showed that teachers were not enthusiastic about continuing with the CPD programme as it lacked adequate funding and support from both local administrators and the Ministry of Education. Teachers were not involved in identifying training needs and as such did not feel they were the owners of CPD Teachers also felt that this kind of CPD did not help in career progression as the credit system was not effective. At organizational level, this study found that policies and guidelines on how to organize and manage CPD were lacking.CPD leaders also did not have adequate training to prepare them for their roles. Because of this lack of training, CPD leaders could not carry out assessment of the effects of CPD through SPRINT on teacher classroom practices and student learning outcomes.On the basis of these findings, it is recommended that teachers should be in charge of their own CPD and be involved in needs assessment .Secondly, CPD leaders should be properly trained for their role and they should have clear job specifications. In addition, adequate funding for the programme should be made available by both the Government and the School Administration. The Ministry of Education also needs to formulate national policies and guidelines on management and evaluation of SPRINT .A standardized accreditation system which would enable teachers to experience career progression through SPRINT should also be put in place. Lastly, CPD through SPRINT should be made research based with teachers having access to INTERNET and good library facilities.

The effects of home access to technology on computer skills: Evidence from a field experiment - Fairlie, Robert W. (Information Economics and Policy, 2012)

The effects of home computers on educational outcomes: Evidence from a field experiment with community college students - Fairlie, Robert W.; London, Rebecca A. (The Economic Journal, 2012)

The Effects of Incentive Initiatives on Teacher Retention in Tanzania: A Case of the Rukwa Region - Swai, Anna Every (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2013)

The Effects of Micro-Reflective Teaching Practices on the Professional Skill Development of Pre-Service Physics Teachers - Batman, Demet; Saka, Ahmet Zeki (The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2021)
The aim of this study is to find out the effects of micro-reflective teaching practices on the professional skill development of pre-service physics teachers. It was planned as an experimental study with one group pretestposttest and supported by the case study method. The data were collected by using professional skill scale, observation form and reflective diaries. The sample of the study composed of 13 (6 female, 7 male) pre-service teachers were studying in a Physics Teaching Program in an education faculty in north-eastern Turkey. Each preservice teacher implemented 5 micro-reflective teaching practice within the scope of the research. These practices were recorded by the camera. At the end of each practice pre-service teachers watched themselves and wrote their reflective diaries. The data obtained from the scales and the observation form were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and the data acquired from the reflective diaries were examined based on interpretive analysis. The findings based on the data obtained from the professional skill scale, observation forms and the reflective diaries indicate that micro-reflective teaching practices help improve pre-service physics teachers’ basic professional skills; subject matter mastery, planning, communication, classroom management, and evaluation.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The effects of school-based decision-making on educational outcomes in low-and middle-income contexts: a systematic review - Carr-Hill, Roy; Rolleston, Caine; Schendel, Rebecca (Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2016)
Keywords: ❓ Multiple DOI

The Effects of Summer Vacation on Achievement Test Scores: A Narrative and Meta-Analytic Review - Cooper, Harris; Nye, Barbara; Charlton, Kelly; Lindsay, James; Greathouse, Scott (Review of Educational Research, 1996)

The effects of the size and weight of a mobile device on an educational game - Furió, David; González-Gancedo, Santiago; Juan, M; Seguí, Ignacio; Costa, María; others (Computers & Education, 2013)

The effects of TV on speech education - Gocen, Gokcen; Okur, Alpaslan (Educational Research and Reviews, 2013)
Generally, the speaking aspect is not properly debated when discussing the positive and negative effects of television (TV), especially on children. So, to highlight this point, this study was first initialized by asking the question: "What are the effects of TV on speech?" and secondly, to transform the effects that TV has on speech in a utilizable manner, "How can we utilize TV in speech education?". The required data were collected through a survey with the middle school students involved in the sample. Students who argued that TV "does not" corrupt their speech are in the opinion that they imitate how people speak on TV and think that figures they see on TV actually speak well, teaching them how to speak well also, and that TV expands their vocabulary, helping them to express themselves more easily. According to this result, "TV language" should set an example for that matter. (Contains 7 tables.)
Keywords: Articulation (Speech); Foreign Countries; Mass Media Effects; Mass Media Role; Middle School Students; Middle Schools; Speech Communication; Speech Habits; Speech Skills; Teacher Attitudes; Television; Television Research; Television Viewing; ⛔ No DOI found

The efficacy of learning analytics interventions in higher education: A systematic review - Larrabee Sønderlund, Anders; Hughes, Emily; Smith, Joanne (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2018)
Abstract Educational institutions are increasingly turning to learning analytics to identify and intervene with students at risk of underperformance or discontinuation. However, the extent to which the current evidence base supports this investment is currently unclear, and particularly so in relation to the effectiveness of interventions based on predictive models. The aim of the present paper was to conduct a systematic review and quality assessment of studies on the use of learning analytics in higher education, focusing specifically on intervention studies. Search terms identified 689 papers, but only 11 studies evaluated the effectiveness of interventions based on learning analytics. These studies highlighted the potential of such interventions, but the general quality of the research was moderate, and left several important questions unanswered. The key recommendation based on this review is that more research into the implementation and evaluation of scientifically driven learning analytics is needed to build a solid evidence base for the feasibility, effectiveness and generalizability of such interventions. This is particularly relevant when considering the increasing tendency of educational institutions around the world to implement learning analytics interventions with only little evidence of their effectiveness.
Keywords: Reviewed

The Efficacy of Low Vision Devices for Students in Specialized Schools for Students who are Blind in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal - Joshi, Mahesh R.; Yamagata, Yoshitaka; Akura, Junsuke; Shakya, Suraj (Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 2008)
In Nepal, children with low vision attend specialized schools for students who are totally blind and are treated as if they were totally blind. This study identified children with low vision and provided low vision devices to them. Of the 22% of the students in the school who had low vision, 78.5% benefited from the devices. Proper devices and counseling improved the quality of life of a significant number of these students.

The Egyptian Ministry of Education’s E-Learning Portal - Egyptian Ministry of Education (2021)

The eLearning Africa Report 2014 - Elletson, H; MacKinnon,, A (ICWE, 2014)

The emergence of language as a complex adaptive system - Ellis, Nick C. (The Routledge Handbook of Applied Linguistics, 2010)

The erasures of racism in education and international development: re-reading the ‘global learning crisis’ - Sriprakash, Arathi; Tikly, Leon; Walker, Sharon (Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 2019)
(2019). The erasures of racism in education and international development: re-reading the ‘global learning crisis’. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. Ahead of Print.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The evaluation of "technological pedagogical content knowledge based argumentation practices" training for science teachers - Çoban, Gül Ünal; Akpinar, Ercan; Baran, Bahar; Saglam, Merve Kocagül; Özcan, Erkan; Kahyaoglu, Yasemin (Egitim ve Bilim, 2016)
In science education, creating learning environments supported with technology and students' use of theory-evidence coordination when expressing their ideas is emphasized regarding the development of students' scientific reasoning, critical thinking, decision making skills, and etc. In this process, great responsibilities are fallen to teachers as planner and designer of a learning environment. In this study, it is aimed to assess the training which aims the development of science teachers' technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) through argumentation practices. In this context; this study evaluated the science teachers' argumentation skills, self-efficacy perceptions towards TPACK and the teachers' views about the training. 37 science teachers working at different cities in Turkey participated in the one group pre-test post-test experimental training study, which was lasted 54 hours during a week. The training is composed of both hand and minds on argumentation practices based on TPACK. The participants joined different activities such as collaborative group works, drama, modeling, thematic games, art activities, problem-based learning, field trips, observation and workshops. In the study, Argumentation Test, TPACK Self-Efficacy Belief Scale were used as data collection tools. At the end of the training written views of science teachers towards activities were taken. In the light of the findings, this training was effective on the participants' self-efficacy levels towards technological pedagogical content knowledge. Moreover, this training resulted in a positive change in the participants' views about how a statement could be accepted as an argument. However, the increase in scores of argumentation skills was not significant. Additionally almost all of the participants stated that they found the activities useful and can use in their classes. By considering these results, some suggestions were given.
Keywords: Argumentation; Education; Professional development; Science teachers; Technological pedagogical content knowledge; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2097466; __finaldtb

The evidence ecosystem in South Africa: growing resilience and institutionalisation of evidence use - Stewart, Ruth; Dayal, Harsha; Langer, Laurenz; van Rooyen, Carina (Palgrave Communications, 2019)
The evidence-informed approach to policy-making and implementation is, at its core, about better decisions for a better future. It is focused on the effective use of scarce resources, on avoiding harm and maximising good. It is grounded in principles of equity and equality, of accountability and transparency. Given these characteristics, for those of us who work in this field, there is arguably a moral, economic, social and political case for paying closer attention to evidence-informed decision-making ecosystems in the South. Evidence-based policy and implementation, or evidence-informed decision-making in line with the most recent thinking, is often framed from two inter-related but limited perspectives: first, it is viewed as an approach that has originated from ‘developed’ Northern countries, and second, it is conceptualised as a technical intervention. However, there has been a shift in how the approach is conceived, moving away from assumptions that it is an intervention implemented from outside, from the North, for the benefit of the South. As part of this shift, certain initiatives in Africa have gained greater momentum. It is in acknowledging that there are different ways to think (epistemic diversity) about Southern evidence-informed decision-making, that this work has arisen. It seizes on the opportunity to view evidence-informed decision-making in a new light, exploring the evidence ecosystems in the South as systems strongly influenced by, but not defined by, Northern stimuli, including, but not limited to, technical interventions. This work set out to describe the evidence ecosystem in South Africa. In doing so, it finds that the ecosystem is increasingly resilient despite some limitations. It has strong structural foundations, includes many diverse organisations, is supported by not inconsiderable investment, is enabled by growing and significant capacity, contains iterations and innovations, and last but not least, incorporates complexity that gives the ecosystem resilience. The work demonstrates, through its focus on South Africa’s evidence ecosystem, that the global movement has much to learn from the South.

The Evolution of Constructivist Learning Environments: Immersion in Distributed, Virtual Worlds - Dede, Chris (Educational Technology, 1995)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The evolution of school league tables in England 1992-2016: ‘Contextual value-added’, ‘expected progress’ and ‘progress 8’ - Leckie, George; Goldstein, Harvey (British Educational Research Journal, 2017)

The evolution of systematic evidence reviews: Past and future developments and their implications for policy analysis - Lemire, Sebastian; Peck, Laura R.; Porowski, Allan (Politics & Policy, 2023)
Abstract Evidence reviews are widely used to summarize findings from existing studies and, as such, are an important base for policy analysis. Over the past 50 years, three waves of evidence reviews have emerged: (1) the meta‐analysis wave, (2) the mixed‐methods synthesis wave, and (3) the core components wave. The present article first describes these waves and reflects on the benefits and limitations of each wave in the context of policy analysis. Informed by this historical account, the article then identifies and discusses three trends that are likely to influence future directions of evidence reviews: (1) using data science tools, (2) embedding an equity focus, and (3) translating research into practice. The concluding discussion connects these developments to public policy, identifying how evidence from systematic evidence reviews informs—or could better inform—policy decisions. Related Articles Nunes Silva, Carlos. 2012. “Policy and Evidence in a Partisan Age: The Great Disconnect—By Paul Gary Wyckoff.” Politics & Policy 40(3): 541–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00363.x . Sinclair, Thomas A. P. 2006. “Previewing Policy Sciences: Multiple Lenses and Segmented Visions.” Politics & Policy 34(3): 481–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00025.x . Smith‐Walter, Aaron, Holly L. Peterson, Michael D. Jones, and Ashley Nicole Reynolds Marshall. 2016. “Gun Stories: How Evidence Shapes Firearm Policy in the United States.” Politics & Policy 44(6): 1053–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12187 . , La evolución de las revisiones sistemáticas de evidencia: Desarrollos pasados y futuros y sus implicaciones para el análisis de políticas Las revisiones de evidencia se utilizan ampliamente para resumir los hallazgos de estudios existentes y, como tales, son un tipo importante de análisis de políticas. En los últimos 50 años, han surgido tres oleadas de revisiones de evidencia: (1) la oleada de metanálisis, (2) la oleada de síntesis de métodos mixtos y (3) la oleada de componentes centrales. El presente artículo primero describe estas oleadas y reflexiona sobre los beneficios y limitaciones de cada oleada en el contexto del análisis de políticas. Basado en este relato histórico, el artículo luego identifica y analiza tres tendencias que probablemente influirán en las direcciones futuras de las revisiones de evidencia: (1) usar herramientas de ciencia de datos, (2) incorporar un enfoque de equidad y (3) traducir la investigación a la práctica. La discusión final conecta estos desarrollos con la política pública, identificando cómo la evidencia de las revisiones sistemáticas de evidencia informa, o podría informar mejor, las decisiones de política. , 系统性证据审查的演变:过去和未来的发展及其对政策分析的影响 证据审查被广泛用于总结现有研究结果，因此是一种重要的政策分析类型。过去50年里，出现了三次证据审查浪潮，即荟萃分析、混合方法综合、以及核心组分法。本文首先描述了这三种方法，并在政策分析情境下反思了每种方法的优势和局限性。根据这一历史叙述，本文随后识别并探讨了可能影响证据审查未来方向的三种趋势:(1)使用数据科学工具，(2)嵌入公平视角，(3)将研究转化为实践。结论将这些发展与公共政策相联系，识别了来自系统性证据审查的证据如何影响政策决策(或如何能更好地影响政策决策)。
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024; análisis de políticas; componentes básicos; core components; evidence review; meta-analysis; metanálisis; mixed methods; métodos Mixtos; policy analysis; research synthesis; revisión de evidencia; revisión sistemática; systematic review; síntesis de Investigación; 政策分析; 核心组分; 混合方法; 研究综合; 系统性综述; 荟萃分析; 证据审查

The evolution of U.S. e-learning policy: a content analysis of the National Education Technology Plans - Roumell, Elizabeth Anne; Salajan, Florin Daniel (Educational Policy, 2016)
The purpose of this study was threefold: to expand on existing reviews of 20 years of educational technology policy in the United States, to perform an empirical content analysis of the four National Education Technology Plan (NETP) documents issued by the Department of Education since 1996, and to provide a dialectic analysis of the evolution of U.S. e-learning policy. The content analysis revealed that, as the United States aims to reestablish its leadership role internationally, with a focus on global competitiveness, a sense of urgency is communicated in the development of e-learning policy and general education reform over time throughout each of the NETP documents, justifying the need for increased funding and support for federal level initiative in terms of educational technology policy. Through a dialectical analysis, endemic tensions within the NETP discourse become apparent in the competing visions of education as a means of both conferring economic fluency and mobility to individuals within the society.

The evolving capacities of the child - Lansdown, Gerison (Save the children, 2005)

The funding of school education: Main findings and policy pointers - OECD (The Funding of School Education: Connecting Resources and Learning, 2017)
This study on school funding policies was conducted for a number of reasons:

The futility of attempting to codify academic achievement standards | SpringerLink - Sadler, Royce (2009)

The Future of EMIS: A Public Financial Management Perspective - Cresswell, Simon; Long, Cathal; Fraser, Alasdair (EdTech Hub, 2023)
Policymakers in low- and lower-middle-income countries are in a bind: while more complex EMIS designs may make processes more likely to fail following donor exit, simple EMIS designs do not provide enough information to track the effects of reforms and progress addressing the learning crisis. Even for basic measures, EMIS appear to generate inaccurate data in many cases. Reflections on EMIS implementation challenges point to demand and supply issues, with the former being the more important determinant for realising EMIS potential and their ongoing development. This paper considers demand and supply for EMIS from a public financial management (PFM) perspective. Keywords: public financial management, budgeting, digital, data governance, education An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

The future of language education in Europe: case studies of innovative practices - Le Pichon-Vorstman, Emmanuelle; Siarova, Hanna; Szőnyi, Eszter (European Journal of Language Policy, 2021)

THE FUTURE OF LEARNING AND TECHNOLOGY IN DEPRIVED CONTEXTS - Unwin, Tim; Weber, Mark; Brugha, Meaghan; Hollow, David
This report addresses the future of basic education, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) use in deprived locations, and the use of ICTs in primary school learning in 2020 and 2025, especially in deprived contexts. It draws on research evidence from the literature, the authors’ experiences of ICT use in education initiatives, interviews with practitioners and academics, a workshop, and consultations with Save the Children staff from many different countries, mostly conducted in August 2017.
Keywords: GENERAL - to be categorised; Google Scholar/ "refugee education" ICT

The Future of Work in Africa: The Roles of Skills, Informality, and Social Protection in Unleashing the Promise of Digital Technologies for All - World Bank (World Bank, 2019)
A new World Bank report says Sub-Saharan African countries could benefit from well-harnessed technological adoption.

The Future Use of Technology in Education and Learning in the Commonwealth - Unwin, Tim (The Round Table, 2019)
Modern Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have increasingly been used in education systems and for learning across the world over the last quarter of a century, and are frequently seen as being an important means of delivering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially SDG4. However, rhetoric about their potential benefits has often led to uncritical adoption of inappropriate and costly technologies, that have not benefited the poorest and most marginalised. This contribution explores likely uses of such technologies in Commonwealth education systems in the future, and what needs to be done so that these do indeed benefit everyone, rather than just the privileged with access to the latest technologies. It begins with an overview of existing Commonwealth initiatives, and then explores how ICT use for learning throughout the life-cycle is likely to change over the next decade. The next section suggests how Commonwealth organisations can best support governments and citizens in ensuring equitable distribution of relevant learning opportunities and mitigating the negative aspects of technology use. In conclusion, it advocates for the need to focus especially on the poorest and most marginalised, and it highlights the challenges of a future in which machines and humans are ever more intertwined.
Keywords: Commonwealth; Education; Qualitative Research; commentary; future; marginalisation; technology

The Gender Digital Divide Primer - USAID (2020)

The Generalizability Puzzle - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (2017)

The Generalizability Puzzle (SSIR) - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2017)
Rigorous impact evaluations tell us a lot about the world, not just the particular contexts in which they are conducted. Open access to this article is made possible by MIT.

The genius of frugal innovation - Radjou, Navi (ideas.ted.com, 2017)
Human creativity is a natural, infinitely renewable resource — and it’s coming up with smart, cheap solutions to people’s biggest problems. Strategist Navi Radjou explains.

The Ghana ICT for Accelerated Development Policy - Ministry of Communications (2003)

The Ghana ICT for Accelerated Development Policy - The Republic of Ghana (2003)

The Global Competitiveness Report - Schwab, Klaus (World Economic Forum, 2019)

The Global Competitiveness Report 2019 - Schwab, Klaus (World Economic Forum, 2019)
Keywords: auto_merged; ⛔ No DOI found

The Global Girlhood Report 2020: How COVID-19 is putting progress in peril - Szabo, Gabrielle; Edwards, Jess (Save The Children, 2020)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICT (Home) (The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICT)

The Global Report on the Status of Teachers 2021 - Thompson, Greg (2021)
The status of teachers remains a concern in many jurisdictions. Teachers are aware that holding the same qualifications or levels of training as other professions does not bring the same status, despite teaching and facilitating learning being complex work that requires significant expertise. The mandate for this Report was to consider the status of the teaching profession in the three years since the 2018 Report. Rather than simply covering the same ground as the previous Report, the survey was encouraged to maintain its strong focus on status, pay, and conditions while responding to pressing contemporary issues. In the midst of the global COVID-19 pandemic, with concern around the impact that this was having on school communities in general, and the teacher workforce in particular, a focus of this survey concerns the perspectives of unions across the world regarding the impact of COVID-19. [Publisher summary, ed]

The global stakes of digitalization in education - Haßler, Björn (The global stakes of digitalization in education (Uganda), 2021)
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodo:submitted

The Good News From Pakistan - Barber, Michael (Reform, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Great Debate: Why Rwanda may be the Best Country to Launch and Scale Your Tech Startup! - Antoun, Nadine (Medium, 2020)

The Green Book: appraisal and evaluation in central government - UK Government (2022)
HM Treasury guidance on how to appraise and evaluate policies, projects and programmes.

The growth of national learning assessments in the world, 1995–2006 - Benavot, A.; Tanner, E. (In: Education for All by 2015: will we make it? EFA global monitoring report 2008.Paris: UNESCO, pp. 1–17., 2007)

The heterogeneous effect of information on student performance: Evidence from a randomized control trial in Mexico - Avitabile, Ciro; de Hoyos, Rafael (Journal of Development Economics, 2018)
We use data from the randomized control trial of the Percepciones pilot to study whether providing 10th grade students with information about the average earnings associated with different educational attainments, life expectancy, and obtaining funding for higher education can contribute to improving student outcomes. We find that the intervention had no effects on a proxy for on-time high school completion, but a positive and significant impact on standardized test scores and self-reported measures of effort. The effects on standardized test scores are larger for girls and for students from households with relatively high incomes. We also find positive, but not statistically significant effects, on the probability of taking a university entry exam and of obtaining a high score in the exam.
Keywords: Gender; Information; School performance; Subjective expectations

The hidden costs of reward: new perspectives on the psychology of human motivation - Lepper, Mark L.; Green, David (Psychology revivals, 2016)

The History and Status of General Systems Theory. - Von Bertalanffy, L. (Academy of Management Journal, 1972)

The ICT Landscape in Northern Kenya: Challenges & Opportunities - Mugendi, Jacob; Valbuena, Gustavo (Engineering For Change, 2020)
EDITORIAL TEAM: Carolina Rojas, E4C Expert Fellow; Mariela Machado, E4C Program Manager; Grace Burleson, E4C Research Manager DISCLAIMER: Any views and/or opinions expressed in this post by individual authors or contributors are their personal views and/or opinions and do not necessarily reflect the views and/or opinions of Huawei Technologies or iGov Africa. Click here to view the full report. The northern region of Kenya, which is arid and semi-arid in nature, forms...

The impact and reach of MOOCs: A developing countries’ perspective - Liyanagunawardena, T.; Williams, S.; Adams, A. (eLearning Papers, 2013)
Massively Open Online Courses (MOOCs) are a recent but hugely popular phenomenon in the online learning world. They are hailed by many as a solution for the developing world’s lack of access to education because MOOCs can provide learning opportunities to a massive number of learners from anywhere in the world as long as they can access the course through Internet. However, a close consideration of the ability of learn- ers from most developing countries to make use of MOOCs seems to contradict this rhetoric. This paper discusses features of MOOCs and looks at them from a developing countries’ perspective to conclude that due to a complicated set of conditions (‘access’, language, computer literacy among others) prevailing in developing countries, MOOCs may not be a viable solution for education for a large proportion of people in these ar- eas of the world. The paper further shows the need for more data on the demograph- ics of MOOC participants from developing countries to form a better understanding of MOOCs role in educating people from developing countries.
Keywords: C:Low- and middle-income countries; NOTdocs.opendeved.net; ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

The Impact of a One Laptop per Child Program on Learning: Evidence from Uruguay - De Melo, Gioia; Machado, Alina; Miranda, Alfonso (IZA Discussion Papers, 2014)
We present evidence on the impact on students' math and reading scores of one of the largest deployments of an OLPC program and the only one implemented at a national scale: Plan Ceibal in Uruguay. Unlike previous work in the field, we have unique data that allow us to know the exact date of laptop delivery for every student in the sample. This gives us the ability to use a continuous treatment, where days of exposure are used as a treatment intensity measure. We use a panel data framework including fixed effects at the individual level. Given that there is some variation in the date of laptop delivery across individuals within the same school, we can identify the effect of the program net of potential heterogeneity in the rate schools gain improvements on student's achievement over time in the absence of the OLPC program across the country (i.e. we allow each school to follow a different learning growth curve over time due to unobservable time-varying heterogeneity). We also run an alternative specification where we allow for different learning growth curves over time between schools located in Montevideo and the rest of Uruguay. Our results suggest that in the first two years of its implementation the program had no effects on math and reading scores. The zero effect could be explained by the fact that laptops in class are mainly used to search for information on the internet.
Keywords: education; impact evaluation; technology; ⛔ No DOI found

The Impact of a Tech-Supported, School-Based TCPD Model on Learning Outcomes in Tanzania - EdTech Hub (EdTech Hub, 2021)

The Impact of a Tech-Supported, School-Based TCPD Model on Learning Outcomes in Tanzania: Research tool pack (EdTech Hub, 2023)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

The Impact of an Adolescent Girls Employment Program: The EPAG Project in Liberia - Adoho, Franck; Chakravarty, Shubha; Korkoyah, Dala T.; Lundberg, Mattias; Tasneem, Afia (Policy Research Working Papers, 2014)

The Impact of an Educational Media Intervention to Support Children’s Early Learning in Rwanda - Borzekowski, Dina; Lando, Agnes Lucy; Olsen, Sara; Giffen, Lauren (International Journal of Early Childhood, 2019)
Children in developing countries often lack sufficient support for early learning skills prior to beginning school. This research evaluates an educational media intervention using an animated cartoon program, Akili and Me. The program was originally created in Tanzania to teach early learning skills. This program was adapted in content and language use in this study in Rwanda. The two-week intervention involved primary school students (mean age = 7.1 years) who were randomized into two groups (intervention and comparison group). The intervention group viewed one Ankit and Me episode a day for five days. This viewing was repeated the following week. Similarly, the comparison watched the same amount of television but the content consisted of local popular programs. Baseline and follow-up assessments evaluated 10 areas of early learning, using an adaptation of the International Development and Early Learning Assessment (IDELA), and also children’s media receptivity. At follow-up, children in the intervention program, Akili and Me, had significantly higher scores for counting, number recognition, shape knowledge, letter identification, color identification, body part recognition, health knowledge, and vocabulary. The analyses provide promising evidence that locally produced educational media interventions can impact early learning skills, even among children living in resource-poor communities.
Keywords: Literacy; Media receptivity; Numeracy; Rwanda; School readiness skills; Television; ___working_potential_duplicate

The impact of assessment results on education policy and practice in East Africa - Elks, Phil (2016)

The impact of coaching in South African primary science InSET - Harvey, Stephen (International Journal of Educational Development, 1999)
This article presents evidence from an evaluation conducted by the Primary Science Programme (PSP) in South Africa, concerning the impact of classroom-based coaching on the teaching methods used by primary science teachers. The methods used by teachers provided with both workshops and classroom-based coaching were compared with those used by teachers who received workshops only and a control group who received no InSET at all. The findings showed that teachers who received coaching made substantial changes, whereas most teachers who received workshops-only remained similar to the control group. A social constructivist approach is adopted in interpreting these findings. The implications of this study for designing effective InSET in developing countries are also discussed.
Keywords: Constructivism; In-service training; Leader teachers; Primary science; South Africa; Teacher education

The impact of cognitive and non-cognitive feedback on students' achievement in a distance learning environment - Zeichner, Orit (Journal of Educational Technology, 2018)
This paper deals with the field of "feedback intervention" in a distance learning environment. The study examines the influences of two types of feedback: cognitive content-oriented feedback designed to meet the student's cognitive needs relating to the curriculum, and non-cognitive feedback that refers to motivational-affective aspects of the learning process, in the form of axioms relating to the student's ability, on one hand, and the effort that the student puts into the learning process, on the other. The purpose of this study was to examine the differential effect of different types of feedback on the student's coping variables (cognitive assessment), i.e. the sense of threat and challenge, self-efficacy, and achievement. The rationale for choosing feedback axioms for motivation is based on recent theoretical models which focus on students' perceptions and beliefs as elements that affect their learning motivation. The study was conducted on 171 subjects divided into three study groups. Each group received a different type of feedback: content feedback, effort feedback, or ability feedback. The findings indicate that groups which received feedback relating to more than content show improved motivation, an increased sense of challenge and improved achievement in comparison to the group which received content feedback only. Small differences were found between the ability feedback and effort feedback groups.
Keywords: Academic Achievement; Cognitive Processes; Comparative Analysis; Distance Education; Educational Technology; Feedback (Response); High School Students; Learning Processes; Learning Strategies; Mixed Methods Research; Questionnaires; Self Efficacy; Student Attitudes; Student Motivation

The impact of computer assisted learning on rural Taiwanese children: evidence from a randomized experiment - Ma, Yue; Abbey, Cody; Hu, Derek; Hung, Weiting; Zhang, Xinwu; Chang, Chiayuan; Wu, Chyi-In; Rozelle, Scott (Stanford University, 2020)
The effectiveness of educational technology (EdTech) in improving the outcomes of poor, marginalized students has primarily been documented by studies conducted in developing countries; however, relevant research involving randomized studies in developed country contexts is relatively scarce. The objective of the current study is to examine whether an in-school computer assisted learning (CAL) intervention can improve the math performance (the primary outcome) and academic attitudes (secondary outcomes) of rural students in Taiwan, including a marginalized subgroup of rural students called Xinzhumin. We also seek to identify which factors are associated with the effectiveness of the intervention. In order to achieve this, we conducted a randomized control trial involving 1,840 sixth-grade students at 95 schools in four relatively poor counties and municipalities of Taiwan during the spring semester of 2019. According to the ITT analysis, the O-CAL intervention had no significant ITT impacts on the primary outcome of student math performance as well as on most secondary outcomes of the overall treatment group (who on average used the software for only about one quarter of the protocol’s minimum required time of 30 minutes per week, indicating that compliance was low). However, the LATE analysis revealed significant improvements in the math performance of the 30% most active students in the treatment group (who used the software for about two thirds of the minimum required time). Effect sizes of active users overall (0.16 SD-0.22 SD) increased in accordance with increases in usage and were larger for active Xinzhumin users specifically (0.21 SD-0.35 SD). A wide range of student-level and (in particular) teacher-level characteristics were associated with the low compliance to the intervention, which are findings that may help inform educational policymakers and administrators of the potential challenges of introducing school-based interventions that depend heavily on teacher adoption and integration.

The impact of COVID-19 on education in Pakistan - Malik, Rabea (Cambridge University Press & Assessment, 2020)
This blog was written by Rabea Malik, Assistant Professor at the School of Education, Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS) and Research Fellow at the Institute of Development and Economic Alternatives (IDEAS) in Pakistan. This blog is part of a series from the REAL Centre reflecting on the impacts of the current COVID-19 pandemic on research work on international education and development.

THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON LEARNING - THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE GHANAIAN STUDENT - Owusu-Fordjour, C.; Koomson, C. K.; Hanson, D. (European Journal of Education Studies, 2020)
This study aimed at accessing the impact of Covid-19 on Ghana’s teaching and learning. The study employed a Descriptive survey design in which 11 items Likert-scale type of questionnaires was administered to 214 respondents mainly students in the second cycle and tertiary institutions of Ghana. The study employed simple random sampling technique in selecting the respondents for the study. The study revealed some challenges students encounter in the close down of schools due to the outbreak of the pandemic Covid-19: Students are unable to study effectively from the house thus, making the online system of learning very ineffective. Again, parents are incapable of assisting their wards on how to access online learning platform, neither can they entirely supervise the learning of their children at home without any complications. It came to light that the pandemic really has had a negative impact on their learning as many of them are not used to effectively learn by themselves. The e-learning platforms rolled out also poses challenge to majority of the students because of the limited access to internet and lack of the technical knowhow of these technological devices by most Ghanaian students. The study therefore recommends that students should be introduced to e-learning platforms to supplement classroom teaching and learning.  Article visualizations:
Keywords: emotions; highlife music; lyrics; popular music; structure; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

The Impact of COVID-19 on Opportunities for Adolescent Girls and the Role of Girls' Groups - Briggs, Hannah; Haberland, Nicole; Desai, Sapna; De Hoop, Thomas; Ngo, Thoai (Evidence Consortium on Women's Groups, 2020)
COVID-19 has disrupted lives, networks, and institutions across social, economic, and health dimensions around the globe. We examine how the pandemic has affected adolescent girls and young women in particular, and explore how group-based programs for girls in low-and middle-income countries have been affected by and are responding to the pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected adolescent girls and young women across multiple outcomes, including education, livelihoods, sexual and reproductive health, sexual- and gender-based violence, the burden of unpaid care, and early and forced marriage. These heightened barriers to economic and social opportunities and the resulting loss of human capital have the potential to derail progress towards gender equality unless recognized and addressed. Girls’ groups may offer potential pathways of resilience for girls during system shocks like the COVID-19 pandemic, though more evidence is needed on their effects and how they function when social connectivity and mobility are heavily restricted, limiting program implementation.

The impact of COVID-19 on student equity and inclusion: Supporting vulnerable students during school closures and school re-openings - OECD (2020)

The impact of education programmes on learning and school participation in low- and middle-income countries - Snilstveit, Birte; Stevenson, Jennifer; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie); Menon, Radhika; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie); Phillips, Daniel; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie); Gallagher, Emma; International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie); Geleen, Maisie; Maxwell Stamp; Jobse, Hannah; et al. (International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2016)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The impact of education technology on student achievement: What the most current research has to say. - Schacter, John (1999)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The impact of Galli Galli Sim Sim on Indian preschoolers - Borzekowski, Dina L. G.; Singpurwalla, Darius; Mehrotra, Deepti; Howard, Donna (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2019)
While educational media can affect young children's development, rigorous studies rarely occur in low and middle income countries. Using an experimental design, researchers investigated the effect of an educational television series (Galli Galli Sim Sim (GGSS), the Indian version of Sesame Street) with 1340 children in 99 preschools in Lucknow, India. Boys and girls, ages three to seven and mostly from low income households, saw 30 min of television five days a week for twelve weeks, varying how much Galli Galli Sim Sim versus other programming children watched. Assessments occurred at baseline, endline, and six weeks later. Hierarchical models showed that Galli Galli Sim Sim receptivity, an independent variable that combines exposure and recall, significantly improved literacy, numeracy, socio-emotional strategies, and nutritional knowledge. Locally-produced educational media should be encouraged as it can positively affect potential school success and child development.

The Impact of GIS-Supported Teacher Allocation in Sierra Leone - EdTech Hub; Education Commission; Fab Inc. (EdTech Hub, 2022)
Keywords: HLR3; _r:AddedByZotZen

The Impact of ICT as Another Route to Overcome Learning Barriers for Students with SEN: A Case Study in an Egyptian Context - Al-Gawhary, Wedad; Kambouri, Maria (International Association for the Development of the Information Society, 2012)
The purpose of this case study was to measure the impact of using ICT in Individual Learning Programmes of students with learning disabilities. Twenty five students and thirteen teachers took part in the research which was based on classroom observations. The Kappa coefficient was employed as a measure to statistically quantify the students' acquisition and progress in learning computer and literacy skills through raters' observations. A high correlation between Keyboard, PowerPoint, and literacy skills (writing, reading, and maths) was revealed suggesting the significance and impact of keyboard training as an essential component towards achieving educational objectives. Moreover, thematic analysis of the teachers' interviews provided a further dimension for understanding factors influencing the ICT integration process. These results further confirmed the positive impact of computer skills training on the students' learning experience which also revealed a strong belief in the right of every child to all learning opportunities, particularly ICT regardless of his/her abilities.(Contains 2 tables.) [For the complete proceedings, "Proceedings of the International Association for Development of the Information Society (IADIS) International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age (CELDA) (Madrid, Spain, October 19-21, 2012)," see ED542606.]
Keywords: Autism; Barriers; Case Studies; Cerebral Palsy; Communications; Computer Literacy; Computer Mediated Communication; Computer Software; Down Syndrome; Foreign Countries; Heterogeneous Grouping; Information Technology; Interrater Reliability; Mixed Methods Research; Semi Structured Interviews; Semitic Languages; Special Needs Students

The impact of information provision on human capital accumulation and child labor in Peru - Neilson, Christopher; Gallego, Francisco; Molina, Oswaldo (Innovations for Poverty Action, 2015)

The Impact of Information Provision on Human Capital Accumulation and Child Labor in Peru - Neilson, Christopher; Gallego, Francisco; Molina, Oswaldo (2019)

The Impact of IRC’s Healing Classrooms Tutoring on Children’s Learning and Social-Emotional Outcomes in Niger - IRC (Education in Emergencies: Evidence for Action, 2019)
During school year 2016-2017, the International Rescue Committee (IRC) delivered Healing Classrooms remedial tutoring programming and additional low-cost, targeted social-emotional learning (SEL) interventions to children in Diffa, a region in Niger affected by recurrent Boko Haram attacks. We found that, after twenty-two weeks of program implementation, access to Healing Classrooms tutoring significantly improved students’ reading and math skills, and adding targeted SEL interventions to Healing Classrooms tutoring improved children’s overall school grades. However, we found little evidence of direct impacts of the additional targeted SEL strategies on children’s social-emotional outcomes.

The Impact of Learning Design on Student Learning in Technology Integrated Lessons - Waqar, Yasira (Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2013)
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of learning design on knowledge transfer in technology integrated lessons where limited technologies are available to students in a third world country. This article includes an evaluation of the learning designs of technology integrated lessons in a private school in Pakistan. Qualitative research methodologies were employed to see the impact of learning design on knowledge transfer of students when similar technologies are used at the same grade level but the learning designs are different. The results revealed that knowledge transfer depends on learning design in technology integrated lessons where limited technologies are available. In third world countries like Pakistan the concept of technology integration in schools is relatively new and the schools do not have access to sophisticated online learning environments like agent based learning or environments where in built scaffolds are provided to students. So technologies like Microsoft office, videos, digital cameras and projector are being used in private schools to improve the teaching and learning experience of students and learning design plays a very important role in knowledge transfer.

The impact of learning first in mother tongue: Evidence from a natural experiment in Ethiopia - Seid, Yared (Applied Economics, 2019)

The impact of mother tongue reading instruction in twelve Ugandan languages and the role of language complexity, socioeconomic factors, and program implementation - Brunette, Tracy; Piper, Benjamin; Jordan, Rachel; King, Simon; Nabacwa, Rehemah (Comparative Education Review, 2019)

The impact of national and international assessment programmes on education policy, particularly policies regarding resource allocation and teaching and learning practices in developing countries - Best, Maura; Knight, Pat; Lietz, Petra; Lockwood, Craig; Nugroho, Dita; Tobin, Mollie (Assessment and Reporting, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The impact of parental involvement, parental support and family education on pupil achievements and adjustment: a literature review - Desforges, Charles; Abouchaar, Alberto (DfES, 2003)

The Impact of Scripted Literacy Instruction on Teachers and Students - Dresser, Rocio (Issues in Teacher Education, 2012)
Today, effective and creative teacher designed instruction is being replaced by scripted reading programs. These programs are changing the role of the teacher in the classroom from professionals to mere transmitters of knowledge. The idea that the role of the teacher had changed became evident while conducting a study with elementary school teachers from a local school. The five participating teachers were concerned about their English learners (ELs) not meeting their academic requirements. They attributed their students' low-test scores to the fact that a large number of them were proficient decoders, but struggled with reading comprehension and content knowledge. They felt that the scripted literacy program was rushed and did not give them enough time to take a closer look at students' individual reading needs. This article begins with a brief overview of the initial study and presents some of the unexpected findings. The article also explores some of the unintended consequences of scripted reading programs as well as the claims made by some proponents. At the end, it provides some alternatives to scripted instruction. (Contains 1 figure.)
Keywords: Action Research; Decoding (Reading); Elementary School Teachers; English Language Learners; Individual Needs; Instructional Effectiveness; Literacy; Reading Comprehension; Reading Instruction; Reading Programs; Second Language Learning; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Responsibility; Teacher Role; Teaching Methods; ⛔ No DOI found

The Impact of Teacher Effectiveness on Student Learning in Africa - Buhl-Wiggers, Julie; Kerwin, Jason; Smith, Jeffrey; Thornton, Rebecca (Rise Programme, 2017)
Teaching quality is known to be critical for students’ education and life prospects in developed countries. However, little is known about how teacher quality affects student learning in Africa. This paper presents the first estimates of teacher value-added from an African country, using data from a school-based RCT in northern Uganda. Exploiting the random assignment of students to classrooms within schools, we estimate a lower bound on teacher effects. A 1-SD increase in teacher quality leads to at least a 0.14 SD improvement in student performance on a reading test at the end of the year. Shifting teachers from the 10th to the 90th percentile of quality increases performance by 0.36 SDs –comparable to the most effective education interventions conducted in Africa. Our results also suggest that an increase in teacher quality can make other education interventions more efficient.
Keywords: C:Uganda; NULP

The impact of teacher training on teacher and student outcomes: evidence from a randomised experiment in Beijing migrant schools - Zhang, Linxiu; Lai, Fang; Pang, Xiaopeng; Yi, Hongmei; Rozelle, Scott (Journal of Development Effectiveness, 2013)

The Impact of Teachers Professional Development in Video Technology on Mathematics and English Learning of Preschoolers in a Rural Primary School in Pakistan - Ikram, Hamid (International Journal for Digital Society, 2015)
Learning media technologies are common and affordable tools in preschools for teaching and learning purposes. Unfortunately, many young children from low socio-economic communities do not have challenging and stimulating learning environment as compared to their advantaged peers.

The impact of technology on a multilingual world: Problems and opportunities - Wu, A.; Gonsalves, S-L.R.; Wagner, D.A. (In Lubin, I. (Ed.), Translating Learning Ecologies: ICT Across Global Contexts.)

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Education Financing - Al-Samarrai, Samer (World Bank, 2020)

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education: international evidence from the Responses to Educational Disruption Survey (REDS) - Meinck, Sabine; Fraillon, Julian; Strietholf, Rolf (UNESCO; International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2022)

The impact of the Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality (SACMEQ) - Murimba, S (Prospects, 2005)

The impacts of electronic media on academic performance of female student - Ullah, Shakir; Ali, Madad; Nisar, Muhammad; Farid, Tahir; Ali, Iqtidar; Alam, Sadiq (International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 2014)
This study investigates the impacts of electronic media on academic performance of female students in university of agriculture Peshawar Pakistan using questionnaire as a tool for obtaining data while Frequencies distribution of data was conducted to know comprehensively about data layout. It targeted 152 female students between 20 to 25 years age. The study recorded the respondent’s consumption patterns, level of viewing, preferred channels, favorite watching time, respondents residents pattern and marital status. Two third of the sample size opined that electronic media help in cognitive development of students. Furthermore majority of the respondents 105(59.0%) believed that electronic media help in solving academic problems of the students. Apart from these positive effects negative impacts of electronic media outweigh the positive impacts; like 80.2% of the respondents argued that electronic media negatively affect female academic performance. Similarly a sizable sample size were of the view that electronic media leads young female towards delinquencies. 120 (78/9%) disclosed that excessive use of electronic media cause low academic grades. This study recommended that female viewers are required to be alert regarding the use of electronic media. Efforts should be made for the enhancement of media literacy at mass level. There is need for improving the quality of programs contents for student’s especially female viewers. Keywords: Electronic media, performance, literacy, academic performance
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Impacts of Fast Track Transformational Teacher Training in Ghana - Wolf, Sharon (Innovations for Poverty Action, 2017)

The Impacts of Introducing Accountability: Evidence from a Randomized Field Trial in Vocational Schools in China - Loyalka, Prashant; Li, Guirong; Yi, Hongmei; Johnson, Natalie; Shi, Henry (2016 Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness Conference, 2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The impacts of remote learning in secondary education during the pandemic in Brazil - Lichand, Guilherme; Doria, Carlos Alberto; Leal-Neto, Onicio; Fernandes, João Paulo Cossi (Nature Human Behaviour, 2022)
The transition to remote learning in the context of COVID-19 might have led to dramatic setbacks in education. Taking advantage of the fact that São Paulo State featured in-person classes for most of the ﬁrst school quarter of 2020, but not thereafter, we estimate the eﬀects of remote learning in secondary education using a diﬀerences-in-diﬀerences strategy that contrasts variation in students’ outcomes across diﬀerent school quarters, before and during the pandemic. We also estimate intention-to-treat (ITT) eﬀects of reopening schools in the pandemic through a triplediﬀerences strategy, contrasting changes in educational outcomes across municipalities and grades that resumed in-person classes or not over 2020’s last school quarter. We ﬁnd that, under remote learning, dropout risk increased by 365% and test scores decreased by 0.32 s.d., as if students had only learned 27.5% of the in-person equivalent. Partially resuming in-person classes increased test scores by 20% relative to the control group.

The Impacts of Teacher Training and Parental Awareness on Kindergarten Quality in Ghana - Wolf, Sharon; Aber, John Lawrence; Behrman, Jere (Innovations for Poverty Action, 2019)

The implementation of ICT educational policy in selected schools in Swaziland - Vilakati, Nokuthula (UNISWA Research Journal, 2014)
Keywords: Equity of Access; ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

The Importance of Caregiver Engagement in Supporting Learning - Kimathi, Deborah; El-Serafy, Yomna; Plaut, Daniel; Kaye, Tom (EdTech Hub, 2021)
Do you know the importance of caregiver engagement in supporting learning beyond the classroom? Visit our website to learn more.

The Importance of Dynamic Geometry Computer Software on Learners’ Performance in Geometry - Adelabu, Folake Modupe; Makgato, Moses; Ramaligela, Manto Sylvia (The Electronic Journal of e-Learning, 2019)
The use of dynamic geometry computer software (DGCS) is important in educational environment, and it is more advantageous for learning mathematics comprehensively. This study examined the importance of dynamic geometry computer software on learners’ performance in geometry. A quasi experimental, non-equivalent control group was used. The instrument used in this study was geometry achievement mathematics test (GMAT) that comprised 15 multiple choices items. The GMAT was administered to 87 grade nine learners in two secondary schools in Tshwane south district, Gauteng Province South Africa. One school was used as experimental group and the second school was used as the control group. Data analysis employed the use of the statistical t-test independent sample. The result of the study shows that using DGCS is important in geometry whereby it improves the performance of learners. In addition, the results show that the software affects the female learners’ mathematics performances more positively than the male learners. Hence, the results of this study showed that there is great potential in using the DGCS (GeoGebra) to teach secondary schools mathematics. The study recommends that the use of technology in teaching and learning of mathematics should be a priority in the schools.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Importance of Educating Girls in the Newly Merged Districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan: Policy Paper - Naveed, Sumbal (Center for Universal Education at The Brookings Institution, 2018)
The Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan, named the Newly Merged Districts (NMDs) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in July 2018, have begun rebuilding after years of Talibanization and military operations. This policy paper focuses on how the government-led education activities can be best aligned to make education possible for the districts' girls, who have long been excluded from education due to conflict and war. Based on stakeholder perceptions, the paper identifies some barriers missed by the FATA's Education Sector Plan (ESP) and points out the opportunities within communities to accelerate the efforts to improve the girls' participation in schools. The results of the study propose to use a gender lens for planning and implementing the activities that can improve access to quality education, to prepare the girls for a better and more productive life.
Keywords: Access to Education; Attitude Change; Barriers; Community Involvement; Cultural Influences; Educational Finance; Educational Planning; Educational Quality; Equal Education; Equal Opportunities (Jobs); Females; Foreign Countries; Gender Bias; Governance; Government Role; Males; Political Issues; Single Sex Schools; Social Attitudes; Teacher Competencies; Transportation; War; Women Faculty

The importance of posting and interaction with the education bureaucracy in becoming a teacher in Ghana - Hedges, John (International Journal of Educational Development, 2002)
This paper addresses some of the issues surrounding the posting of newly trained teachers in Ghana. It specifically investigates the assertion that the posting system is ‘ineffective’ from the perspective of newly trained teachers who have been through the process. It emerged from analysis of the qualitative data that newly trained teachers’ experiences and perceptions of the posting process had a significant impact on their occupational culture. The research draws upon documents, interviews with members of the education bureaucracy, and interviews with 23 newly trained teachers posted to basic schools in rural areas in Central Region. The paper illuminates some of the problems involved in posting newly trained teachers to rural schools and looks for explanations as to why some teachers take up their postings and others do not.
Keywords: Basic education; C:Ghana; Deployment; Ghana; Induction; NQTs; Teacher education

The importance of theoretical positioning and the relevance of using bibliometrics for literature reviews - Rowe, Frantz; Kanita, Nada; Walsh, Isabelle (Journal of Decision Systems, 2023)
The theoretical positioning of a review is of the utmost importance in terms of its contribution to knowledge. This paper clarifies the significance of this design principle for different types of review i.e. for describing, understanding, explaining or testing purposes. Furthermore, new tools now mean that it is both possible and relevant for bibliometrics novices to use bibliometrics to support literature reviews. Applying the BIBGT method and combining two bibliometric techniques – co-citation analysis of references and bibliographic coupling of documents – can enhance the efficiency of the first three types of literature review. This paper provides examples of published works that apply BIBGT to each of these types of review and highlights the bibliometric software used. It concludes with a survey of promising applications for all researchers and makes recommendations for both experienced literature review researchers and literature review novices.
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

The Indian state of Odisha publishes online dictionaries in 21 indigenous languages - Panigrahi, S (2019)

The influence of data protection and privacy frameworks on the design of learning analytics systems - Hoel, Tore; Griffiths, Dai; Chen, Weiqin (2017)

The influence of ecological theory in child and youth care: A review of the literature - Derksen, Teri (International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 2010)

The influence of infrastructure, training, content and communication on the success of NEPAD’S pilot e-Schools in Kenya - Nyagowa, Hesbon O; Ocholla, Dennis N; Mutula, Stephen M (Information Development, 2014)
This study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of four of the seven e-School dimensions to the success of the pilot phase of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) e-School project in Kenya. The study employed survey research methodology. All six of the NEPAD e-Schools in Kenya were included and the teachers and students in those schools formed the study population. Of the 5,186 students and teachers, a representative sample of 1,508 was selected using probabilistic techniques. Data was collected using observations and a survey questionnaire. It was established that all six of the e-Schools had installed the basic computing facilities required for integrating information and communication technologies (ICT) in teaching and learning; all the e-Schools were observed to have the Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) for Internet access in computer laboratories where a variable number of computers were installed. The ICT infrastructure provided modest communication capabilities. But while teachers received technical (ICT) training, they did not receive training on pedagogies for ICT integration in teaching and learning. We conducted hypothesis testing and confirmed that the four dimensions of E-School Success Model, investigated in the current study, positively contribute towards the success of the e-School. We therefore concluded that ICT infrastructure quality, content and communication quality, training effectiveness and use make considerable contributions to the success of the pilot phase of the NEPAD e-School project in Kenya. We recommend that stakeholders should continue investing in the NEPAD e-School project. Further studies on the impact of the other three dimensions of the e-Schools are recommended.
Keywords: Kenya; New Partnership for Africa’s Development; e-schools

The Influence of Interactive Learning Materials on Self-Regulated Learning and Learning Satisfaction of Primary School Teachers in Mongolia - Li, Shengru; Yamaguchi, Shinobu; Takada, Jun-ichi (Sustainability, 2018)
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of interactive learning materials on learners’ self-regulated learning processes and learning satisfaction. A two-group experimental design was employed for 285 primary school teachers involved in teacher training. Teachers in the experimental group utilised interactive learning materials along with training videos and guidelines for their self-development at the school level. Teachers in the control group conducted self-development only with training videos and guidelines. The result was analysed using self-regulated learning theory explaining how one’s self-regulation processes affect learning satisfaction. Five self-regulation processes were identified in this study: internal motivation, motivation for better assessment, planning and organizing skills, critical and positive thinking skills, and effort regulation. The analysis was conducted in two steps. First, t-test analysis was used to identify the significant differences between the experimental group and the control group. The analysis revealed: (1) teachers conducting self-development with interactive learning materials were highly motivated to achieve better teacher assessment, (2) teachers with interactive learning materials had higher learning satisfaction. Second, the study further investigated the effect of interactive materials on the relationship between self-regulation processes and learning satisfaction, using moderation analysis. The results showed that interactive materials significantly affect the relationship between motivation for better assessment and learning satisfaction, as well as the relationship between internal motivation and learning satisfaction. These results were complemented by qualitative analysis including interviews and focus group discussions with teachers.
Keywords: ICT in education; country-specific developments; in-service teacher training; interactive learning environments; self-regulated learning

The Influence of Principals’, Teachers’ and Students’ Attitude on Readiness to Adopt e-Learning in Secondary Schools in Kitui District, Kenya - Mulwa, Angeline Sabina; Kyalo, Dorothy Ndunge (European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 2013)
Studies conducted in the field of ICT use in secondary schools reveal that, although in the past few years teachers and students have enjoyed adequate access to an assortment of ICTs such as computers, laptops, projectors printers, e-blackboards, mobile phones for use n integration of teaching and learning in schools, the level of utilization of the ICTs by teachers and students in Kitui District is still minimal. This study sought to examine the relationship between Principals, teachers’ and students’ attitude on utilization of ICTs and the readiness to adopt e-learning in curriculum implementation at secondary school level. The major objective of the study was to establish the extent to which the attitude of principals, teachers and students influence readiness to adopt e-learning in secondary schools in Kitui District. Cross–sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 66 principals, 66 teachers and 347 students, were involved in the study. The multiphase sampling procedure was adopted for this study. Data were collected using questionnaires and an observation schedule. The resultant information was analyzed by employing the quantitative approach which involved descriptive and inferential statistical procedures. The findings of the study reveal that the attitude held by secondary school Principals and Teachers had no significant influence on the schools’ readiness to adopt e-learning. However, the attitude held by students had a significant influence on the schools’ readiness to adopt e-learning. The study recommends that the government should plan to address the issue of e-learning infrastructure by availing e-learning equipment, enhancing connection to reliable sources of power, improving connectivity to various internet services and augmenting Human Resource ﻿capacity by organizing training programmes for Principals, Teachers and Students. Secondary schools should employ support staff members such as computer laboratory technicians or assistants before embarking on full-scale implementation of e-learning in schools in Kitui District and, indeed, all other remote semi-arid districts in Kenya. This will enhance positive attitude and confidence that e-learning can be successfully adopted in secondary schools in Kenya regardless of the location of the school.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

The Influence of Principals’, Teachers’ and Students’ Attitude on Readiness to Adopt e-Learning in Secondary Schools in Kitui District, Kenya - Mulwa, Angeline Sabina; Kyalo, Dorothy Ndunge (European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 2013)
Studies conducted in the field of ICT use in secondary schools reveal that, although in the past few years teachers and students have enjoyed adequate access to an assortment of ICTs such as computers, laptops, projectors printers, e-blackboards, mobile phones for use n integration of teaching and learning in schools, the level of utilization of the ICTs by teachers and students in Kitui District is still minimal. This study sought to examine the relationship between Principals, teachers’ and students’ attitude on utilization of ICTs and the readiness to adopt e-learning in curriculum implementation at secondary school level. The major objective of the study was to establish the extent to which the attitude of principals, teachers and students influence readiness to adopt e-learning in secondary schools in Kitui District. Cross–sectional survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 66 principals, 66 teachers and 347 students, were involved in the study. The multiphase sampling procedure was adopted for this study. Data were collected using questionnaires and an observation schedule. The resultant information was analyzed by employing the quantitative approach which involved descriptive and inferential statistical procedures. The findings of the study reveal that the attitude held by secondary school Principals and Teachers had no significant influence on the schools’ readiness to adopt e-learning. However, the attitude held by students had a significant influence on the schools’ readiness to adopt e-learning. The study recommends that the government should plan to address the issue of e-learning infrastructure by availing e-learning equipment, enhancing connection to reliable sources of power, improving connectivity to various internet services and augmenting Human Resource ﻿capacity by organizing training programmes for Principals, Teachers and Students. Secondary schools should employ support staff members such as computer laboratory technicians or assistants before embarking on full-scale implementation of e-learning in schools in Kitui District and, indeed, all other remote semi-arid districts in Kenya. This will enhance positive attitude and confidence that e-learning can be successfully adopted in secondary schools in Kenya regardless of the location of the school.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⚠️ Invalid DOI

The Influence of Principals’, Teachers’ and Students’ Attitude on Readiness to Adopt e-Learning in Secondary Schools in Kitui District, Kenya - Mulwa, Dr Angeline Sabina; Kyalo, Dr Dorothy Ndunge (2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

The Influence of Principals’, Teachers’ and Students’ Attitude on Readiness to Adopt e-Learning in Secondary Schools in Kitui District, Kenya - Mulwa, Dr Angeline Sabina; Kyalo, Dr Dorothy Ndunge (2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

The Influence of Teachers’ Professional Development Activities on the Factors Promoting ICT Integration in Primary Schools in Mongolia - Li, Shengru; Yamaguchi, Shinobu; Sukhbaatar, Javzan; Takada, Jun-ichi (Education Sciences, 2019)
This paper examines the influences of professional development activities on important teacher-level factors that are important for the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education for primary school teachers in Mongolia. The study utilizes the survey data collected in 2012 (n = 826) and 2016 (n = 1161) to identify the changes in factors that are important to the use of ICT in education. The study result shows that six teacher level factors that are important for the ICT integration have been improved over time through professional development activities. These are professional competency in educational use of ICT, collaboration for ICT integration, benefits on use of ICT, autonomy to innovate, recognition as a professional, and skills and practices in educational use of ICT. This provides supporting evidence to educational practitioners for the implementation of effective professional development programs to promote ICT integration in education, especially in the developing country’s context.
Keywords: ICT in education; ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged; education policy; educational change; factors promoting ICT integration; teacher’s professional development

The influence of technology on academic distraction: A review - Dontre, Alexander J. (Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2021)
The detrimental effects of academic distraction have become increasingly problematic in recent years due to student media multitasking. In recent years, educators have gradually transitioned many classes to the online learning environment, effectively reducing teacher supervision. This has been greatly exacerbated with the advent of coronavirus disease 2019 and subsequent social distancing guidelines. In an effort to help students and educators better understand the implications of technology on academic distraction and academic performance, this literature review discusses the effects of three forms on technology on student distraction: laptops, smartphones, and social media use, particularly the social media platform Facebook. While the effects of student laptops on academic distraction are somewhat ambivalent, the debate is largely moot in the current educational environment. The detrimental effects of student smartphone and social media use on academic distraction are more conspicuous, especially with the pervasiveness of personal digital devices. Potential self-regulatory and environmental interventions are discussed.
Keywords: Facebook; academic distraction; laptops; learning; media multitasking; online learning; performance; phubbing; smartphones; social media

The Influence of Young Children's Use of Technology on Their Learning: A Review - Hsin, C.-T; Li, Ming-Chaun; Tsai, Chin-Chung (Educational Technology and Society, 2014)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The information society and ICT sector development project in Tanzania - Seppälä, Teemu (TANZICT, 2016)

The integration of Education Management Information Systems (EMIS) with other information systems - UNESCO (UNESCO, 2021)

The Internal and External Validity of the Regression Discontinuity Design: A Meta-Analysis of 15 Within-Study Comparisons - Chaplin, Duncan D.; Cook, Thomas D.; Zurovac, Jelena; Coopersmith, Jared S.; Finucane, Mariel M.; Vollmer, Lauren N.; Morris, Rebecca E. (Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 2018)
Theory predicts that regression discontinuity (RD) provides valid causal inference at the cutoff score that determines treatment assignment. One purpose of this paper is to test RD's internal validity across 15 studies. Each of them assesses the correspondence between causal estimates from an RD study and a randomized control trial (RCT) when the estimates are made at the same cutoff point where they should not differ asymptotically. However, statistical error, imperfect design implementation, and a plethora of different possible analysis options, mean that they might nonetheless differ. We test whether they do, assuming that the bias potential is greater with RDs than RCTs. A second purpose of this paper is to investigate the external validity of RD by exploring how the size of the bias estimates varies across the 15 studies, for they differ in their settings, interventions, analyses, and implementation details. Both Bayesian and frequentist meta-analysis methods show that the RD bias is below 0.01 standard deviations on average, indicating RD's high internal validity. When the study-specific estimates are shrunken to capitalize on the information the other studies provide, all the RD causal estimates fall within 0.07 standard deviations of their RCT counterparts, now indicating high external validity. With unshrunken estimates, the mean RD bias is still essentially zero, but the distribution of RD bias estimates is less tight, especially with smaller samples and when parametric RD analyses are used.

The Internal, External, and Diagnostic Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review - Becker, Stephen P.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Burns, G. Leonard; Jarrett, Matthew A.; Langberg, Joshua M.; Marshall, Stephen A.; McBurnett, Keith; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Willcutt, Erik G. (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2016)
Objective To conduct the first meta-analysis evaluating the internal and external validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct as related to or distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and as associated with functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning. Method Electronic databases were searched through September 2015 for studies examining the factor structure and/or correlates of SCT in children or adults. The search procedures identified 73 papers. The core SCT behaviors included across studies, as well as factor loadings and reliability estimates, were reviewed to evaluate internal validity. Pooled correlation effect sizes using random effects models were used to evaluate SCT in relation to external validity domains (i.e., demographics, other psychopathologies, functional impairment, and neuropsychological functioning). Results Strong support was found for the internal validity of the SCT construct. Specifically, across factor analytic studies including more than 19,000 individuals, 13 SCT items loaded consistently on an SCT factor as opposed to an ADHD factor. Findings also support the reliability (i.e., internal consistency, test–retest reliability, interrater reliability) of SCT. In terms of external validity, there is some indication that SCT may increase with age (r = 0.11) and be associated with lower socioeconomic status (r = 0.10). Modest (potentially negligible) support was found for SCT symptoms being higher in males than females in children (r = 0.05) but not in adults. SCT is more strongly associated with ADHD inattention (r = 0.63 in children, r = 0.72 in adults) than with ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity (r = 0.32 in children, r = 0.46 in adults), and it likewise appears that SCT is more strongly associated with internalizing symptoms than with externalizing symptoms. SCT is associated with significant global, social, and academic impairment (r = 0.38–0.44). Effects for neuropsychological functioning are mixed, although there is initial support for SCT being associated with processing speed, sustained attention, and metacognitive deficits. Conclusion This meta-analytic review provides strong support for the internal validity of SCT and preliminary support for the external validity of SCT. In terms of diagnostic validity, there is currently not enough evidence to describe SCT in diagnostic terms. Key directions for future research are discussed, including evaluating the conceptualization of SCT as a transdiagnostic construct and the need for longitudinal research.
Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; diagnosis; nosology; sluggish cognitive tempo; systematic review

The international encyclopedia of communication research methods - Matthes, Jörg; Davis, Christine; Potter, Robert (Wiley, 2017)

The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication - Scott, Craig R.; Barker, James R.; Kuhn, Timothy; Keyton, Joann; Turner, Paaige K.; Lewis, Laurie K. (Wiley, 2017)

The interplay between learning and the use of ICT in Rwandan student teachers' everyday practice - Mukama, E (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2009)

The iPad as a Tool For Education - a case study - Heinrich, P. (2012)

The Issues and Challenges of Using Multimedia at a District Level, Specialized Girls’ College in Bangladesh - Sarowardy, Muhammad Hasan; Halder, Deb Proshad (Creative Education, 2019)
The use of multimedia in imparting education has inevitably been trendy owing to its multifold benefits which have been established and reinvestigated as inseparable teaching aid and tool in teaching-learning process. But This technological assisting component cannot be accorded in many of the institutions of Bangladesh due to several internal as well as external factors. This paper aims to highlight the emerging factors that beset in the institution of Bangladesh. This institutional study on the issues and challenges of using of multimedia in a district (urban area) level girls’ college projects a thorough realization of the difficulties what this types of attributive colleges face in Bangladesh. The resource constraint, the lack of motivation of the teachers, the lack of expert human resource, the insufficient digital tools and lack of multimedia-enabled class environment are found to be barriers and some guiding directives are also imposed in this paper that emerges through the interviews of the teachers and the Vice principal. Thus, the paper, in a miniature effort, tries to lay out the challenges the college of Bangladesh faces and highlight some remedial ways to cope up the challenges.

The Jordan Response Plan For the Syria Crisis 2017-2019 - Ministry of Planning and International Cooperation, Jordan (2016)

The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis - Mongeon, Philippe; Paul-Hus, Adèle (Scientometrics, 2016)
Bibliometric methods are used in multiple fields for a variety of purposes, namely for research evaluation. Most bibliometric analyses have in common their data sources: Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS) and Elsevier's Scopus. The objective of this research is to describe the journal coverage of those two databases and to assess whether some field, publishing country and language are over or underrepresented. To do this we compared the coverage of active scholarly journals in WoS (13,605 journals) and Scopus (20,346 journals) with Ulrich's extensive periodical directory (63,013 journals). Results indicate that the use of either WoS or Scopus for research evaluation may introduce biases that favor Natural Sciences and Engineering as well as Biomedical Research to the detriment of Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities. Similarly, English-language journals are overrepresented to the detriment of other languages. While both databases share these biases, their coverage differs substantially. As a consequence, the results of bibliometric analyses may vary depending on the database used. These results imply that in the context of comparative research evaluation, WoS and Scopus should be used with caution, especially when comparing different fields, institutions, countries or languages. The bibliometric community should continue its efforts to develop methods and indicators that include scientific output that are not covered in WoS or Scopus, such as field-specific and national citation indexes.
Keywords: Bibliometrics; Citation indexes; Research evaluation; Scopus; Web of Science

The Key Informant Child Disability Project in Bangladesh and Pakistan - Mactaggart, I (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 2013)

The kids are not alright: Three ways EdTech can support student’s wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond - Baron, Maria; Twinomugisha, Alex (2021)
The kids are not alright: Three ways EdTech can support student’s wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

The Kio Kit: a digital learning solution engineered in Africa for the world - ITU (ITU News, 2018)
To mark Mobile Learning Week 2018, ITU News caught up with Nivi Sharma, the Managing Director of BRCK (brck.com), whose mission is to connect Africa to the internet, through providing a WiFi infrastructure to allow anyone with a smartphone to have free and open access to the internet.

The last mile in school access: Mapping education deserts in developing countries - Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel; Kim, Brian Heseung (Development Engineering, 2021)
With recent advances in high-resolution satellite imagery and machine vision algorithms, fine-grain geospatial data on population are now widely available: kilometer-by-kilometer, worldwide. In this paper, we showcase how researchers and policymakers in developing countries can leverage these novel data to precisely identify “education deserts” – localized areas where families lack physical access to education – at unprecedented scale, detail, and cost-effectiveness. We demonstrate how these analyses could valuably inform educational access initiatives like school construction and transportation investments, and outline a variety of analytic extensions to gain deeper insight into the state of school access across a given country. We conduct a proof-of-concept analysis in the context of Guatemala, which has historically struggled with educational access, as a demonstration of the utility, viability, and flexibility of our proposed approach. We find that the vast majority of Guatemalan population lives within 3 km of a public primary school, indicating a generally low incidence of distance as a barrier to education in that context. However, we still identify concentrated pockets of population for whom the distance to school remains prohibitive, revealing important geographic variation within the strong country-wide average. Finally, we show how even a small number of optimally-placed schools in these areas, using a simple algorithm we develop, could substantially reduce the incidence of education deserts in this context. We make our entire codebase available to the public – fully free, open-source, heavily documented, and designed for broad use – allowing analysts across contexts to easily replicate our proposed analyses for other countries, educational levels, and public goods more generally.
Keywords: Access to education; Education deserts; Education in developing countries; School placement

The Last-Mile Internet Connectivity Toolkit: Solutions to Connect the Unconnected in Developing Countries - ITU (2020)

The latent digital divide and its drivers in e-learning among Bangladeshi students during the COVID-19 pandemic - Badiuzzaman, Md; Rafiquzzaman, Md; Rabby, Md Insiat Islam; Rahman, Mohammad Mustaneer (Information, 2021)
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic forced academia to go virtual. Educational institutions around the world have stressed online learning programs in the aftermath of the pandemic. However, because of insufficient access to Information Communication Technology (ICT), a substantial number of students failed to harness the opportunity of online learning. This study explores the latent digital divide exhibited during the COVID-19 pandemic while online learning activities are emphasised among students of Bangladesh. It also investigates the digital divide exposure and the significant underlying drivers of the divide. In order to accomplish this, a cross-sectional survey was employed to collect quantitative data, mixed with open-ended questions were utilised to gather qualitative information from the student community. The findings revealed that despite the majority of students having physical access to ICT, only 32.5% of students could attend online classes seamlessly. In total, 34.1% reported data prices as the critical barrier, while 39.8% identified poor network infrastructure as the significant barrier preventing them from participating in online learning activities. Although most students possess physical access to various devices and the Internet, they face the first-level digital divide due to the quality of access and price of cellular Internet. Consequently, they fail to take advantage of physical access, resulting in the third-level digital divide (utility gap), which submerges them into a digital divide cycle. The primary objective of this study is to explore the underlying issues of the digital divide among Bangladeshi students. This will assist relevant stakeholders (e.g., the Bangladesh government, educational institutions, and researchers) to gain necessary insights and theoretical understanding of underlying limitations and emergent directions to arrange adequate support for underprivileged students to undertake essential online learning activities.
Keywords: COVID-19; digital divide; multi-level digital divide; online learning

The Latest Tanzanian National Panel Survey Shows Progress in Education - Amankwah, Akuffo; Palacius-Lopez, Amparo; Gul, Maryam (2023)
The state of education in a country has cascading impacts across multiple facets of development. In line with SDG 4, providing equitable quality education remains a key mission for countries, especially those with low literacy rates. Zooming in on Tanzania...

The Lean Startup: How Today's Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses - Ries, Eric (2011)
Most startups fail. But many of those failures are preventable. The Lean Startup is a new approach being adopted across the globe, changing the way companies are built and new products are launched. Eric Ries defines a startup as an organization dedicated to creating something new under conditions of extreme uncertainty. This is just as true for one person in a garage or a group of seasoned professionals in a Fortune 500 boardroom. What they have in common is a mission to penetrate that fog of uncertainty to discover a successful path to a sustainable business. The Lean Startup approach fosters companies that are both more capital efficient and that leverage human creativity more effectively. Inspired by lessons from lean manufacturing, it relies on “validated learning,” rapid scientific experimentation, as well as a number of counter-intuitive practices that shorten product development cycles, measure actual progress without resorting to vanity metrics, and learn what customers really want. It enables a company to shift directions with agility, altering plans inch by inch, minute by minute. Rather than wasting time creating elaborate business plans, The Lean Startup offers entrepreneurs—in companies of all sizes—a way to test their vision continuously, to adapt and adjust before it’s too late. Ries provides a scientific approach to creating and managing successful startups in a age when companies need to innovate more than ever.