A quasi-experiment examining the impact of educational cartoons on Tanzanian children - Borzekowski, Dina L. G. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2018)
Educational media can positively impact young children; however, few studies have been conducted in developing countries. Researchers investigated the impact of an animated educational series, where participants were randomized to see Akili and Me versus other popular programs. In interviews with children, researchers assessed measures before and after four weeks of exposure. From Morogoro, Tanzania, 568 children (mean age - 4.8years) participated. Controlling for the child's sex, age, and baseline skills in the assessed follow up outcome, exposure to Akili and Me significantly improved drawing skills, shape knowledge, number recognition, counting, and English skills. Young and vulnerable children can benefit from a locally-produced educational program. Media interventions should be encouraged as they effectively and efficiently alter school readiness.
Keywords: Educational media; Literacy; Numeracy; School readiness; Television

Sesame street in the tea estates: A multi-media intervention to improve sanitation and hygiene among Bangladesh's most vulnerable youth - Borzekowski, Dina (Annals of Global Health, 2015)

The adolescent community of engagement framework: A lens for research on K-12 online learning - Borup, Jered; West, Richard E.; Graham, Charles R.; Davies, Randall S. (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2014)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Education Reform through a Systems Approach for Sustainable Development - Borsari, Bruno; Mora, Cristhian (Quality Education, 2020)
Change/s in education; Study program; Systemic approach Educational reform The process of changing public education in order to empower all learners, and to adapt it to the changes occurring in...

CASEL's framework for systemic social and emotional learning - Borowski, T. (Establishing Practical Social-Emotional Competence Assessment Work Group, 2019)

An extended systematic review of Canadian policy documents on e-learning: what we’re doing and not doing - Borokhovski, Eugene; Bernard, Robert; Mills, Erin; Abrami, Philip C.; Wade, C. Anne; Tamim, Rana; Bethel, Edward; Lowerison, Gretchen; Pickup, David; Surkes, Michael A. (Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 2011)

Cognitive and socioemotional caregiving in developing countries - Bornstein, Marc H.; Putnick, Diane L. (Child Development, 2012)
Enriching caregiving practices foster the course and outcome of child development. We studied two developmentally significant domains of positive caregiving -- cognitive and socioemotional -- in more than 127,000 families with under-5 year children from 28 developing countries. Mothers varied widely in cognitive and socioemotional caregiving and engaged in more socioemotional than cognitive activities. More than half of mothers played with their children and took them outside, but only a third or fewer read books and told stories to their children. The GDP of countries related to caregiving after controlling for life expectancy and education. The majority of mothers report that they do not leave their under-5s alone. Policy and intervention recommendations are elaborated.

Video as a tool for fostering productive discussions in mathematics professional development - Borko, Hilda; Jacobs, Jennifer; Eiteljorg, Eric; Pittman, Mary Ellen (Teaching and Teacher Education, 2008)
This article explores the use of classroom video as a tool for fostering productive discussions about teaching and learning. The setting for our research is a 2-year mathematics professional development program, based on the Problem-Solving Cycle model. This model relies on video from the teachers’ own classrooms and emphasizes creating a community in which members feel comfortable learning from video. We describe our experiences carrying out the Problem-Solving Cycle model, focusing on our use of video, our efforts to promote a supportive and analytical environment, and the ways in which teachers’ conversations around video developed over a 2-year period.
Keywords: C:United States; Mathematics education; Mathematics teachers; Professional development; Teacher learning; Video

Expanding Early Childhood Enrollment: Mobile Schools in Mongolia - Borgen Project (The Borgen Project, 2016)
Mobile Schools in Mongolia: Mongolia has experienced an increase in kindergarten enrollment due to the emergence of mobile schools.

Network Analysis in the Social Sciences - Borgatti, Stephen; Mehra, Ajay; Brass, Daniel; Labianca, Giuseppe (Science (New York, N.Y.), 2009)
Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of interest in network research across the physical and social sciences. For social scientists, the theory of networks has been a gold mine, yielding explanations for social phenomena in a wide variety of disciplines from psychology to economics. Here, we review the kinds of things that social scientists have tried to explain using social network analysis and provide a nutshell description of the basic assumptions, goals, and explanatory mechanisms prevalent in the field. We hope to contribute to a dialogue among researchers from across the physical and social sciences who share a common interest in understanding the antecedents and consequences of network phenomena.

On Network Theory - Borgatti, Stephen; Halgin, Daniel (SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011)
Research on social networks has grown considerably in the last decade. However, there is a certain amount of confusion about network theory — for example, what it is, what is distinctive about it, and how to generate new theory. This paper attempts to remedy the situation by clarifying the fundamental concepts of the field (such as the network) and characterizing how network reasoning works. We start by considering the definition of network, noting some confusion caused by two different perspectives, which we refer to as realist and nominalist. We then analyze two well-known network theories, Granovetter’s strength of weak ties, to identify characteristic elements of network theorizing. We argue that both theories share an underlying theoretical model, which we label the network flow model, from which we derive additional implications. We also discuss network phenomena that do not appear to fit the flow model and discuss the possibility of a second fundamental model, which we call the bond model. We close with a discussion of the merits of model-based network theorizing for facilitating the generation of new theory, as well as a discussion of endogeneity in network theorizing.

Assistive technology in developing countries: national and international responsibilities to implement the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Borg, Johan; Lindström, Anna; Larsson, Stig (The Lancet, 2009)
In developing countries, disability is often associated with poverty caused by reduced participation in education, work, and community life.1–4 Education and employment contributes to reduction of poverty, improvement of health, and increased participation in society.2,5,6 According to findings from studies in high-income countries, assistive technology can have a positive socioeconomic effect on the lives of people with disabilities by improving access to education and increasing achievement.7,8 The use of assistive technology is a successful strategy to help participation in work,9,10 and maintenance of health.

The rise and fall of the PC in one chart - Booton, Jennifer (MarketWatch, 2016)

Thinking and Working Politically - Booth, David (University of Birmingham, 2015)

Working with the Grain and Swimming against the Tide - Booth, David (Public Management Review, 2012)
Research into the governance of public goods provision in Africa suggests that, on their own, bottom–up pressures from voters and service users are only a weak factor in improving performance. It confirms the importance of working with politicians and service providers as well as clients. However, getting ‘uptake’ of these findings into the practice of development agencies is difficult. In the dissemination of previous studies, certain propositions about the power of information and community monitoring have been heavily over-sold because they satisfy practitioners' hunger for simple, upbeat messages. Incentives, ideologies and vested interests inhibit the adoption of more complex findings.
Keywords: Africa; community monitoring; governance; public services; research uptake

US pulls funding from Pakistan's Sesame Street - Boone, Jon (The Guardian, 2012)
Keywords: Children's TV; Pakistan; Sesame Street; Television; US news; World news

Voices From Urban Classrooms: Teachers’ Perceptions on Instructing Diverse Students and Using Culturally Responsive Teaching - Bonner, Patricia J.; Warren, Susan R.; Jiang, Ying H. (Education and Urban Society, 2018)
This study explored the perceptions of 430 P-12 urban teachers regarding the instruction of diverse students and their own ability to effectively implement culturally responsive teaching (CRT). Employing qualitative methodology, four open-ended sentence stems were used to capture teachers’ thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. Results reveal teachers’ strong commitment to CRT, an understanding of behaviors which constitute CRT, a strong sense of efficacy in teaching diverse students, and anticipation of positive outcomes through proactively addressing diverse students’ needs. This research provides valuable information for school districts and schools of education as they develop culturally responsive teachers for today’s diverse classrooms.
Keywords: multicultural education; social justice; students; teachers; urban education

School Characteristics and Teacher Turnover: Assessing the Role of Preferences and Opportunities - Bonhomme, Stéphane; Jolivet, Grégory; Leuven, Edwin (The Economic Journal, 2016)
Job characteristics can affect worker turnover through their effect on utility and through their effect on outside job opportunities. The aim of this study is to identify and estimate the roles of these two channels separately. Our method exploits information on job changes, and relies on an augmented sample selection correction. To illustrate our approach, we use an exhaustive register of Dutch primary school teachers and show a detailed picture of preferences for school characteristics. We also find that the dependence between current and outside job attributes can affect turnover and thus the allocation of teachers across schools.

Global emergency remote education in secondary schools during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review - Bond, Melissa; Bergdahl, Nina; Mendizabal-Espinosa, Rosa; Kneale, Dylan; Bolan, Faye; Hull, Poppy; Ramadani, Fjolla (International Public Policy Observatory, 2021)
The worldwide shift to emergency remote education in 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic impacted billions of students and teachers. A range of teaching and learning strategies were employed by schools as a result, despite confusing and sometimes contradictory government guidance, with systemic issues such as equity and access impacting heavily on disadvantaged students. In light of the findings of a recent IPPO evidence snapshot and roundtable event, and in order to gain further insight into how emergency remote education was experienced by secondary school students, parents and educators, a systematic review was conducted that collates and synthesises primary empirical studies across five key research questions focusing on student engagement, online assessment, peer collaboration, parent engagement, and future directions for online learning. Studies were searched for in May 2021 using Web of Science, Scopus, ERIC, Microsoft Academic Graph, ResearchGate and the COVID-19 living map, and were included if they focused on teaching and learning using blended or online approaches in secondary schools during the pandemic, that were published in English. Following quality assessment on scope and methodological rigour, 81 studies were included for narrative synthesis. The research studies were conducted in 38 countries, with 37% of studies from low or lower-middle income countries, and 63% from upper-middle income or high-income countries. Most of the evidence came from students (64%), followed by teachers (53%), with very few studies exploring the perceptions and experiences of parents (6%) or school leaders (5%). Findings reveal that self-regulation and understanding were the most frequently reported indicators of student engagement, with online assessment tools, learning management systems with collaborative tools, live synchronous lessons with peer and teacher interaction, and teacher-made videos considered particularly engaging. Social isolation was the most frequently reported indicator of disengagement, characterised by poor attendance in live lessons, a lack of opportunities to seek help with challenges and difficulties facilitating peer collaboration. Although many articles reported that assessment online was particularly challenging, 21 different types of online assessments strategies were identified, with online quizzes and formative online feedback the most frequently used. Live marking or recorded feedback and assessment were found to be particularly beneficial, as providing feedback during live lessons was sometimes challenging. Peer collaboration was facilitated through peer assessment, inquiry-based group work and experiments, aided by the use of collaborative software and combining multiple applications. Parental involvement and support contributed to student learning, although issues of equity impacted the extent to which they could engage with their children's learning, alongside gaps in family content knowledge and technological skills. Numerous implications for future policy relating to online and blended learning are provided.

Experimental evidence on scaling up education reforms in Kenya - Bold, Tessa; Kimenyi, Mwangi; Mwabu, Germano; Ng’ang’a, Alice; Sandefur, Justin (Journal of Public Economics, 2018)
What constraints arise when translating successful NGO programs to improve public services in developing countries into government policy? We report on a randomized trial embedded within a nationwide reform of teacher hiring in Kenyan government primary schools. New teachers offered a fixed-term contract by an international NGO significantly raised student test scores, while teachers offered identical contracts by the Kenyan government produced zero impact. Observable differences in teacher characteristics explain little of this gap. Instead, data suggests that bureaucratic and political opposition to the contract reform led to implementation delays and a differential interpretation of identical contract terms. Additionally, contract features that produced larger learning gains in both the NGO and government treatment arms were not adopted by the government outside of the experimental sample.
Keywords: Contract teachers; Education; External validity; Kenya; Randomized evaluation; State capacity

What Do Teachers Know and Do? Does It Matter? Evidence from Primary Schools in Africa - Bold, Tessa; Filmer, Deon; Martin, Gayle; Molina, Ezequiel; Rockmore, Christophe; Stacy, Brian; Svensson, Jakob; Wane, Waly (Policy Research Working Paper, 2017)
School enrollment has universally increased over the past 25 years in low-income countries. However, enrolling in school does not guarantee that children learn. A large share of children in low-income countries learn little, and they complete their primary education lacking even basic reading, writing, and arithmetic skills—the so-called "learning crisis." This paper uses data from nationally representative surveys from seven Sub-Saharan African countries, representing close to 40 percent of the region's total population, to investigate possible answers to this policy failure by quantifying teacher effort, knowledge, and skills. Averaging across countries, the paper finds that students receive two hours and fifty minutes of teaching per day—or just over half the scheduled time. In addition, large shares of teachers do not master the curricula of the students they are teaching; basic pedagogical knowledge is low; and the use of good teaching practices is rare. Exploiting within-student, within-teacher variation, the analysis finds significant and large positive effects of teacher content and pedagogical knowledge on student achievement. These findings point to an urgent need for improvements in education service delivery in Sub-Saharan Africa. They also provide a lens through which the growing experimental and quasi-experimental literature on education in low-income countries can be interpreted and understood, and point to important gaps in knowledge, with implications for future research and policy design.
Keywords: Education; Education Policy; Learning Crisis; Public Service Delivery; Teacher Absenteeism; Teacher Effectiveness; Teacher Performance

Exploring Blended Learning for Science Teacher Professional Development in an African Context - Boitshwarelo, Bopelo (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2009)
This paper explores a case of teacher professional development in Botswana, where a blended learning solution was attempted. The analysis of the implementation environment reveals deficiencies in policy, schools (workplaces), and training providers. The paper concludes with three recommendations: 1) Schools should support on-going teacher learning in the workplace and should manage ICT resources for use by both teachers and students; 2) Government should support participatory and localised learning and institutionalise ICT access and use; and 3) Training providers should use blended methods and should model good ICT practices. The author also notes that change is needed in the culture of teaching and learning so that ongoing, situated, participatory, and collaborative approaches are accepted. Finally, collaboration between the training providers and the schools is necessary as is a change in beliefs about the use of ICTs in education.
Keywords: C:Botswana; ICTs; Pedagogy; Professional Development; Teacher Training; ___working_potential_duplicate

Case Study Report: RET International Kenya - Boisvert, Kayla (University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2017)

Distance Learning for Teacher Training in Brazil - Bof, Alvana (International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 2004)
Keywords: C:Brazil

wwwlitbaskets.io, an IT artifact supporting exploratory literature searches for Information Systems research - Boell, SK; Wang, B (2019)
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024; ⛔ No DOI found

A spiral model of software development and enhancement - Boehm, B. W. (Computer, 1988)
A short description is given of software process models and the issues they address. An outline is given of the process steps involved in the spiral model, an evolving risk-driven approach that provides a framework for guiding the software process, and its application to a software project is shown. A summary is given of the primary advantages and implications involved in using the spiral model and the primary difficulties in using it at its current incomplete level of elaboration.<>
Keywords: Application software; Military computing; Navigation; Productivity; Programming; Prototypes; Software prototyping; Spirals; Testing

A spiral model of software development and enhancement - Boehm, B. W. (Computer, 1988)
A short description is given of software process models and the issues they address. An outline is given of the process steps involved in the spiral model, an evolving risk-driven approach that provides a framework for guiding the software process, and its application to a software project is shown. A summary is given of the primary advantages and implications involved in using the spiral model and the primary difficulties in using it at its current incomplete level of elaboration.<>
Keywords: Application software; Military computing; Navigation; Productivity; Programming; Prototypes; Software prototyping; Spirals; Testing

Displaced and dismayed: how ICTs are helping refugees and migrants, and how we can do better - Bock, Joseph G.; Haque, Ziaul; McMahon, Kevin A. (Information Technology for Development, 2020)
Keywords: Google Scholar/ "education technology" refugees; RER theme_pedagogies and modalities

Displaced and dismayed: How ICTs are helping refugees and migrants, and how we can do better - Bock, Joseph G.; Haque, Ziaul; McMahon, Kevin A. (Information Technology for Development, 2020)

What works now? : evidence-informed policy and practice - Boaz, Annette; Davies, Huw; Fraser, Alec; Nutley, Sandra (Policy Press, 2019)
Building substantially on the earlier, landmark text, What Works? (Policy Press, 2000), this book brings together key thinkers and researchers to provide a contemporary review of the aspirations and realities of evidence-informed policy and practice. The text is clearly structured and provides sector-by-sector analysis of evidence use in policy-making and service delivery. It considers some cross-cutting themes, including a section of international commentaries, and concludes by looking at lessons from the past and prospects for the future.

An examination of the use of technology in the teaching of history. A study of selected senior high schools in the cape coast metropolis, Ghana. - Boadu, Gideon (International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 2014)
This study examined the use of technology in the teaching of History in three (3) selected Senior High Schools in the Cape Coast metropolis. The study was modelled on the descriptive survey design with a sample size of 159 respondents, made up of 153 History students and 6 History teachers from three selected schools. The instruments used to collect data were the questionnaire and the interview guide. The study found that technologies such as computers, projectors, internet, and audio-visuals, could be used to teach History. Again, it was found that teachers have positive perceptions of the use of technology in teaching History, and students were also found to portray positive attitudes in class when technology is used to teach. Finally, the study revealed that teachers face the challenge of unavailability of technology resources, lack of enough time, and lack of motivation, in their attempt to use technology in class. It is recommended that seminars should be organized for teachers to expose them to the types of technologies and how to use them. Again, Ministry of Education should make technology resources available in schools, and also teachers should innovative and creative by using a variety of technologies in their lessons.
Keywords: Attitude; History; Perception; Teaching; Technology; ⛔ No DOI found

Why is School-based Management (SBM) in Cambodia? - Bo, Chankoulika (2019)

Using Dual Systems theory to conceptualise challenges to routine when transforming pedagogy with digital technologies - Blundell, Christopher; Lee, Kar-Tin; Nykvist, Shaun (Teachers and Teaching, 2019)
(2019). Using Dual Systems theory to conceptualise challenges to routine when transforming pedagogy with digital technologies. Teachers and Teaching: Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 937-954.
Keywords: Barriers; Case Studies; Classroom Techniques; Correlation; Educational Change; Information Technology; Learning Theories; Student Behavior; Systems Approach; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Role; Teacher Student Relationship; Teaching Methods; Technology Integration; ⛔ No DOI found

Creating usable innovations in systemic reform: Scaling up technology-embedded project-based science in urban schools - Blumenfeld, Phyllis; Fishman, Barry J.; Krajcik, Joseph; Marx, Ronald W.; Soloway, Elliot (Educational psychologist, 2000)

China bans for-profit school tutoring in sweeping overhaul - Bloomberg news (Bloomberg News, 2021)

5 things MENA countries can do to design better digital skills development programs - Blom, Andreas; Nusrat, Mariam; Goldin, Nicole (2020)
The COVID-19 pandemic has fueled the need for digital skills, therefore education and training need to become more affordable, relevant, context-vigilant and inclusive. There are five elements to consider when designing digital learning interventions.

Theorising Effective Uses of Digital Technology with Activity Theory - Blayone, Todd J. B. (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2019)
Effective uses of digital technologies are vital to full inclusion in a network society. Digital-abilities researchers have produced several major frameworks, but these have generally not incorporated socio-contextual perspectives. To explore this lacuna, and engage in a reflective act of theorisation, activity theory is used to conceptualise four sub-systems of digitally mediated action. Eschewing technological determinism, humans are positioned as active agents capable of identifying, taking up, modifying and even subverting established technology uses in pursuit of meaningful objectives. At the same time, attention is given to contextual conditions shaping diverse activity systems supported by assemblages of humans and machines. Having theorised effective digital-technology uses through the lens of activity theory, the author reflects on this conceptual apparatus itself. In so doing, activity theory is characterised as a fertile, if complex and contested, future-oriented tradition that challenges individual-social dichotomies and addresses both humans and machines as mediators of activity, development and learning.
Keywords: Automation; Computer Use; Cultural Influences; Educational Technology; Group Activities; Information Technology; Man Machine Systems; Social Theories; Technology Uses in Education

Digital collaborative learning in elementary and middle schools as a function of individualistic and collectivistic culture: The role of ICT coordinators’ leadership experience, students’ collaboration skills, and sustainability - Blau, I.; Shamir-Inbal, T.; Hadad, S. (Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 2020)

Educational inequalities in Europe and physical school closures during Covid-19 - Blaskó, Zsuzsa; Schnepf, Sylke V (2020)

Figure of the week: Increasing access to electricity in sub-Saharan Africa - Blankenship, Mary; Golubski, Christina (Brookings Commentary, 2021)
Mary Blankenship and Christina Golubski highlight findings related to Africa from a report on progress toward Sustainable Development Goal 7 on energy.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Why the Lean Start-Up Changes Everything - Blank, Steve (2013)

Template for costing remote learning encouragement - Blagrave, Holly Jean (2020)

Adoption and use of technology in early education - Blackwell, Courtney K.; Lauricella, Alexis R.; Wartella, Ellen; Robb, Michael; Schomburg, Roberta (Computers & Education, 2013)
The increased access to, but continued under-use of, technology in education makes it imperative to understand the barriers teachers face when integrating technology into their classrooms. While prior research suggests teachers encounter both ﬁrst-order extrinsic barriers and second-order personal barriers, much of this research has focused on K-12 teachers, not early childhood educators. Applying the Uniﬁed Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology to early childhood education, the current study examines predictors of early childhood educators’ access to and use of traditional technologies and newer mobile devices. Findings from 1329 teachers of 0–4-year-olds reveal that while extrinsic barriers inﬂuence access to a range of technologies, positive beliefs in children’s learning from technology signiﬁcantly predicted actual use of technology. Overall, the study provides new insight into factors inﬂuencing technology integration speciﬁcally for early childhood educators, a subgroup that has not been represented in much of the literature on technology integration in formal education.

Assessment and classroom learning - Black, Paul; Wiliam, Dylan (Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice, 1998)

Income shocks and gender gaps in education: Evidence from Uganda - Björkman-Nyqvist, Martina (Journal of Development Economics, 2013)
This paper uses exogenous variation in rainfall across districts in Uganda to estimate the causal effects of household income shocks on children's enrollment and academic performance conditional on gender. I find negative deviations in rainfall from the long-term mean to have negative and highly significant effects on female enrollment in primary schools and the effect grows stronger for older girls. I find no effect of rainfall variation on the enrollment of boys and young girls. Moreover, I find that when schooling is free of charge and both marginal boys and girls are enrolled, a negative income shock has an adverse effect on the test scores of female students while boys are not affected. The results imply that households respond to income shocks by varying the amount of schooling and resources provided to girls while boys are to a large extent sheltered — a finding consistent with a model where parents' values of child labor differ across sexes.
Keywords: Education; Gender; Rainfall; Test scores

Gamified interventions for refugee children in primary education: A scoping study - Bizota, Katerina; Papadopoulou, Maria (GamiFIN Conference, 2024)
By the end of 2022, UNICEF reported a staggering figure of 45 million displaced children worldwide. A significant proportion of these children encounter obstacles in accessing and attaining quality education, particularly in the context of enriching learning opportunities in a second language. Gamification of learning is a design process that can augment an existing educational context by incorporating game elements. To grasp the nature and the full potential of gamification in language learning, a scoping study was applied to detect gamified interventions that were designed for refugee students aged 6-12 years old and implemented in various formal and informal environments. Research papers were selected and supplemented by web searches to trace online reports and relevant projects for refugees. In total, twenty-six (26) interventions were selected for the coding process. The findings were organized in a narrative synthesis of emerging learning practices that respond to several gamified perspectives relating to the needs and characteristics of the target population. The final section of the paper outlines lessons learned to inform practitioners on how to leverage gamification for future learning initiatives in various refugee settings.

Meet the Rwandan innovation for One-Laptop-Per-Child - Bizimungu, Julius (The New Times, 2018)

TV-Based Learning in Bangladesh: Is it Reaching Students? - Biswas, Kumar; Asaduzzaman, T.M.; Evans, David; Fehrler, Sebastian; Ramachandran, Deepika; Sabarwal, Shwetlana (World Bank, 2020)
Is TV-based learning during COVID-19 school closures in Bangladesh reaching students? Most students (86 percent) within our sample of more than 2,000 Grade 9 stipend recipients are aware of government provided TV-based learning programs; yet only half of the students with access to these programs choose to access them. Also, very few students (21 percent) have access to government provided online learning programs, and among those that do, only about 2 percent choose to access them. There is a perceptible decline in the time students spend studying at home after school closures. This may be linked to the fact that 1 in 2 parents claim they are unable to help their children with new topics. Despite lower education, mothers are significantly more likely to be involved in the child’s education compared to fathers. Most students (90 percent) claim they have a supportive environment at home for studying. This is true for both boys and girls. Finally, nearly 65 percent of households in our sample report declines in income and 28 percent had to decrease the amount of food consumed within the household in the previous week.
Keywords: Access to Education; Distance Learning; Education; Online Learning; School Closure; Secondary Education; ___working_potential_duplicate

Students perception of mobile learning during COVID-19 in Bangladesh: university student perspective - Biswas, Bikram; Roy, Sajib Kumar; Roy, Falguni (Aquademia, 2020)
The aim of this study is to measures the student’s perception of using mobile for learning during COVID-19 in Bangladesh especially at the university student’s perspective. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, mobile learning may help the students to fulfill the study gap. Due to COVID-19 pandemic 213 countries, higher education has affected all over the world of June 2020. Although all of the developed countries considered mobile learning as an effective tool for education, it is not used properly in Bangladesh. This survey method conducted on 416 students from different university students in Bangladesh to understand the student’s perception of using mobile phones as a learning system. The findings of this study show that most of the students at the university level have a positive perception of m-learning. This study revealed that m-learning is very helpful to recover the study gap during this COVID-19 pandemic time and the findings of this study will help the education policymaker as well as the educational institutions to incorporate mobile learning technology for the whole system where social media may enhance the process of teaching and learning.

Acceptable Usage Policy - Bishops Diosecan College (Bishops Diosecan College)

Individual Differences in Cognitive Planning on the Tower of Hanoi Task: Neuropsychological Maturity or Measurement Error? - Bishop, D. V. M.; Aamodt-Leeper, G.; Creswell, C.; McGurk, R.; Skuse, D. H. (The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 2001)
The Tower of Hanoi (ToH) task was given to 238 children aged from 7 to 15 years, and 20 adults. Individual variation within an age band was substantial. ToH score did not correlate significantly with Verbal IQ, nor with ability to inhibit a prepotent response. We readministered the ToH to 45 children after 30 to 40 days. The test-retest correlation of ·5 is low in relation to accepted psychometric standards, though at least as high as reliability of the related Tower of London (ToL) in adults. The reasons for low reliability remain unclear; task novelty did not seem to be involved, as children did not improve on retest. We conclude that it is not safe to use this test to index integrity or maturation of underlying neurological systems in children. We compared our results with three published studies using the ToL with children, and found similar levels of performance on problems involving the same number of moves. Another study using automated ToL obtained much poorer scores, suggesting that computerised presentation may impair children's performance.
Keywords: Assessment; executive function; psychometrics

Abolishing School Fees in Africa: Lessons Learned in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Mozambique - Birger, Fredriksen; Craissati, Di (The World Bank, 2009)

Promoting resilience: developing capacity within education systems affected by conflict - Bird, Lyndsay (UNESCO, 2009)

Nudging at Scale: Experimental Evidence from FAFSA Completion Campaigns - Bird, Kelli, A.; Castleman, Benjamin; Denning, Jeffrey; Goodman, Joshua; Lamberton, Cait; Rosinger, Kelly Ochs (NBER Working Paper Series, 2019)
Do nudge interventions that have generated positive impacts at a local level maintain efficacy when scaled state or nationwide? What specific mechanisms explain the positive impacts of promising smaller-scale nudges? We investigate, through two randomized controlled trials, the impact of a national and state-level campaign to encourage students to apply for financial aid for college. The campaigns collectively reached over 800,000 students, with multiple treatment arms to investigate different potential mechanisms. We find no impacts on financial aid receipt or college enrollment overall or for any student subgroups. We find no evidence that different approaches to message framing, delivery, or timing, or access to one-on-one advising affected campaign efficacy. We discuss why nudge strategies that work locally may be hard to scale effectively.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Nudging at Scale: Experimental Evidence from FAFSA Completion Campaigns - Bird, Kelli, A.; Castleman, Benjamin; Denning, Jeffrey; Goodman, Joshua; Lamberton, Cait; Rosinger, Kelly Ochs (Journal of Economic Behaviour & Organization, 2021)
Do nudge interventions that have generated positive impacts at a local level maintain efficacy when scaled state or nationwide? What specific mechanisms explain the positive impacts of promising smaller-scale nudges? We investigate, through two randomized controlled trials, the impact of a national and state-level campaign to encourage students to apply for financial aid for college. The campaigns collectively reached over 800,000 students, with multiple treatment arms to investigate different potential mechanisms. We find no impacts on financial aid receipt or college enrollment overall or for any student subgroups. We find no evidence that different approaches to message framing, delivery, or timing, or access to one-on-one advising affected campaign efficacy. We discuss why nudge strategies that work locally may be hard to scale effectively.

Mobile Learning: What Guidelines Should We Produce in the Context of Mobile Learning Implementation in the Conflict Area of the Four Southernmost Provinces of Thailand - Binsaleh, Sariya; Binsaleh, Muazzan (Asian Social Science, 2013)
Existing typical room based learning in the four southernmost provinces of Thailand includes several limitations. Physical security is the key issue when making journeys to schools and universities and the destruction of physical buildings also poses concrete limitations to existing room based learning in the affected area. With this phenomenon, the accessibility to physical room based class is problematic and limited. In contrast, the accessibility to mobile networks is getting wider; accessibility to mobile devices is also getting cheaper and easier along the time, thus the investigation on how mobile learning could benefits the learners should be conducted. Consequently the research objectives were constructed which are (1) to estimate the current situation in the four southernmost provinces of Thailand, (2) to identify the limitations of existing room based learning affected by the unrest situation in the area, (3) to explore information from government sources and published papers about mobile technology used in the southernmost provinces of Thailand and (4) to construct initial guidelines and recommendations framework when using mobile technology as a learning environment in the school system of the southernmost provinces of Thailand. In order to achieve these objectives, the literature analysis, focus groups, and semi-structured interviews were conducted. From the analysis of the data collected, it was found that the utilization of mobile technology in the four southernmost provinces of Thailand currently still far behind the idea of what mobile learning technology should be. There are several limitations and thus certain guidelines for the mobile learning implementation should be produced.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Teacher Education at a Distance: Impact on Development in the Community - Binns, Felicity; Wrightson, Tony (DFID, 2006)
Keywords: C:Low- and middle-income countries; ⛔ No DOI found

Access and equity in Open Education Resources: E-learning for girl and women in Bangladesh Open University. - Billah, Masum (2013)
Open Educational Resources are freely accessible, usually openly licensed documents and media that are useful for teaching, learning, educational, assessment and research purposes. E-learning is (website, e-book, cd, DVD etc) latest addition to OER which is accessible through internet and computing systems. Though these resources are ‘open’ to all for learning, but the socio economic situation of women and girls in Bangladesh is a challenge to take the advantage of e-learning systems. This research has been carried out to comprehend the situation of women and girls in Bangladesh in terms of E-learning, identify the challenges and opportunities of access to E-learning among women and girls and recommend about further improvement of those systems. The research had been consisted of several stages of analysis. Primarily different e-learning systems have been identified and later the contents have been analyzed to explore whether the topics and knowledge are relevant to women and girls. In the next stage, two groups of girls have been selected as respondent groups among which one group has been selected as user group who are currently using e-learning systems, and other group has non-users group. Comparison between these two groups has helped to identify the challenges that some girls face to use e-learning system and to recognize the factors that facilitated some girls to use the elearning system. In further stage of analysis, information from user’s group has helped to explore about the contents that should be included in the e-learning systems especially for women education, which will ensure a gender balance to use the system. At the end, it is expected that the research can recommend two factors; firstly, how these e-learning system could be more accessible among girls/women through increasing knowledge about the systems, and; secondly, what is required to include in these system to ensure equity to use the system and to gain knowledge from it.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

When cost-effective interventions are unaffordable: Integrating cost-effectiveness and budget impact in priority setting for global health programs - Bilinski, Alyssa; Neumann, Peter; Cohen, Joshua; Thorat, Teja; McDaniel, Katherine; Salomon, Joshua A. (PLOS Medicine, 2017)

The potential of Accelerated Learning Programmes (ALPs) for conflict-ridden countries and regions: Lessons learned from an experience in Iraq - Bilagher, Moritz; Kaushik, Amit (International Review of Education, 2020)
Accelerated learning programmes (ALPs) provide a fast-track second-chance opportunity to complete formal education, enabling disadvantaged children and youth to catch up with their peers. In 2005, after a preliminary pilot phase, the Government of Iraq, in partnership with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) implemented an ALP initially in 10 of Iraq’s 18 governorates with the intention of providing an estimated 50,000 out-of-school, often traumatised and disenfranchised children aged 12–18 years with an opportunity to complete the six-year primary cycle in three years. This experience generated some insights which may still be of practical use today in other conflict-ridden countries and regions. In order to highlight how the lessons learned just over 10 years ago are relevant to similar situations elsewhere today, this article discusses the findings of an independent evaluation of the programme in 2008. The available evaluation data imply that this ALP addressed a significant need and was appreciated by the target group, with 75 % of learners stating that they liked the ALP very much. Around 90 % of ALP graduates continued either in secondary education, or studying in other programmes, joined an apprenticeship scheme or found employment. Both survey and interview data suggest that this ALP did more than create educational opportunities for young persons; it also helped young people obtain a confident perspective for their own future. Consequently, this made them less vulnerable to participation in subversive activities (such as, for example, being recruited into militias). This is a lesson not just relevant to Iraq at the time, but to a wide range of unstable contexts across the world.
Keywords: Accelerated Learning Programmes (ALPs); Iraq; Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4; access to education; education in (post-)conflict environments; education in emergencies

'Paradox' of Korail slum during COVID-19: ethnography of governance from below - BIGD (2021)
Urban slums are one of the most vulnerable communities during the COVID-19 pandemic; overcrowding and resource constraints make physical distancing and self-quarantine nearly impossible, creating a risk of a rapid spread of the infection. The conversations in the media and among other stakeholders were focused on these risk factors as well as the economic distress of the people in slums created by the pandemic. However, these discussions were primarily based on the perspectives of 'outsiders', with limited understanding of what was happening in the slums. With this gap in mind, we conducted an anthropological exploration of Korail, the largest slum in Dhaka city from September to December 2020, to uncover the emic views of slum dwellers' everyday life during the pandemic and understand the outbreak from their perspective. Findings from the study were presented in our webinar "'Paradox' of Korail slum during COVID-19: Ethnography of Governance from Below" on Thursday, 21 January 2021 from 4:00 pm to 5:30 pm (GMT+6), by Dr Shahaduz Zaman, Reader in Medical Anthropology and Global Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School. This study is a part of the Covid Collective initiative. Supported by the UK Foreign Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), the Covid Collective is based at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS). The Collective brings together the expertise of, UK and Southern-based research partner organisations and offers a rapid social science research response to inform decision-making on some of the most pressing Covid-19 related development challenges.

Big Launcher, Big Phone, Big SMS for seniors - Big Launcher
A fast and simple Android home screen for seniors and people with vision problems.

Talking about education: exploring the significance of teachers’ talk for teacher agency - Biesta, Gert; Priestley, Mark; Robinson, Sarah (Journal of Curriculum Studies, 2017)
The interest in teachers’ discourses and vocabularies has for a long time been studied under the rubric of knowledge, most notably teachers’ professional knowledge. This interest can be traced back to Shulman’s distinction between different kinds of teacher knowledge and Schwab’s interest in the role of practical reasoning and judgement in teaching. Within the research, a distinction can be found between a more narrow approach that focuses on teachers’ propositional or theoretical knowledge and a more encompassing approach in which teachers’knowledge is not only the knowledge for teachers generated elsewhere, but also the knowledge of teachers. This is the ‘stock of knowledge’gained from a range of sources and experiences, including teachers’ ongoing engagement with the practice of teaching itself. In this paper, we focus on the role of teachers’ talk in their achievement of agency. We explore how, in what way and to what extent such talk helps or hinders teachers in exerting control over and giving direction to their everyday practices, bearing in mind that such practices are not just the outcome of teachers’ judgements and actions, but are also shaped by the structures and cultures within which teachers work.

Causes of Girls Drop out from Primary Schools in Tehsil Bahrain District Swat, KPK Pakistan - Bibi, Aqsa; Ahmad, Waqar (Asian Journal of Contemporary Education, 2019)
Getting education is very important for both boys and girls. However, there are female children who do not complete school cycle and leave school before its completion which is one of the concerning issues for the Ministry of Education in Pakistan. To know why these girls drop out of school, the study provides some brief information on it. To get information on the above issue, structured interviews were used. The study was conducted in 4 Girls primary schools of Tehsil Bahrain district SWAT. Data was collected from sample of 80 respondents, in which (11 dropout girls from Govt Girls Primary School Madyan Swat, 16 from Govt Girls Primary School Ayeen Swat, 22 dropout girls from Girls Primary School Darolai Swat, 3 dropout girls from Girls Primary School Jail Bahrain Swat. 20 mothers of the dropout students and 8 teachers. After collecting information, some of the main causes for the dropout were found as work to earn some money for support of family (poverty), moving from one place to another, culture of the village, punishment, teachers' behavior, long distance from house to school and lack of text books and facilities. By looking to the findings of the study, there is a need of other researches in the area.
Keywords: Child Labor; Cultural Influences; Dropout Research; Dropouts; Elementary School Students; Females; Foreign Countries; Individual Characteristics; Poverty; Student Attitudes

Using Wiki in teacher education: Impact on knowledge management processes and student satisfaction - ScienceDirect - Biasutti, Michele; El-Deghaidy, Heba (Computers & Education, 2012)

The Effect of Computer-Assisted Learning on Students’ Long-Term Development - Bianchi, Nicola; Lu, Yi; Song, Hong (Social Science Research Network, 2020)
In this paper, we examine the effect of computer-assisted learning on students’ long-term development. We explore the implementation of the “largest ed-tech intervention in the world to date,” which connected China’s best teachers to more than 100 million rural students through satellite internet. We find evidence that exposure to the program improved students’ academic achievement, labor performance, and computer usage. We observe these effects up to ten years after program implementation. These findings indicate that education technology can have long-lasting positive effects on a variety of outcomes and can be effective in reducing the rural–urban education gap.
Keywords: China; computer-assisted education; education policy; education quality; education technology

Personalized education and artificial intelligence in United States, China, and India: A systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop model - Bhutoria, Aditi (Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2022)
The traditional “one size fits all” education system has been largely criticized in recent years on the ground of its lacking the capacity to meet individual student needs. Global education systems are leaning towards a more personalized, student-centered approach. Innovations like Big Data, Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) have given the modern-day technology to accommodate the distinctive features of human beings - smart machines and computers have been built to understand individual-specific needs. This opens an avenue for “personalization” in the education sector. From, mushrooming of Education Technology (EdTech) start-ups to government funding in AI research, it is evident that the next generation educational reforms would take a quantum leap forward piloted by Big Data analysis and AI. The objective of this paper is to organize the vast literature on the use of AI for personalization of education and to shed light on the key themes by which an AI-driven approach makes structural modifications to the existing education system. To this effect, the paper employed a systematic review using a Human-In-The-Loop natural language processing model of past two years' literature (2019–2021) in English language from IEEE Xplore on countries China, India and the USA. This process yielded more than 2000 search results at first and these were eventually shortlisted to 353 relevant papers for in-depth analysis. Being the pioneers in EdTech innovations, insights from research done in these three countries provides valuable input for the development of global education systems and research. The findings bring forward AI's success in catering to specific learning requirements, learning habits, and learning abilities of students and guiding them into optimized learning paths across all three countries. Not just that, it is also evident from the literature that AI augments educational content, customizes it for any individual according to their needs, and raises the flag of caution for anticipated learning difficulties. This recalibrates the role of instructors as well as optimizes the teaching-learning environment for a better learning experience. The upward trajectory of educational development with AI opens a new horizon of personalized education for the future generation, but also comes with its challenges. Data privacy issues, availability of digital resources, and affordability constraints have been reported in the recent literature as impediments in the way of promoting such technologies for day-to-day practice.
Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Big data; China; India; Personalized education; USA; _genre:LR-literature_review

Transforming Traditional Teaching Laboratories for Effective Remote Delivery–A Review - Bhute, Vijesh J.; Inguva, Pavan; Shah, Umang; Brechtelsbauer, Clemens (Education for Chemical Engineers, 2021)

Remote learning in the times of COVID-19 - Bhushan, Mayank; Joshi, Pratibha; Sharma, Sudhanshu (Central Square Foundation, 2021)

Critical success factors for e-learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty - Bhuasiri, Wannasiri; Xaymoungkhoun, Oudone; Zo, Hangjung; Rho, Jae Jeung; Ciganek, Andrew P. (Computers & Education, 2012)
This study identifies the critical success factors that influence the acceptance of e-learning systems in developing countries. E-learning is a popular mode of delivering educational materials in higher education by universities throughout the world. This study identifies multiple factors that influence the success of e-learning systems from the literature and compares the relative importance among two stakeholder groups in developing countries, ICT experts and faculty. This study collected 76 usable responses using the Delphi method and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The results reveal 6 dimensions and 20 critical success factors for e-learning systems in developing countries. Findings illustrate the importance of curriculum design for learning performance. Technology awareness, motivation, and changing learners behavior are prerequisites for successful e-learning implementations. Several recommendations are provided to aid the implementation of e-learning systems for developing countries which have relevance for researchers and practitioners. Limitations as well as possible research directions are also discussed.
Keywords: AHP; Critical success factors; Delphi method; Developing countries; E-learning

Bolo Bhi’s Analysis of the Personal Data Protection Bill 2020 - Bhi, Bolo (Bolo Bhi, 2020)
On April 10, 2020, the Ministry of Information and Technology and Telecommunications (MOITT) invited input from stakeholders on a draft Personal Data Protection Bill 2020 via email by May 15, 2020. Putting up a draft seeking stakeholder input is certainly a good step towards transparency and a collaborative, consultative process, unlike the approach adopted with …

E-readiness of senior secondary school learners to online learning transition amid COVID-19 lockdown - Bhaumik, Rikisha; Priyadarshini, Anita (Asian Journal of Distance Education, 2020)
In the backdrop of recent COVID-19 lockdown, the school learners across the country have had the opportunity to experience online mode of learning. This study attempts to find out e-readiness of senior secondary school learners for transition to online learning along with their views on this mode of learning transaction. Quantitative descriptive survey method was used for the purpose of this study. A questionnaire comprising 20 Likert-type items covering four dimensions, viz. access, digital literacy and e-readiness, delivery of online learning, and online load, was administered on a 100-student sample from different schools of Delhi using non-probability sampling. Access to online learning and online load on learners were found to be high. The study also revealed that only 35.2% learners found online classes as effective as face-to-face classes. The delivery of online learning by teachers and digital skills of learners were found lacking. The geographical scope of the study is limited to National Capital Region of Delhi which has better smartphone penetration and internet access as compared to other states in India. The study concludes that online pedagogy and digital skills of teachers and learners need to be strengthened for a possible roadmap ahead. The study may provide useful insights into the challenges of online learning and areas for further improvement. Keywords:
Keywords: covid-19; digital access; e-readiness; online delivery; online learning

Behind Bangladesh’s Protests: Rising Frustration - Bhattacherjee, Aparupa (The Diplomat)

Learning Loss in Cambodia and the Use of Edtech During Covid-19 - Bhatta, Saurav Dev; Katwal, Saurav; Pfutze, Tobias; Ros, Vutha; Wong, Yi Ning; No, Fata (World Bank, 2022)
Keywords: COVID-19; ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Bangladesh Education Sector Public Expenditure Review - Bhatta, Saurav Dev; Genoni, Maria Eugenia; Sharma, Uttam; Khaltarkhuu, Buyant Erdene; Maratou-Kolias, Laura; Asaduzzaman, T. M. (World Bank, 2019)
Adequate investment in human capital development is critical for enabling Bangladesh to reach its goal of becoming an upper middle-income country. Bangladesh, currently a lower-middle country with an annual per capita gross national income (GNI) of USD 1,470 (WDI 2019), aims to attain upper-middle income status by 2021 and eliminate poverty by 2030. Recognizing the importance of investing in education for building its human capital base, the government of Bangladesh (GoB) has been allocating a large portion of the national budget to the education sector each year during the past two decades. Effective utilization and equitable distribution of allocated public spending is important for ensuring adequate progress in education outcomes. This report analyzes major spending and outcomes trends in the overall education sector in recent years, with a focus on primary and secondary education. Responding to the recommendation of the 2015 Bangladesh Public Expenditure Review Update for more analytical work on public spending in different sectors, including education, the current study analyzes the trends in major education expenditures, access to education, quality of education, and disparities in education outcomes in the past two decades. It also looks at the composition of education expenditure, consistency between budget allocations and actual expenditures, equity in education spending, and potential links between spending and key educational outcomes. Because of data limitations, this report focuses mainly on primary and secondary education. It is expected that this analysis will add to the literature on investments in the Bangladesh education sector and inform discussions on identifying policy priorities and making resource allocation decisions in the sector.
Keywords: Education Budget; Education Expenditure; Education Outcomes; Equity in Education; Public Expenditure Review

Resilient by Design: Ukraine’s EdTech Response during Wartime - Bhatt, Margi (EdTech Hub, 2025)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
Keywords: Hide; _comingsoon; _r:AddedByMyEducationEvidence

Emergency curriculum: An alternative curricular and pedagogical practice for school education - Bharti, Uma; Musthafa, M.N. Mohamedunni Alis (Shodhak : A Journal of Historical Research, 2023)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

EdTech in Indonesia: Ready for Take-off? - Bhardwaj, Riaz; Yarrow, Noah; Calì, Massimiliano (World Bank Group, 2020)

Home learning in times of COVID: Experiences of parents - Bhamani, Shelina; Makhdoom, Areeba Zainab; Bharuchi, Vardah; Ali, Nasreen; Kaleem, Sidra; Ahmed, Dawood (Journal of Education and Educational Development, 2020)
The widespread prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic has affected academia and parents alike. Due to the sudden closure of schools, students are missing social interaction which is vital for better learning and grooming while most schools have started online classes. This has become a tough routine for the parents working online at home since they have to ensure their children’s education. The study presented was designed to explore the experiences of home learning in times of COVID-19. A descriptive qualitative study was planned to explore the experiences of parents about home learning and management during COVID-19 to get an insight into real-life experiences. Purposive sampling technique was used for data collection. Data were collected from 19 parents falling in the inclusion criteria. Considering the lockdown problem, the data were collected via Google docs form with open-ended questions related to COVID-19 and home learning. Three major themes emerged after the data analysis: impact of COVID on children learning; support given by schools; and strategies used by caregivers at home to support learning. It was analyzed that the entire nation and academicians around the world have come forward to support learning at home offering a wide range of free online avenues to support parents to facilitate home-learning. Furthermore, parents too have adapted quickly to address the learning gap that have emerged in their children’s learning in these challenging times. Measures should be adopted to provide essential learning skills to children at home. Centralized data dashboards and educational technology may be used to keep the students, parents and schools updated.
Keywords: parent support; ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

One Laptop per Child at home: Short-term impacts from a randomized experiment in Peru - Beuermann, Diether W.; Cristia, Julian; Cueto, Santiago; Malamud, Ofer; Cruz-Aguayo, Yyannu (American Economic Journal. Applied Economics, 2015)
This paper presents results from a randomized controlled trial whereby approximately 1,000 OLPC XO laptops were provided for home use to children attending primary schools in Lima, Peru. The intervention increased access and use of home computers, with some substitution away from computer use outside the home. Children randomized to receive laptops scored about 0.8 standard deviations higher in a test of XO proficiency but showed lower academic effort as reported by teachers. There were no impacts on academic achievement or cognitive skills as measured by the Raven's Progressive Matrices test. Finally, there was little evidence for spillovers within schools. (JEL I21, I28, J13, O15)
Keywords: ACCESS TO LAPTOPS; Academic achievement; Achievement tests; Business And Economics; EXCLUSION CRITERIA APPLIED; Elementary school students; Portable computers; Quality: H; Relevance: M; Statistical analysis; ___working_potential_duplicate; publishPDF

How systems thinking applies to education. - Betts, Frank (Educational Leadership, 1992)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

How Systems Thinking Applies to Education - Educational Leadership - Betts, Frank (1992)

Does EdTech Substitute for Traditional Learning? Experimental Estimates of the Educational Production Function - Bettinger, Eric; Fairlie, Robert; Kapuza, Anastasia; Kardanova, Elena; Loyalka, Prashant; Zakharov, Andrey (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2020)
Experimental studies rarely consider the shape and nature of the education production function, which is useful for deriving optimal levels of input substitution in increasingly resource constrained environments. Because of the rapid expansion of EdTech as a substitute for traditional learning around the world and against the backdrop of full-scale temporary substitution due to the coronavirus pandemic, we explore the educational production function by using a large randomized controlled trial that varies dosage of computer-assisted learning (CAL) as a substitute for traditional learning. Results show production is concave in CAL. Moving from zero to a low level of CAL, the marginal rate of technical substitution (MRTS) of CAL for traditional learning is greater than one. Moving from a lower to a higher level of CAL, production remains on the same or a lower isoquant and the MRTS is equal to or less than one. The estimates are consistent with the general form of a Cobb-Douglas production function and imply that a blended approach of CAL and traditional learning is optimal. The findings have direct implications for the rapidly expanding use of educational technology worldwide and its continued substitution for traditional learning.

Are the eﬀects of informational interventions driven by salience? - Bettinger, Eric; Cunha, Nina; Lichand, Guilherme; Madeira, Ricardo (Working Paper Series, 2021)
Informational interventions have been shown to signiﬁcantly change behavior across a variety of settings. Is that because they lead subjects to merely update beliefs in the right direction? Or, alternatively, is it to a large extent because they increase the salience of the decision they target, aﬀecting behavior even in the absence of inputs for belief updating? We study this question in the context of an informational intervention with school parents in Brazil. We randomly assign parents to either an information group, who receives text messages with weekly data on their child’s attendance and school eﬀort, or a salience group, who receives messages that try to redirect their attention without child-speciﬁc information. We ﬁnd that information makes parents more accurate about student attendance, and has large impacts on their test scores and grade promotion relative to the control group. Even though salience messages, in contrast, do not make parents more accurate about attendance levels, learning outcomes in the salience group improve by at least as much. Why? We show that treated parents across both conditions become more accurate about changes in their children’s grades over time, although not about grade levels. Such coarse belief updating is consistent with independent information acquisition in response to salience eﬀects from both interventions. Our results have implications for the design and interpretation of informational interventions across a range of domains.
Keywords: ❓ Multiple DOI

Applying Systems Design Principles to the Design of Web-Based Training Systems - Bettin, Antje; Dillinger, Lisa; Ferraro, Sal; St-Pierre, Armand (WebNet Journal: Internet Technologies, Applications & Issues, 1999)
The Web is a popular platform for training educators and learners in educational systems. We find several Web-based training systems that are developed by enterprises that try to train teachers and students to use Web technologies in educational settings. The purpose of this article is to apply systems design principles to the design of Web-based training systems for teachers and learners. Several issues will be addressed in this paper such as the development of an Integrated Learning Community System (ILCS) for a better learning environment, the Quality Assurance / Audience Analysis /...
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

EdTech in South-East Asia - Better Purpose; MIT Solve; Octava Foundation (2021)
With Southeast Asia’s recent economic growth, there has been greater government and parental spending on education, thus increasing access to education across much of the region. However, despite this progress, significant educational challenges remain, especially for disadvantaged and marginalized groups. Technology presents an opportunity to complement the work of educators in driving improvements to learning outcomes. Yet, in the region, EdTech has remained largely the preserve of more affluent consumers, and its potential to improve access to quality education for under-served groups has not yet been realized. This paper—by Octava Foundation, Better Purpose, and MIT Solve—presents an overview of the status of education and use of technology to support education (EdTech) in five Southeast Asian markets: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Virtual Roundtable on Structured Pedagogy - better purpose (2020)

Can Facebook groups enhance continuing professional development of teachers? Lessons from Kenya - Bett, Harry; Makewa, Lazarus (Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 2020)
Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for teachers in Kenya suffers from challenges such as inadequate resources, poor planning, competing interests, among others. Besides being traditional in approach, most CPD sessions are far between to be meaningfully helpful. With increasing uptake of technology and number of social media users in Kenya, Facebook can be a potential platform to enhance teachers’ professional development. This exploratory cross-sectional survey focussed on discussions teachers had in the month of February 2015 on one Facebook Group named ‘Teachers of English’. A directed content analysis of the 647 posts following Shulman’s category of teacher knowledge base revealed that interactions on the group centred on the teaching of English and Literature, as well as on other education-related matters. This study concludes that that Facebook Groups can be fertile avenues for teachers’ ongoing professional development, especially in developing countries where such opportunities are scarce.
Keywords: Content analysis; Education--Teaching Methods And Curriculum; English teachers; Facebook Groups; Kenya; Professional development; Social networks; Teacher education; Teachers; __:import:02; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2425933; __finaldtb; professional development

The cascade model of teachers’ continuing professional development in Kenya: A time for change? - Bett, Harry Kipkemoi (Cogent Education, 2016)
Kenya is one of the countries whose teachers the UNESCO (2015) report cited as lacking curriculum support in the classroom. As is the case in many African countries, a large portion of teachers in Kenya enter the teaching profession when inadequately prepared, while those already in the field receive insufficient support in their professional lives. The cascade model has often been utilized in the country whenever need for teachers’ continuing professional development (TCPD) has arisen, especially on a large scale. The preference for the model is due to, among others, its cost effectiveness and ability to reach out to many teachers within a short period of time. Many researchers have however cast aspersions with this model for its glaring shortcomings. On the contrary, TCPD programmes that are collaborative in nature and based on teachers’ contexts have been found to be more effective than those that are not. This paper briefly examines cases of the cascade model in Kenya, the challenges associated with this model and proposes the adoption of collaborative and institutionbased models to mitigate these challenges. The education sectors in many nations in Africa, and those in the developing world will find the discussions here relevant.

Alternative education: filling the gap in emergency and post-conflict situations - Bethke, Lynne (2009)

Mathematics Education in Sub-Saharan Africa: Status, Challenges, and Opportunities - Bethell, George (World Bank, 2016)

Ready to Learn: Before School, in School, and beyond School in South Asia - Béteille, Tara; Tognatta, Namrata; Riboud, Michelle; Nomura, Shinsaku; Ghorpade, Yashodhan (World Bank Publications, 2020)
Countries that have sustained rapid growth over decades have typically had a strong public commitment to expanding education as well as to improving learning outcomes. South Asian countries have made considerable progress in expanding access to primary and secondary schooling, with countries having achieved near-universal enrollment of the primary-school-age cohort (ages 6-11), except for Afghanistan and Pakistan. Secondary enrollment shows an upward trend as well. Beyond school, many more people have access to skill-improving opportunities and higher education today. Although governments have consistently pursued policies to expand access, a prominent feature of the region has been the role played by non-state actors, private nonprofit and for-profit entities, in expanding access at every level of education. Though learning levels remain low, countries in the region have shown a strong commitment to improving learning. All countries in South Asia have taken the first step, which is to assess learning outcomes regularly. Since 2010, there has been a rapid increase in the number of large-scale student learning assessments conducted in the region. But to use the findings of these assessments to improve schooling, countries must build their capacity to design assessments and analyze and use findings to inform policy.
Keywords: 21st Century Skills; Access to Education; Administrator Role; Barriers; Child Development; Child Health; Early Childhood Education; Educational Attainment; Educational Equity (Finance); Educational Finance; Educational Policy; Educational Quality; Elementary Secondary Education; Equal Education; Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Gender Bias; Global Approach; Governance; Government Role; Higher Education; Inservice Teacher Education; Job Skills; Nutrition; Parenting Skills; Preschool Education; Preservice Teacher Education; Principals; Private Schools; Public Education; Public Policy; Readiness; Skill Development; Teacher Competencies; Teacher Qualifications; Teacher Salaries; Technology Integration; Technology Uses in Education

Three Principles to Support Teacher Effectiveness During COVID-19 - Beteille, Tara; Ding, Elaine; Molina, Ezequiel; Pushparatnam, Adelle; Wilichowski, Tracy (World Bank, 2020)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Absenteeism, transfers and patronage: the political economy of labor markets in India - Béteille, Tara (School of Education, University of Stanford, 2009)

Supporting teachers during the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic - Beteille, Tara (2020)
Supporting teachers during the COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic

The impact of national and international assessment programmes on education policy, particularly policies regarding resource allocation and teaching and learning practices in developing countries - Best, Maura; Knight, Pat; Lietz, Petra; Lockwood, Craig; Nugroho, Dita; Tobin, Mollie (Assessment and Reporting, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Technology for Evaluation in Fragile and Conflict Affected States: An Introduction for the Digital Immigrant Evaluator - Besa Global; The Fletcher School (2016)

Is School Funding Unequal in Latin America?: A Cross-country Analysis - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Marotta, Luana; Martínez, Matias; Santos, Humberto; Soares, Sammara (2020)
Public spending on education has increased significantly in Latin America over the last decades. However, less is known whether increased spending has been translated into a more equitable distribution of resources within countries in the region. This study addresses this gap by measuring the inequality in per-pupil spending between regions with different levels of socioeconomic status (SES) within five Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Results show that Brazil, a federal country, has the widest socioeconomic funding gap due to large inequalities in local revenues between high and low SES regions. However, the country's funding gap has narrowed over time. School funding in Colombia has become more regressive over time, but its gap is half the size of the one in Brazil. The distribution of school funding in Peru has changed over time from being regressive-benefiting the richest regions-to being progressive-benefiting the poorest regions. Education spending in Chile and in Ecuador are, on the other hand, consistently progressive. However, while the progressiveness of funding in Ecuador is driven by transfers targeted at disadvantaged rural areas, the funding formulas in Chile addresses socioeconomic inequalities beyond the rural-urban gap.

Escasez de docentes en Latinoamérica: ¿Cómo se puede medir y que políticas están implementando los países para resolverlo? - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Marotta, Luana; Martínez, Matias; Méndez, Carolina; Montalva, Veronica; Olsen, Anne Sofie; Santos, Humberto; Soares, Sammara (Inter-American Development Bank, 2020)

Teacher Policies, Incentives, and Labor Markets in Chile, Colombia, and Perú: Implications for Equality - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Jaimovich, Analía; Rodríguez, Julio; Santos, Humberto (Inter-American Development Bank, 2018)

Teachers' Preferences for Proximity and the Implications for Staffing Schools: Evidence from Peru - Bertoni, Eleonora; Elacqua, Gregory; Hincapie, Diana; Méndez, Carolina; Paredes, Diana (Inter-American Development Bank, 2019)
Keywords: C:Peru; _C:Peru PER

General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications - Bertalanffy, Ludwig von (eweb:1908, 1969)

Ebola, Education And Innovation In Sierra Leone - Berry, Chris (DFID bloggers, 2015)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Education Management Information Systems: A Guide to Education Project Design, Evaluation, and Implementation Based on Experiences from EQUIP2 Projects in Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia - Bernbaum, Marcia; Moses, Kurt (2011)

Higher education reforms: Latin America in comparative perspective - Bernasconi, Andrés; Celis, Sergio (Education Policy Analysis Archives, 2017)
This article introduces a special issue of EPAA/AAPE devoted to recent higher education reforms in Latin America. The last two decades have seen much policy development in higher education in the region, examined and discussed by scholars in each country, but dialog with the international literature on higher education reform, or an explicit comparative focus, have been mostly absent from these works. By way of presentation of the papers included in this issue, we first provide an overview of major policy changes in higher education in the Latin American region since the 1990s. We then turn to the six works in this special issue to describe the theories and methods supporting them. Next, we illustrate how general analytic categories can be derived from single or multi country case studies to illuminate themes capable of cutting across the particulars of national contexts, with their unique traditions, policy paths, and politics. Our three common threads are, first, the types of drivers for reform, that is, how policy change originates, either bottom-up from the institutions, or top-down from the government, and various possibilities in between. Second, understanding challenges to institutional autonomy in a continuum of intensity of state intended intervention in higher education. Third, explaining different levels of strain between public and private sectors in higher education based on conditions of competition for economic resources. While the papers in this special issue do not cover all countries, nor all issues on which policy has been crafted in the last two decades across the region, the collection of articles herein account for topics of enduring importance: faculty work in Ecuador, financial aid in Colombia, public policy decentralization in Argentina, quality assurance models in Colombia and Uruguay, the emerge of new institutions and universities in Argentina and Uruguay, and social justice, access, and inclusion in higher education, in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador. The articles presented in this special issue provide much insight onto higher education policy in Latin America and, additionally, offer ample opportunity to develop social science knowledge on the basis of strong comparative work.
Keywords: Change in universities

A meta-analysis of blended learning and technology use in higher education: from the general to the applied - Bernard, Robert M.; Borokhovski, Eugene; Schmid, Richard F.; Tamim, Rana M.; Abrami, Philip C. (Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 2014)
This paper serves several purposes. First and foremost, it is devoted to developing a better understanding of the effectiveness of blended learning (BL) in higher education. This is achieved through a meta-analysis of a sub-collection of comparative studies of BL and classroom instruction (CI) from a larger systematic review of technology integration (Schmid et al. in Comput Educ 72:271–291, 2014). In addition, the methodology of meta-analysis is described and illustrated by examples from the current study. The paper begins with a summary of the experimental research on distance education (DE) and online learning (OL), encapsulated in meta-analyses that have been conducted since 1990. Then it introduces the Bernard et al. (Rev Educ Res 74(3):379–439, 2009) meta-analysis, which attempted to alter the DE research culture of always comparing DE/OL with CI by examining three forms of interaction treatments (i.e., student–student, student–teacher, student–content) within DE, using the theoretical framework of Moore (Am J Distance Educ 3(2):1–6, 1989) and Anderson (Rev Res Open Distance Learn 4(2):9–14, 2003). The rest of the paper revolves around the general steps and procedures (Cooper in Research synthesis and meta-analysis: a step-by-step approach, 4th edn, SAGE, Los Angeles, CA, 2010) involved in conducting a meta-analysis. This section is included to provide researchers with an overview of precisely how meta-analyses can be used to respond to more nuanced questions that speak to underlying theory and inform practice—in other words, not just answers to the “big questions.” In this instance, we know that technology has an overall positive impact on learning (g+ = +0.35, p < .01, Tamim et al. in Rev Educ Res 81(3):4–28, 2011), but the sub-questions addressed here concern BL interacting with technology in higher education. The results indicate that, in terms of achievement outcomes, BL conditions exceed CI conditions by about one-third of a standard deviation (g+ = 0.334, k = 117, p < .001) and that the kind of computer support used (i.e., cognitive support vs. content/presentational support) and the presence of one or more interaction treatments (e.g., student–student/–teacher/–content interaction) serve to enhance student achievement. We examine the empirical studies that yielded these outcomes, work through the methodology that enables evidence-based decision-making, and explore how this line of research can improve pedagogy and student achievement.

Ethical Considerations When Using Geospatial Technologies for Evidence Generation - Berman, G; de la Rosa, S; Accone, T (UNICEF Office of Research- Innocenti, 2021)
Geospatial technologies have transformed the way we visualize and understand situations. They are used to acquire, manipulate, store and visualize geographical information, including information on where individuals, groups and infrastructure are loc

SMS-based school parents communication technology - Berlinski, S.; Busso, M.; Dinkelman, Taryn; Martinez, C.A. (Department for International Development (DFID), 2016)
Authors test whether a program of sending student data to parents using high frequency text messaging improves education outcomes

Reducing parent-school information gaps and improving education outcomes: Evidence from high frequency text messaging in Chile - Berlinski, S; Busso, M; Dinkelman, T; Martinez, C (2016)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

How behavioral science can empower parents to improve children's educational outcomes - Bergman, Peter (Behavioral Science & Policy, 2019)
Parents powerfully influence their children’s educational outcomes. Yet psychological and informational barriers impede parents’ ability to engage with their children in ways that improve outcomes: parents tend to have inflated perceptions of their children’s performance, which can deter them from taking helpful steps to effectively support their learning, and parenting is complex. Limited cognitive bandwidth for coping with complexities can steer parents’ attention away from actions that have long-term benefits for their children and toward actions yielding immediate returns. Poor school-to-parent communication and poverty exacerbate all of these problems. In this article, the author demonstrates how providing timely, actionable information to parents can lower these barriers and help parents engage with their children more productively from kindergarten through high school. Moreover, providing this information can improve educational outcomes at low cost.

Parent-Child Information Frictions and Human Capital Investment: Evidence from a Field Experiment - Bergman, Peter

Technology adoption in education: Usage, spillovers and student achievement - Bergman, Peter (2016)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Our Kids Are Not Broken - Berger, Ron (The Atlantic, 2021)
I am concerned about how this growing narrative of loss will affect our students, emotionally and academically.

Calling the tech industry: Hear from your next generation of female digital talent - Beresford, L. (GSMA, 2021)

Research commentary: Data-driven computationally intensive theory development - Berente, N.; Seidel, S; Safadi, H. (Information Systems Research, 2019)
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

Using technology to support teacher continuous professional development in Sierra Leone - Beoku-Betts, Iman; Plaut, Daniel; Tanweer, Rabia; Tanweer, Iman Beoku-Betts, Daniel Plaut and Rabia (EdTech Hub, 2022)
In Sierra Leone, EdTech Hub has been working closely with the TSC and the World Bank over the last 18 months to design a TCPD model that will provide primary school teachers with tools to improve their literacy and numeracy instruction.

Investigating the Activity Levels of School Quality Assurance Officers in Sierra Leone - Beoku-Betts, Iman; Leh Wi Lan (EdTech Hub, 2023)
Since the launch of the Free Quality School Education (FQSE) Programme in 2018, the Sierra Leone Ministry of Basic and Senior Secondary Education (MBSSE) has prioritised the use of data for decision-making across several education reform programmes. Part of this vision has been to build systems to measure school quality through School Quality Assurance Officers (SQAOs) using data collection and feedback. This system includes using tools for teacher management, lesson observations, school improvement, and attendance monitoring. This report presents findings from qualitative research conducted in three districts in Sierra Leone. The aim is to provide the MBSSE and other partners with insights to understand the variation in and what is needed to maximise SQAO activity levels, increase principal engagement with digital tools, and support and promote quality visits to schools. An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

EdTech Horizon Scan: Blockchain technology in education - Beoku-Betts, Iman; Kaye, Tom (EdTech Hub, 2022)
EdTech Hub horizon scans are publications designed to provoke thinking on a range of topics related to the design, implementation, oversight, and monitoring and evaluation of educational technology (EdTech) tools, products, services, and related ideas. This EdTech Horizon Scan examines the use of blockchain technology in education. Beginning with an overview of blockchain technology, the scan explains what blockchain technology is and how it works. The next section focuses on how blockchain technology can be used in education. In particular, it looks at the benefits of using blockchain technology for micro-credentialing and ownership of learning credentials, the transfer of credits and smart contracts, storing student credentials, identity verification and intellectual property protection. Section 4 gives a summary of the use of blockchain technology, noting the different challenges that may be associated with adopting blockchain technology into education systems. Section 5, gives real examples of the use of blockchain technology in education and different education institutions. Key words: blockchain; cryptography; data; decentralised database; digitalisation; education; micro-credentialing; smart contracting; student credentials; verification An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

Districts of Teaching Excellence Sierra Leone - Beoku-Betts, Iman; Burgess, Flic (EdTech Hub, 2025)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
Keywords: _comingsoon; _r:AddedByMyEducationEvidence

Remote Supervision Options for School Quality Assurance Officers: Recommendations for a cost-effective and rapid develop-and-test process - Beoku-Betts, Iman; Ampofo, Rudolph; Haßler, Björn (EdTech Hub, 2024)
The Sierra Leone Secondary Education Improvement Programme II (SSEIP II) is a five-year programme funded by the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) to support the Ministry of Basic and Senior Secondary Education (MBSSE) to improve learning outcomes for students at secondary level and to increase the enrolment, retention and well-being of girls and children with disabilities in school. Part of the programme includes exploring the use of different digital tools for School Quality Assurance Officers (SQAOs), including tools for remote visits. In December 2022, the EdTech Hub collaborated with the Government of Sierra Leone and implementing partners of the Leh Wi Lan programme (continued under SSEIP II) to better understand what factors affect the variability in the activity levels of SQAOs and the level of engagement with digital tools by school principals. Based on the findings of this research, the SSEIP II project will look at supporting the MBSSE to formalise remote supervision options for the SQAOs, particularly for those with remote clusters. As part of this work, this report focuses on recommendations for how SQAOs can conduct remote school visits, particularly for schools in hard-to-reach areas.An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
Keywords: _r:AddedByMyEducationEvidence

Teacher Deployment in Sierra Leone: Lessons learnt and going forward - Beoku-Betts, Iman (EdTech Hub, 2023)
This report provides an overview of the teacher deployment process in Sierra Leone prior to and including 2022. Through interviews with key stakeholders in the Ministry of Basic and Senior Secondary Education (MBSSE) and the Teaching Service Commission (TSC), we look at lessons learnt from the deployment process and next steps for how teacher deployment can be implemented. Although there are a number of volunteer teachers in Sierra Leone, the TSC are aiming to increase the number of qualified teachers on the government payroll as well as retaining teachers in rural areas. It was noted that teachers from rural areas being put on the government payroll and deployed to rural schools are better placed to teach in rural schools than teachers moving from urban to rural areas. Hpwever, it is still challenging to find qualified teachers in these rural areas. The TSC want to look at how they can target teachers to take up rural positions, either through distance learning to gain the right qualifications or working with teacher training institutions (TTIs) to prioritise schools in rural areas for placement. Overall, the TSC want to use data as the basis for decision-making on deploying teachers equitably. Keywords Teacher deployment; teacher training; unqualified teachers; volunteer teachers; rural schools; data for decision-making An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

Teacher Deployment in Sierra Leone: Lessons learnt and moving forward - Beoku-Betts, Iman (EdTech Hub, 2022)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org

Refugee education: Financing what matters - Benveniste, Luis; Silva, Karishma; Hoogeveen, Johannes (World Bank Blogs, 2023)
At the Global Refugee Forum this week, education stakeholders will pledge to include all refugee children in national education systems. Three major questions arise: what does inclusion mean, why does it matter and how do we get there?

How can Mother Tongue-based MLE be carried out in classrooms where three or more local languages are represented as mother tongues? - Benson, Carol; Young, Catherine (Good Answers to Tough Questions in Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education, 2016)

Language issues in comparative education II: Policy and practice in multilingual education based on non-Dominant languages - Benson, Carol; Kosonen, Kimmo (BRILL, 2021)

L1-based multilingual education in the Asia and Pacific region and beyond - Benson, Carol; Kirkpatrick, Andy; Liddicoat, Anthony J. (The Routledge International Handbook of Language Education Policy in Asia, 2019)
This must-have handbook offers a comprehensive survey of the field. It reviews the language education policies of Asia, encompassing 30 countries sub-divided by regions, namely East, Southeast, South and Central Asia, and considers the extent to which these are being implemented and with what effect. The most recent iteration of language education policies of each of the countries is described and the impact and potential consequence of any change is critically considered. Each country chapter provides a historical overview of the languages in use and language education policies, examines the ideologies underpinning the language choices, and includes an account of the debates and controversies surrounding language and language education policies, before concluding with some predictions for the future.

Teacher Motivation in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia - Bennell, Paul; Akyeampong, Kwame (Department for International Development: Educational Papers, 2007)
This is one of a series of Education Papers issued by the Central Research Department of the Department For International Development. Each paper represents a study or piece of commissioned research on some aspect of education and training in developing countries. Most of the studies were undertaken in order to provide informed judgements from which policy decisions could be drawn, but in each case it has become apparent that the material produced would be of interest to a wider audience, particularly those whose work focuses on developing countries.This report synthesises the main findings and recommendations of an international research project on teacher motivation and incentives in sub-Sahara Africa and South Asia. The study has addressed the following four main questions: • To what extent is there a problem of poor motivation among teachers in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia? Does this amount to a ‘crisis’, as has been suggested by some observers? • If so, what are the main reasons for poor teacher motivation? • How do poor motivation and incentives affect teacher performance and the overall effectiveness of national education systems? • What should be done to ensure that teachers are adequately motivated?
Keywords: C:sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia; ⛔ No DOI found

Exploring the use of the ICT in supporting dyslexic students’ preferred learning styles : A preliminary evaluation - Benmarrakchi, FatimaEzzahra; El Kafi, Jamal; Elhore, Ali; Haie, Sara (Education and Information Technologies, 2017)
Dyslexia is one of the most common learning disabilities. It is described as a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. It affects relatively about 7–10 % of the population across most languages and cultures. In this study, we explore the potential benefits offered by the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) to support dyslexic students by considering their preferred learning styles. In the current paper we administered the VAK and Honey & Mumford questionnaires to 28 Arabic students with ages between 8 and 10 years old. 8 students from dyslexic group and 20 students from control group were selected to assess and compare their preferred learning style. The implemented system focuses on dyslexia in Arabic language, especially in Arabic countries such as Morocco. Based on the results of the analysis of learning styles differences, we introduced an adaptive mobile learning to support and promote learning for dyslexic students. The aim of the study is to consider the relationship between dyslexia and learning style and to suggest a different learning way. Preliminary results show that the ICT has a valuable role in providing opportunities for learners with dyslexia to participate more fully in education.

How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis - Bengtsson, Mariette (NursingPlus Open, 2016)

Facing the Challenges of Girls’ Education in Pakistan - Bend, May; Baron, Juan (World Bank Blogs, 2023)
Girls’ education is smart economics, and Pakistan has committed to guaranteeing the right of both girls and boys to access quality education (SDG 4).

The growth of national learning assessments in the world, 1995–2006 - Benavot, A.; Tanner, E. (In: Education for All by 2015: will we make it? EFA global monitoring report 2008.Paris: UNESCO, pp. 1–17., 2007)

Gender bias is rife in textbooks - Benavot, A; Jere, C (2016)

Government Policy for the Internet Must Be Rights-Based and User-Centred | United Nations - Ben-Hassine, Wafa (2019)

Interrater Reliability in Systematic Review Methodology: Exploring Variation in Coder Decision-Making - Belur, Jyoti; Tompson, Lisa; Thornton, Amy; Simon, Miranda (Sociological Methods and Research, 2021)
A methodologically sound systematic review is characterized by transparency, replicability, and a clear inclusion criterion. However, little attention has been paid to reporting the details of interrater reliability (IRR) when multiple coders are used to make decisions at various points in the screening and data extraction stages of a study. Prior research has mentioned the paucity of information on IRR including number of coders involved, at what stages and how IRR tests were conducted, and how disagreements were resolved. This article examines and reflects on the human factors that affect decision-making in systematic reviews via reporting on three IRR tests, conducted at three different points in the screening process, for two distinct reviews. Results of the two studies are discussed in the context of IRR and intrarater reliability in terms of the accuracy, precision, and reliability of coding behavior of multiple coders. Findings indicated that coding behavior changes both between and within individuals over time, emphasizing the importance of conducting regular and systematic IRR and intrarater reliability tests, especially when multiple coders are involved, to ensure consistency and clarity at the screening and coding stages. Implications for good practice while screening/coding for systematic reviews are discussed.
Keywords: coding; interrater reliability; precision; replicability; screening; systematic review; κ statistic

Do SMS Text Messaging and SMS Community Forums Improve Outcomes of Adult and Adolescent Literacy Programs? - Beltramo, Theresa; Levine, David (2012)
The most recent two decades in Senegal have been witness to a large shift of social communication norms, accessibility of information communication technologies (ICTs), and growth of ICT networks. Use of mobile phones in rural areas in Senegal is substantial– the penetration rate is 44.6% in 2008 (ITU, 2009). Increased cell phone usage is matched by expanding network coverage and the emergence of several competing operators.2Basic use of mobile phones in rural areas is widespread, but sending SMS and accessing the Internet by mobile phone is much less common (ITU, 2009). The possibility to expand SMS usage in rural communities throughout Senegal is large as text messaging remains the least expensive form of communication over distance. In addition, a significant portion of the rural Senegalese population migrates for work (on average each household reported 5 of their family members currently living and working outside Senegal).Senegalese out-migration flows are dominated by men ages 15-34 and thus this youthful population is of prime age for developing communication patterns which incorporate text messaging (UNDP Human Development Statistics, 2009)3. SMS text messaging can provide a low-cost solution to communicate with the diaspora. (see Appendix 3). However, the usage of mobile phones as a communications strategy can only be functional if all members of the community understand how to use, and have access to, a cell phone, as well as read and write messages. A very high share of women and teenage girls in rural Senegal lack both access to a mobile phone and the literacy skills needed to text message. In our study, only one in 8 female respondents owned a cell phone, less than half the rate for men. In addition, over 40% of the female respondents had no literacy or numeracy skills, again almost double the rate for men. Thus, the gender bias in literacy and numeracy skills and cell phone ownership must be addressed for equitable inclusive growth using ICT. We report on a pilot study in 20 communities of adding cell phone literacy and a free “SMS Community Forum” to an adult literacy and numeracy program. Overall results are promising, but the SMS Community Forum is not yet achieving all of its goals.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; ⛔ No DOI found

Data analysis methods for qualitative research: managing the challenges of coding, interrater reliability, and thematic analysis. - Belotto, Michael J. (The Qualitative Report, 2018)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Guide for Handling Potential Reputational Risks to UNICEF From Teaching and Learning Materials: Protocol for reviewers - Belot, Marie Noelle

Using a participatory design approach for co-creating culturally situated STEM enrichment activities - Belgrave, Ashlee B.; Bermudez, Vanessa N.; Chew, Phebe; Lin, Yiwen; Ahn, June; Bustamante, Andres S. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2022)
Researchers can use a participatory design approach to produce sustainable interventions that leverage the cultural values and practices of ethnoculturally and linguistically diverse populations. PD is underutilized in developmental psychology, but can be a powerful tool for creating culturally situated interventions that bridge gaps in research applicability, inclusivity, and effectiveness. We provide our design narrative for creating grocery store signage promoting early STEM learning in a predominantly low-income, Latine community. We conducted two design sessions with our research team and community members (n = 20) to learn about their past and present intergenerational grocery-shopping experiences and integrated their values into signage. This paper outlines the PD process we undertook and its implications for the field of developmental psychology. We argue that developmental psychologists would benefit from adopting PD as a methodology to build on diverse populations' strengths. This approach can produce relevant interventions that support children's learning in various community settings.
Keywords: Culturally situated; Early STEM; Latine community; Participatory design

FCDO - GEC - Belfield, Sophie; Mathur, Meenu; Caine, Ellie (2021)

Getting girls back into school: strategies for successfully re-enrolling girls in Ghana and Sierra Leone - Belfield, Sophie; Mathur, Meenu; Caine, Ellie (FCDO - GEC, 2021)

Kemendikbud Terbitkan Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Belajar dari Rumah - Belajar dari Rumah (Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi, 2020)
Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) menerbitkan Surat Edaran Nomor 15 Tahun 2020 tentang Pedoman Penyelenggaraan Belajar Dari Rumah Dalam Masa Darurat Penyebaran Covid-19. Staf Ahli Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Bidang Regulasi, Chatarina Muliana Girsang menyampaikan Surat Edaran Nomor 15 ini untuk memperkuat Surat Edaran Mendikbud Nomor 4 Tahun 2020 tentang Pelaksanaan Pendidikan Dalam Masa Darurat Coronavirus Disease (Covid-19).

Modelling the learning process #1: What is a pedagogical production function—and how does it help us understand student learning? - Belafi, Carmen (RISE Programme, 2020)

Use of learning assessment data in the planning cycle. Case study – Ghana - Begue-Aguado, Alberto (United States Agency For International Development (USAID), 2021)

Digital Africa: Technological Transformation for Jobs - Begazo, Tania; Blimpo, Moussa P.; Dutz, Mark (World Bank Group, 2023)
Digital Africa, Technological Transformation for Jobs examines pathways to produce and promote the expanded use of affordable and attractive digital technologies (DTs) that are appropriate for Sub-Saharan Africa’s growing workforce and facilitate continued learning through use. DTs are defined broadly to include digital and data infrastructure, broadband internet, smart phones, tablets, and computers. They also include specialized management upgrading, worker training, and training in procurement, marketing, logistics, financing, and insurance.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Beyond the Basics: Improving Post-Primary Content Delivery through Classroom Technology - Beg, Sabrin; Lucas, Adrienne M; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umer (2019)
Using an RCT in middle schools in Pakistan, we test the eﬀect of a governmentimplemented in-class technology and brief teacher training intervention on student achievement in grade level mathematics and science. After only 4 months of exposure, student achievement increased by 0.2-0.3 standard deviations on math and science tests, 52 to 120 percent more than the control group, and students were more likely to pass the provincially standardized high stakes exams. Increased eﬀorts by both students and teachers indicate a complementarity between technology and other inputs in education production. At a scale of 100 schools, this program is extremely cost-eﬀective.

Beyond the Basics: Improving Post-Primary Content Delivery through Classroom Technology - Beg, Sabrin A; Lucas, Adrienne M; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umar (National Bureau of Economic Research, 2019)
Using an RCT in middle schools in Pakistan, we test the effect of a government- implemented in-class technology and brief teacher training intervention on student achievement in grade level mathematics and science. After only 4 months of exposure, student's combined math and science score increased by 0.3 standard deviations on both project and government tests, 59 percent more than the control group. Students were also more likely to pass the provincial high-stakes exams. Increased attendance by both students and teachers indicate technology can increase other inputs. At the 200 school scale, this program is extremely cost-effective.
Keywords: EXCLUSION CRITERIA APPLIED; Quality: H; Relevance: M

Engaging Teachers with Technology Increased Achievement, Bypassing Teachers Did Not - Beg, Sabrin A.; Lucas, Adrienne M.; Halim, Waqas; Saif, Umar (NBER Working Papers, 2019)
Founded in 1920, the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and business professionals.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

Personalization in the curriculum: A view from learning theory - Beetham, Helen (Personalizing Learning in the 21st Century, 2010)
Personalizing Learning in the 21st Century brings together contributions from a wide range of educationalists interested in the idea of personalizing learning.…

Basic Education Equivalency Program (BEEP) - BEEP (EdTech Center @ World Education, 2024)
BEEP is a mobile learning initiative that aims to provide out-of-school youth and adults in Cambodia the opportunity to upgrade their skills while working and to enhance access to continuing education and employment opportunities.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Accelerating Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Through Focus, Measurement, Support and Accountability - Beehary, Girindre (The World Bank)
Today, nine in ten girls and boys in low-income countries (LICs) cannot read with comprehension by their tenth birthday. The pursuit of secondary education, the pathway to employment for the majority of youth in LICs, is thus severely compromised.

The pathway to progress on SDG 4 requires the global education architecture to focus on foundational learning and to hold ourselves accountable for achieving it - Beeharry, Girindre (International Journal of Educational Development, 2021)
Levels of reading comprehension and ability to do basic mathematics are shockingly low among primary-age children in low-income countries, despite the efforts of global education actors. This essay will argue that to make real progress on improving learning, actors in the sector need to prioritize a few key goals – in particular foundational literacy and numeracy – monitor progress to achieve them, and hold ourselves collectively accountable for improving results. Recent efforts such as the World Bank’s Foundational Learning Compact show promise but will require the support and scrutiny of other actors.
Keywords: Foundational learning; Foundational literacy and numeracy; Global education; Global education architecture

Basic Concepts and Techniques of Rapid Appraisal - Beebe, James (Human Organization, 1995)

Rapid Assessment Process: An Introduction - Beebe, James (Rowman Altamira, 2001)
A newer edition of this book is available at the following address: https: //rowman.com/ISBN/9780759123212 Rapid Assessment Process (RAP) has gone under many names but invariably uses the techniques of fieldwork and ethnography in a telescoped manner to provide solid, field-based research findings for use by policymakers and program planners. It uses an emic perspective, a team of researchers, triangulation of research findings, and iterative process to produce high-quality research in a fraction of the time taken by traditional ethnography. Long used for third world projects, RAP is now being used to inform policy in many different settings. This volume is the first introduction to this group of methods, explaining to researchers and to students how to do RAP research well. The author, an international development professional who has been doing RAP studies for over two decades, clearly outlines the process, promise and pitfalls of RAP in this brief volume. Included are many examples of successful RAP studies and clear guidance to readers on how to embark on their own RAP research
Keywords: Social Science / Anthropology / General; Social Science / Methodology; Social Science / Research

Computer literacy and e-learning perception in Cameroon: the case of Yaounde Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences - Bediang, Georges; Stoll, Beat; Geissbuhler, Antoine; Klohn, Axel M; Stuckelberger, Astrid; Nko’o, Samuel; Chastonay, Philippe (BMC Medical Education, 2013)
Background: Health science education faces numerous challenges: assimilation of knowledge, management of increasing numbers of learners or changes in educational models and methodologies. With the emergence of e-learning, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) and Internet to improve teaching and learning in health science training institutions has become a crucial issue for low and middle income countries, including sub-Saharan Africa. In this perspective, the Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMBS) of Yaoundé has played a pioneering role in Cameroon in making significant efforts to improve students’ and lecturers’ access to computers and to Internet on its campus. The objective is to investigate how computer literacy and the perception towards e-learning and its potential could contribute to the learning and teaching process within the FMBS academic community. Method: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among students, residents and lecturers. The data was gathered through a written questionnaire distributed at FMBS campus and analysed with routine statistical software. Results: 307 participants answered the questionnaire: 218 students, 57 residents and 32 lecturers. Results show that most students, residents and lecturers have access to computers and Internet, although students’ access is mainly at home for computers and at cyber cafés for Internet. Most of the participants have a fairly good mastery of ICT. However, some basic rules of good practices concerning the use of ICT in the health domain were still not well known. Google is the most frequently used engine to retrieve health literature for all participants; only 7% of students and 16% of residents have heard about Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). The potential of e-learning in the improvement of teaching and learning still remains insufficiently exploited. About two thirds of the students are not familiar with the concept of e-leaning. 84% of students and 58% of residents had never had access to e-learning resources. However, most of the participants perceive the potential of e-learning for learning and teaching, and are in favour of its development at the FMBS. Conclusion: The strong interest revealed by the study participants to adopt and follow-up the development of elearning, opens new perspectives to a faculty like the FMBS, located in a country with limited resources. However, the success of its development will depend on different factors: the definition of an e-learning strategy, the implementation of concrete measures and the adoption of a more active and participative pedagogy.

A review of the research literature on barriers to the uptake of ICT by teachers - Becta (2004)

Language Is a Complex Adaptive System: Position Paper - Beckner, Clay; Blythe, Richard; Bybee, Joan; Christiansen, Morten H.; Croft, William; Ellis, Nick C.; Holland, John; Ke, Jinyun; Larsen-Freeman, Diane; Schoenemann, Tom (Language Learning, 2009)

The Internal, External, and Diagnostic Validity of Sluggish Cognitive Tempo: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review - Becker, Stephen P.; Leopold, Daniel R.; Burns, G. Leonard; Jarrett, Matthew A.; Langberg, Joshua M.; Marshall, Stephen A.; McBurnett, Keith; Waschbusch, Daniel A.; Willcutt, Erik G. (Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2016)
Objective To conduct the first meta-analysis evaluating the internal and external validity of the sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) construct as related to or distinct from attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and as associated with functional impairment and neuropsychological functioning. Method Electronic databases were searched through September 2015 for studies examining the factor structure and/or correlates of SCT in children or adults. The search procedures identified 73 papers. The core SCT behaviors included across studies, as well as factor loadings and reliability estimates, were reviewed to evaluate internal validity. Pooled correlation effect sizes using random effects models were used to evaluate SCT in relation to external validity domains (i.e., demographics, other psychopathologies, functional impairment, and neuropsychological functioning). Results Strong support was found for the internal validity of the SCT construct. Specifically, across factor analytic studies including more than 19,000 individuals, 13 SCT items loaded consistently on an SCT factor as opposed to an ADHD factor. Findings also support the reliability (i.e., internal consistency, test–retest reliability, interrater reliability) of SCT. In terms of external validity, there is some indication that SCT may increase with age (r = 0.11) and be associated with lower socioeconomic status (r = 0.10). Modest (potentially negligible) support was found for SCT symptoms being higher in males than females in children (r = 0.05) but not in adults. SCT is more strongly associated with ADHD inattention (r = 0.63 in children, r = 0.72 in adults) than with ADHD hyperactivity-impulsivity (r = 0.32 in children, r = 0.46 in adults), and it likewise appears that SCT is more strongly associated with internalizing symptoms than with externalizing symptoms. SCT is associated with significant global, social, and academic impairment (r = 0.38–0.44). Effects for neuropsychological functioning are mixed, although there is initial support for SCT being associated with processing speed, sustained attention, and metacognitive deficits. Conclusion This meta-analytic review provides strong support for the internal validity of SCT and preliminary support for the external validity of SCT. In terms of diagnostic validity, there is currently not enough evidence to describe SCT in diagnostic terms. Key directions for future research are discussed, including evaluating the conceptualization of SCT as a transdiagnostic construct and the need for longitudinal research.
Keywords: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; diagnosis; nosology; sluggish cognitive tempo; systematic review

Cyclone Idai: On the Ground Data from Mozambique - Becker, Nick (GeoPoll, 2019)
GeoPoll has conducted an SMS survey in Mozambique to reach those affected by Cyclone Idai. Data from Sofala province and Beira city following the cyclone.

Who's Wired and Who's Not: Children's Access to and Use of Computer Technology - Becker, Henry (The Future of children / Center for the Future of Children, the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, 2000)
As computer technology becomes increasingly prevalent throughout society, concerns have been raised about an emerging "digital divide" between those children who are benefitting and those who are being left behind. This article presents results from new analyses of national survey data describing children's differential access to computers in school and at home, and the varying conditions that affect how children experience computers. For example, responses from a nationwide survey of teachers suggest that, as of 1998, more than 75% of students had access to computers at school. In fact, those teaching lower-income students reported weekly use of computers more often than those teaching higher-income students. But the nature of children's experiences using computers in school varied greatly by subject and teacher objectives, and the data suggest that lower-income students use computers more often for repetitive practice, whereas higher-income students use computers more often for more sophisticated, intellectually complex applications. Differences between low-income and high-income children's access to home computers were far less subtle. Survey data indicate that only about 22% of children in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000 had access to a home computer, compared to 91% of those in families with annual incomes of more than $75,000. And among children with access, those in low-income families were reported to use the computer less than those in high-income families, perhaps because most low-income families with computers lacked a connection to the Internet. The two most predictive factors of children's use of home computers were the child's age and the computer's capabilities. The author concludes that home access to computers will be a continued area of inequality in American society, and that schools must play a critical role in ensuring equal opportunity for less-advantaged children to access the benefits of the more intellectually powerful uses of computer technology.

Educational outcomes and research from 1:1 computing settings - Bebell, D.; O'Dwyer, L. M. (Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 2010)
Despite the growing interest in 1:1 computing initiatives, relatively little empirical research has focused on the outcomes of these investments. The current special edition of the Journal of Technology and Assessment presents four empirical studies of K-12 1:1 computing programs and one review of key themes in the conversation about 1:1 computing among advocates and critics. In this introduction to our 1:1 special edition, we synthesize across the studies and discuss the emergent themes. Looking specifically across these studies, we summarize evidence that participation in the 1:1 programs was associated with increased student and teacher technology use, increased student engagement and interest level, and modest increases in student achievement.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Indonesia got schooled: 15 years of rising enrolment and flat learning profiles - Beatty, Amanda; Berkhout, Emilie; Bima, Luhur; Coen, Thomas; Pradhan, Menno; Suryadarma, Daniel (Research on Improving Systems of Education, 2018)

Lowering Barriers to Remote Education: Experimental Impacts on Parental Responses and Learning - Beam, Emily; Mukherjee, Priya; Navarro-Sola, Laia (SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022)
We conduct a randomized controlled trial with households of secondary school students in Bangladesh to investigate how parents adjust their investments in response to three educational interventions: an informational campaign about an educational phone application, an internet data subsidy, and oneon-one phone learning support. We find that offering an educational service in a context where other barriers to take-up exist can still trigger parental educational investments by acting as a signal or nudge. These behavioral changes result in lasting learning gains concentrated among richer households, reflecting that the relevant behavior change—increased tutoring investment—is easier for them to implement. In contrast, when interventions do increase take-up, they have the potential to narrow the socioeconomic achievement gap. We observe that increased usage of the targeted educational service limits parental behavioral responses. This implies that learning gains in these cases are directly caused by the potential effectiveness of the services adopted. In our setting, remote one-to-one teacher support improves learning among students from poorer households, whereas receiving the free data package jointly with the app information has no impact on learning.

Lowering Barriers to Remote Education: Experimental Impacts on Parental Responses and Learning - Beam, Emily; Mukherjee, Priya; Navarro-Sola, Laia (2022)
We conduct a randomized controlled trial with households of secondary school students in Bangladesh to investigate how parents adjust their investments in response to three educational interventions: an informational campaign about an educational phone application, an internet data subsidy, and one-on-one phone learning support. We find that offering an educational service in a context where other barriers to take-up exist can still trigger parental educational investments by acting as a signal or nudge. These behavioral changes result in lasting learning gains concentrated among richer households, reflecting that the relevant behavior changeincreased tutoring investmentis easier for them to implement. In contrast, when interventions do increase take-up, they have the potential to narrow the socioeconomic achievement gap. We observe that increased usage of the targeted educational service limits parental behavioral responses. This implies that learning gains in these cases are directly caused by the potential effectiveness of the services adopted. In our setting, remote one-to-one teacher support improves learning among students from poorer households, whereas receiving the free data package jointly with the app information has no impact on learning.
Keywords: educational inequality; educational technology; human capital; parental investments

Lowering Barriers to Remote Education: Experimental Impacts on Parental Responses and Learning - Beam, Emily; Mukherjee, Priya; Navarro-Sola, Laia (2022)
We conduct a randomized controlled trial with households of secondary school students in Bangladesh to investigate how parents adjust their investments in response to three educational interventions: an informational campaign about an educational phone application, an internet data subsidy, and one-on-one phone learning support. We find that offering an educational service in a context where other barriers to take-up exist can still trigger parental educational investments by acting as a signal or nudge. These behavioral changes result in lasting learning gains concentrated among richer households, reflecting that the relevant behavior changeincreased tutoring investmentis easier for them to implement. In contrast, when interventions do increase take-up, they have the potential to narrow the socioeconomic achievement gap. We observe that increased usage of the targeted educational service limits parental behavioral responses. This implies that learning gains in these cases are directly caused by the potential effectiveness of the services adopted. In our setting, remote one-to-one teacher support improves learning among students from poorer households, whereas receiving the free data package jointly with the app information has no impact on learning.
Keywords: educational inequality; educational technology; human capital; parental investments

Take-Up, Use, and Effectiveness of Remote Technologies Endline Report - Beam, Emily A.; Mukherjee, Priya; Navarro-Sola, Laia; Ferdosh, Junnatul; Sarwar, Md. Afzal Hossain (2021)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Take-up, Use, and Effectiveness of Remote Learning Technologies in Bangladesh during COVID-19 - Beam, E; Mukherjee, P; Navarro-Sola, L (2021)

Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016-2017 - BBS (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2017)

See states for Nigeria where schools no go resume on January 18 - BBC News Pidgin (BBC News Pidgin, 2020)
Some state governors, lawmakers no buy di idea of school resumption wey Ngeria government bin give go ahead to resume on January 18
Keywords: Education; Nigeria

Sierra Leone Media Landscape Report - BBC Media Action (2018)

Coronavirus: John Magufuli declares Tanzania free of Covid-19 - BBC (BBC News, 2020)
President John Magufuli says prayers have helped eliminate the deadly virus from the country.

Laos profile – timeline - BBC (BBC News, 2018)
A chronology of key events in the history of Laos
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Millions of Bangladeshis learn English with BBC Janala - BBC (2014)
From 2005-2014, BBC Janala ("window" in Bangla) was a unique service unlocking access to English language learning for millions of people in Bangladesh.

US pulls Pakistan Sesame Street aid - BBC (2012)

Vietnam profile - Timeline - BBC (BBC News, 2018)
A chronology of key events in the history of Vietnam

Integrating analyses in mixed methods research - Bazeley, Patricia (SAGE Publications Ltd., 2018)
Integrating Analyses for Mixed Methods Research goes beyond mixed methods research design and data collection, providing a pragmatic discussion of the challenges of effectively integrating data to facilitate a more comprehensive and rigorous level of analysis. Showcasing a range of strategies for integrating different sources and forms of data as well as different approaches in analysis, readers learn to plan, conduct, and disseminate complex analyses with confidence. Key techniques include: . Building an integrative framework . Analyzing sequential, complementary and comparative data . Identifying patterns and contrasts in linked data . Categorizing, counting, and blending mixed data . Managing dissonance and divergence . Transforming analysis into warranted assertions With clear steps that can be tailored to any project, this book is perfect for students and researchers undertaking their own mixed methods research.
Keywords: Methodology; Mixed methods research; Research; Social sciences

Integrating analyses in mixed methods Research - Bazeley, Pat (Canadian Journal of Program Evaluation, 2018)

Guidance note on using learning assessment in the process of school reopening - Bazaldua, Diego Luna; Levin, Victoria; Liberman, Julia (World Bank, 2020)

Social media tools for educational sustainability in conflict-affected regions - Baytiyeh, Hoda (Education Sciences, 2021)
This conceptual paper demonstrates the potential role of social media in providing students with access to education during emergency situations when schools cannot ensure students’ safety or provide safe learning environments. It is based on conceptual analysis that transforms face-to-face education into a cost-free, online educational environment by relying on social-media learning tools during short-term disruptions caused by violence and conflict. This article proposes a framework that outlines how technology can be used to maintain education in schools during conflicts and emergency situations: cloud computing to access administrative resources and social media tools to maintain teaching/learning resources and student–teacher as well as student–student interactions. The proposed strategy could be greatly beneficial to educational leaders and administrators in regions vulnerable to sectarian conflicts where student safety and the delivery of educational services can become major challenges. This paper contributes to the literature by emphasising the advantages of social media tools for educational delivery in conflict-afflicted regions.
Keywords: disaster risk reduction; educational sustainability; emergency education; sectarian violence; social media tools

The content analysis of the lesson plans created by ChatGPT and Google Gemini - Baytak, Ahmet (Research in Social Sciences and Technology, 2024)
Following the emergence of chatbots, especially ChatGPT, researchers have begun to examine their capabilities, credibility, and reliability in educational context.  In this study, ChatGPT and Google Bard are used as technological tools to create 7th-grade lesson plans for mathematics, science, literature, and social studies classes. Using prompts, these chatbots were asked to create lesson plans for the desired course, subject, and level. The data source of this study is the content produced by these chatbots. We analyzed 18 lesson plans to identify patterns and variations within the context of learning theories and models by using the Taguette qualitative analysis program. The results show that the lesson plans created by both chatbots are strongly resemblance to human-written educational content such as sentence structures, lesson activities, and assessments. Although the activities in all lesson plans defined teachers as facilitators and offered partially constructive lesson plans, it was found that the technology-integrated activities were very limited. The findings of this study provide a practical implication of chatbots for teachers and highlights educational considerations when integrating these tools into lessons.

Accelerated Education Programs in Crisis and Conflict: Building Evidence and Learning - Baxter, Pamela; Ramesh, Aparna; Menendez, Alicia; North, Lindsay (READING AND ACCESS EVALUATIONS, 2016)

Alternative education: filling the gap in emergency and post-conflict situations - Baxter, Pamela; Bethke, Lynne (Education in emergencies and reconstruction, 2009)

Roles and student identities in online large course forums: Implications for practice - Baxter, Jacqueline Aundree; Haycock, Jo (The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 2014)
The use of large online discussion forums within online and distance learning continues to grow. Recent innovations in online learning such as the MOOC (massive open online course) and concomitant growth in the use of online media for the delivery of courses in traditional campus based universities provide both opportunity and challenge for online tutors and learners alike. The recognition of the role that online tutors and student identity plays in the field of retention and progression of distance learners is also well documented in the field of distance learning. Focusing on a course forum linked to a single Level 2 undergraduate module and open to over 1,000 students, this ideographic case study, set in a large distance learning university, uses qualitative methodology to examine the extent to which participation in a large forum can be considered within community of practice (COP) frameworks and contributes to feelings of efficacy, student identity, and motivation. The paper draws on current theory pertaining to online communities and examines this in relation to the extent to which the forum adds to feelings of academic and social integration. The study concludes that although the large forum environment facilitates a certain degree of academic integration and identity there is evidence that it also presents a number of barriers producing negative effects on student motivation and online identity.
Keywords: C: United Kingdom; e-learning; higher education; online forums; online identities; online learning

A systematic comparison of software dedicated to meta-analysis of causal studies - Bax, L.; Yu, L.-M.; Ikeda, N. (BMC Medical Research Methodology, 2007)

Non-financial rewards and job commitment among public secondary school teachers in Ogun State Public Secondary Schools - Bawalla, Oluwatoyin Gbenga; Omolawal, Ayodeji Samuel (Reality of Politics. Estimates - Comments - Forecasts, 2022)
The study examined the relationship between non-financial rewards and teachers job commitment in the educational sector in Ogun State, Nigeria. A survey was conducted on public secondary school teachers to examine the relationship between non-financial rewards (promotion, study leave and sponsorship, provision of long service awards) and teachers’ job commitment. A sample of 750 full-time teachers was taken. Thirty schools were randomly selected across the three senatorial districts of Ogun State. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit information on socio-demographic characteristics and types of non-financial rewards available to public secondary school teachers in Ogun State. The response rate was 90.2%. Pearson Product Moment Correlation was used to test the relationship between non-financial and teachers job commitment. The result showed that non-financial rewards are a strong determinant of job commitment for the teachers in the state public secondary schools. It was therefore recommended that government and other relevant stakeholders in the educational sector are to reward teachers adequately by making use of non-financial rewards.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Vietnam's Development Success Story and the Unfinished SDG Agenda - Baum, Anja (International Monetary Fund (IMF), 2020)
Despite starting as one of the poorest countries in the mid-1980s, Vietnam has achieved rapid developmental progress, reaching lower middle-income status in 2010. In line with rapid economic growth, Vietnam has achieved impressive progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) during this time. This paper sheds light on some elements of Vietnam’s success story, highlighting crucial policies in education and electricity sectors. It undertakes a forward-looking costing exercise that focusses on five sectors – education, health, roads, water, and electricity infrastructure. Achieving the remaining SDGs in Vietnam will be a challenge, with total annual additional spending needs in the 5 subsectors estimated at 7 percent of GDP by 2030.

The Misallocation of Pay and Productivity in the Public Sector: Evidence from the Labor Market for Teachers - Bau, Natalie; Das, Jishnu (Policy Research Working Paper, 2017)

What does Tanzania’s move to lower-middle income status mean? - Battaile, William G. (World Bank Blogs, 2020)
On July 1, 2020, the World Bank announced that the Tanzanian economy had been upgraded from low to lower-middle income status. So, what does that mean? Below, we answer some of the most frequently asked questions about this global exercise and what it means for Tanzania.

The Effects of Micro-Reflective Teaching Practices on the Professional Skill Development of Pre-Service Physics Teachers - Batman, Demet; Saka, Ahmet Zeki (The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 2021)
The aim of this study is to find out the effects of micro-reflective teaching practices on the professional skill development of pre-service physics teachers. It was planned as an experimental study with one group pretestposttest and supported by the case study method. The data were collected by using professional skill scale, observation form and reflective diaries. The sample of the study composed of 13 (6 female, 7 male) pre-service teachers were studying in a Physics Teaching Program in an education faculty in north-eastern Turkey. Each preservice teacher implemented 5 micro-reflective teaching practice within the scope of the research. These practices were recorded by the camera. At the end of each practice pre-service teachers watched themselves and wrote their reflective diaries. The data obtained from the scales and the observation form were analyzed by using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and the data acquired from the reflective diaries were examined based on interpretive analysis. The findings based on the data obtained from the professional skill scale, observation forms and the reflective diaries indicate that micro-reflective teaching practices help improve pre-service physics teachers’ basic professional skills; subject matter mastery, planning, communication, classroom management, and evaluation.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Barriers to online learning in the time of COVID-19: A national survey of medical students in the Philippines - Baticulon, Ronnie E.; Alberto, Nicole Rose I.; Baron, Maria Beatriz C.; Mabulay, Robert Earl C.; Rizada, Lloyd Gabriel T.; Sy, Jinno Jenkin; Tiu, Christl Jan S.; Clarion, Charlie A.; Reyes, John Carlo B. (medRxiv, 2020)
Transgenic mice expressing genetically encoded activity indicators are an attractive means of mapping mesoscopic regional functional cortical connectivity given widespread stable and cell-specific expression compatible with chronic recordings. Cortical functional connectivity was evaluated using wide-field imaging in lightly anesthetized Emx1-creXRosa26-GCaMP3 mice expressing calcium sensor in cortical neurons. Challenges exist because green fluorescence signals overlap with endogenous activity-dependent autofluorescence and are affected by changes in blood volume and oxygenation. Under the conditions used for imaging and analysis (0.1–1 Hz frequency band), autofluorescence and hemodynamic effects contributed 3% and 8% of the SD of spontaneous activity-dependent GCaMP3 fluorescence when signals were recorded through intact bone. To evaluate the accuracy and sensitivity of this approach, the topology of functional connections between somatomotor cortex (primary S1 and secondary S2 somatosensory, and primary motor cortex M1) was estimated. During sequences of spontaneous activity, calcium signals recorded at each location of area S1 were correlated with activity in contralateral area S1, ipsilateral area S2, and bilateral areas M1. Reciprocal results were observed when “seed pixels” were placed in S2 and M1. Coactivation of areas implies functional connections but could also be attributed to both regions receiving common upstream drive. These apparent connections revealed during spontaneous activity coactivation by GCaMP3 were confirmed by intracortical microstimulation but were more difficult to detect using intrinsic signals from reflected red light. We anticipate GCAMP wide-field imaging will enable longitudinal studies during plasticity paradigms or after models of CNS disease, such as stroke, where the weighting within these connectivity maps may be altered.

The Generalizability Puzzle - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (2017)

The Generalizability Puzzle (SSIR) - Bates, Mary Ann; Glennerster, Rachel (Stanford Social Innovation Review, 2017)
Rigorous impact evaluations tell us a lot about the world, not just the particular contexts in which they are conducted. Open access to this article is made possible by MIT.

Opening New Doors: Community Engagement in India - Batada, Ameena; Banerjee, Sashwati; Subramanian, Mathangi; Banerjee, Sashwati; Subramanian, Mathangi (The Sesame Effect: The Global Impact of the Longest Street in the World, 2016)

Generative AI Can Harm Learning - Bastani, Hamsa; Bastani, Osbert; Sungu, Alp; Ge, Haosen; Kabakcı, Özge; Mariman, Rei (Social Science Research Network, 2024)
Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is poised to revolutionize how humans work, and has already demonstrated promise in significantly improving human productivity. However, a key remaining question is how generative AI affects learning, namely, how humans acquire new skills as they perform tasks. This kind of skill learning is critical to long-term productivity gains, especially in domains where generative AI is fallible and human experts must check its outputs. We study the impact of generative AI, specifically OpenAI's GPT-4, on human learning in the context of math classes at a high school. In a field experiment involving nearly a thousand students, we have deployed and evaluated two GPT based tutors, one that mimics a standard ChatGPT interface (called GPT Base) and one with prompts designed to safeguard learning (called GPT Tutor). These tutors comprise about 15% of the curriculum in each of three grades. Consistent with prior work, our results show that access to GPT-4 significantly improves performance (48% improvement for GPT Base and 127% for GPT Tutor). However, we additionally find that when access is subsequently taken away, students actually perform worse than those who never had access (17% reduction for GPT Base). That is, access to GPT-4 can harm educational outcomes. These negative learning effects are largely mitigated by the safeguards included in GPT Tutor. Our results suggest that students attempt to use GPT-4 as a "crutch" during practice problem sessions, and when successful, perform worse on their own. Thus, to maintain long-term productivity, we must be cautious when deploying generative AI to ensure humans continue to learn critical skills. * HB, OB, and AS contributed equally
Keywords: Education; Generative AI; Human Capital Development; Human-AI Collaboration; Large Language Models

Financial incentives and coverage of child health interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis - Bassani, Diego G.; Arora, Paul; Wazny, Kerri; Gaffey, Michelle F.; Lenters, Lindsey; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A. (BMC Public Health, 2013)
Financial incentives are widely used strategies to alleviate poverty, foster development, and improve health. Cash transfer programs, microcredit, user fee removal policies and voucher schemes that provide direct or indirect monetary incentives to households have been used for decades in Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and more recently in Southeast Asia. Until now, no systematic review of the impact of financial incentives on coverage and uptake of health interventions targeting children under 5 years of age has been conducted. The objective of this review is to provide estimates on the effect of six types of financial incentive programs: (i) Unconditional cash transfers (CT), (ii) Conditional cash transfers (CCT), (iii) Microcredit (MC), (iv) Conditional Microcredit (CMC), (v) Voucher schemes (VS) and (vi) User fee removal (UFR) on the uptake and coverage of health interventions targeting children under the age of five years.

Teacher Professional Development and Student Literacy Growth: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis - Basma, Badriah; Savage, Robert (Educational Psychology Review, 2018)
This systematic review explores the impact of teacher professional development (PD) on student reading achievement. The first part of the literature evaluates all available existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses of PD intervention studies. No quality reviews of PD and reading specifically (distinct from ‘attainment’) were found. There was a little overlap of studies in existing reviews. The second part of the systematic review focuses on the most recent intervention studies exploring PD and student reading achievement. The results of a meta-analysis of all high-quality studies are presented in the third part of the paper. This analysis showed no strong evidence of publication bias and an effect size for PD on student literacy of g = 0.225. This effect was moderated by the number of hours of PD whereby studies with fewer than 30 h of PD was significant for student reading outcomes (g = 0.367, p < 0.001) but more than 30 PD hours was not significant (g = 0.143, p > .05). Following a Weight of Evidence assessment, analysis showed that nearly all high-quality articles involved shorter PD. Weight of Evidence was a significant moderator, (g = 0.408, p < 0.001 for high-quality studies, g = 0.077, p > 0.5, n.s., for medium quality studies). Our review suggests that only high-quality studies of short teacher PD currently provide evidence of impact on student’s reading achievement.
Keywords: C: International

Transition to online education in schools during a SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Georgia - Basilaia, Giorgi; Kvavadze, David (Pedagogical Research, 2020)
The situation in general education in Georgia has changed in the spring semester of 2020, when the first case of coronavirus COVID-19 infection was detected rising to 211 local and more than 1,5 million infection cases worldwide by the Apr. 8. 2020. Georgia became one of 188 countries worldwide that has suspended the education process. The paper studies the capacities ofthe country and its population to continue the education process atthe schools in the online form of distance learning, study reviews the different available platforms and indicates the ones that were used by the support of the government, such as online portal, TV School and Microsoft teams for public schools and the alternatives like Zoom, Slack and Google Meet, EduPage platform that can be used for online education and live communication and gives examples of their usage. Authors made a case study, where the Google Meet platform was implemented for online education in a private school with 950 students, shows the usage statistics generated by the system for the first week of the online education process. Results confirm that the quick transition to the online form of education went successful and gained experience can be used in the future. The experience and studies can be useful for other countries that have not found the ways of transition yet. The lesson learned from the pandemic of 2020 will force a generation of new laws, regulations, platforms and solutions for future cases, when the countries, government and population will be more prepared than today.

Australia will support two more districts from the 40 disadvantaged districts identified as a priority by the Ministry of Education and Sports to receive extra support - Basic Education Quality and Access in Lao (Basic Education Quality and Access in Lao PDR, 2020)
18 of the Ministry’s priority districts will receive extra support from Australia to strengthen the implementation of the revised primary curriculum, out of a total of 34 districts supported by Australia
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

Pivot Stories: BEC Members Continue to Meet New Learner Needs during COVID-19 - Basic Education Coalition (Basic Education Coalition, 2020)
The Basic Education Coalition (BEC) developed this document to highlight how international education programs are adapting to meet new learner needs that have emerged due to the COVID-19 crisis. This new, updated version of the document includes even more examples of adaptations from implementers.

Teachers’ professional development through integrating ICT in English language education: A case from Pakistan - Bashiruddin, Ayesha
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

Facing Forward: Schooling for Learning in Africa - Bashir, Sajitha; Lockheed, Marlaine; Ninan, Elizabeth; Tan, Jee-Peng (World Bank, 2018)
This book lays out a range of policy and implementation actions that are needed for countries in sub-Saharan Africa to meet the challenge of improving learning while expanding access and completion of basic education for all. It underscores the importance of aligning the education system to be relentlessly focused on learning outcomes and to ensuring that all children have access to good schools, good learning materials, and good teachers. It is unique in characterizing countries according to the challenges they faced in the 1990s and the educational progress they have made over the past 25 years. The authors review the global literature and contribute their extensive new analyses of multiple datasets from over three dozen countries in the region. They integrate findings about what affects children's learning, access to schooling, and progress through basic education. The book examines four areas to help countries better align their systems to improve learning: completing the unfinished agenda of reaching universal basic education with quality; ensuring effective management and support of teachers; targeting spending priorities and budget processes on improving quality; and closing the institutional capacity gap. It concludes with an assessment of how future educational progress may be affected by projected fertility rates and economic growth. The primary audience for this book are policy makers in Africa, practitioners, and partners concerned about building the knowledge capital of sub-Saharan Africa.
Keywords: Education Management; Education Spending; Human Capital; Institutional Capacity; Knowledge Capital; Service Delivery; Teacher Effectiveness; Universal Basic Education