The Politics of Inclusive Development - Sen, Kunan; Bukenya, Badru; Hickey, Sam (Oxford University Press, 2014)

The Politics of Learning Reforms in Bangladesh Naomi , Mirza M. Hassan, Muhammad Ashikur Rahman, Khondoker Shakhawat Ali, and Md. Sajidul Islam Introduction - Hossain, N; Hassan, M; Rahman, M; Ali, K; Islam, Md (The politics of education in developing countries: from schooling to learning, 2019)
Keywords: Developing countries; Education; Education and state; Political aspects

The politics of performance in Punjab - Center for Public Impact (Centre For Public Impact (CPI), 2016)
All government leaders strive for improvements in public services. Systems differ, approaches fluctuate and funding streams vary, but theirs is a shared goal of achieving better services for their citizens. It's how they get re-elected - and how they make a difference.Take Shehbaz Sharif, for example. The chief ministe...

The politics of the education budget: Financing mass secondary education in Tanzania (2004–2012) - Languille, Sonia (International Journal of Educational Development, 2019)
This article examines the budget dimension of the rapid expansion of secondary education in Tanzania since 2004. It aims to illuminate important challenges associated with the current international call for universal secondary education and for domestic revenue mobilization to fill the significant financial gap to achieve SDG 4 by 2030. The article sheds light on critical political factors that shaped Tanzania’s education budget allocation, a topic scarcely scholarly investigated. In light of the analysis, the article concludes that tax justice, at global and national level, needs to guide any ambitious agenda for action to finance quality education for all.
Keywords: Budget; Financing; Political economy; Secondary education; Tanzania

The potential and prerequisites of effective tablet integration in rural Kenya - Heinrich, Carolyn J.; Darling-Aduana, Jennifer; Martin, Caroline (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2020)
This study investigates how pedagogical, cultural and institutional factors interact with technical knowledge in educational technology integration and how they relate to equitable and effective technology use in low-resource settings. In the context of a one-to-one tablet initiative in rural Kenya, we explore how these factors constrain or support access to technology, instructor capacity, student engagement and student learning, as well as their implications for reducing educational and digital divides. We employ a mixed methods, such as a quasi-experimental (prepost, nonequivalent control group) research design that draws on data from classroom observations, teacher interviews, student surveys and focus groups, and assessments of student academic performance to generate evidence on classroom practices and student learning in schools with access to tablets, while also highlighting core challenges to successful technology integration. Our findings contribute to the identification of prerequisites and supporting factors for successful educational technology integration, as well as policy levers and school-based strategies that are likely to increase equitable access to quality learning experiences in schools in low-resource contexts. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic A lack of funding, planning and infrastructure hinder information and communication technology (ICT) integration. Procurement of educational technology and infrastructure improvement efforts has reduced digital divides, but learning divides persist in implementation. Insufficient teacher technology expertise and professional development constrain teacher's effective use of educational technology in classrooms. What this paper adds We employ mixed methods—triangulating the student assessment data with data from student surveys and focus groups, teacher interviews and classroom observations—to identify how pedagogical, cultural and institutional factors interact with technical knowledge in ICT integration in ways that support or constrain student learning in low-resource contexts. We find that more attention is needed for cultural factors that interact with pedagogical and technical skills to ensure that the classroom instructors' attention is equitability distributed in ways that discourage in-class “tracking” and differential access to quality learning experiences, such as some teachers' disregard of “slow learners” in the classroom. In low-resource contexts, providing even basic levels of infrastructure (eg, a consistent power source) and access to general technical knowledge requires more creative and concerted efforts from school leadership and instructors, such as the offer of tutorials and reading clubs outside of the class to expand access and improve the use of devices. Implications for practice and/or policy We find that device sharing can have positive effects on peer-to-peer learning, which suggests that policymakers in Kenya should weigh the benefits of achieving one-to-one device access against the potential advantages of alternative investments, such as expanding professional development on the integration and use of currently available devices. Increasing opportunities for peer-to-peer learning and exchange (among teachers and students) and building shared capacities for ICT integration can help reduce technical issues and lost instructional time.

The Potential for School-Based Interventions That Target Executive Function to Improve Academic Achievement: A Review - Jacob, Robin; Parkinson, Julia (Review of Educational Research, 2015)
This article systematically reviews what is known empirically about the association between executive function and student achievement in both reading and math and critically assesses the evidence for a causal association between the two. Using meta-analytic techniques, the review finds that there is a moderate unconditional association between executive function and achievement that does not differ by executive function construct, age, or measurement type but finds no compelling evidence that a causal association between the two exists.

The Potential Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Equity and Inclusion in Education - OECD (2024)

The potential impact of Information and Communication Technology solutions on textbook provision - Read, Tony (Where Have All the Textbooks Gone?: Toward Sustainable Provision of Teaching and Learning Materials in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2015)

The potential impact of mobile-assisted language learning on women and girls in Africa: A literature review - Zelezny-Green, Ronda (Ubiquitous Learning: An International Journal, 2011)
Keywords: Equity through Access; ___working_potential_duplicate

The Potential Impact of Mobile-Assisted Language Learning on Women and Girls in Africa: A Literature Review - Zelezny-Green, Ronda (Ubiquitous Learning: An International Journal, 2011)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The potential impact of mobile-assisted language learning on women and girls in Africa: A literature review - Zelezny-Green, Ronda (Ubiquitous Learning: An International Journal, 2011)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The potential of Accelerated Learning Programmes (ALPs) for conflict-ridden countries and regions: Lessons learned from an experience in Iraq - Bilagher, Moritz; Kaushik, Amit (International Review of Education, 2020)
Accelerated learning programmes (ALPs) provide a fast-track second-chance opportunity to complete formal education, enabling disadvantaged children and youth to catch up with their peers. In 2005, after a preliminary pilot phase, the Government of Iraq, in partnership with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) implemented an ALP initially in 10 of Iraq’s 18 governorates with the intention of providing an estimated 50,000 out-of-school, often traumatised and disenfranchised children aged 12–18 years with an opportunity to complete the six-year primary cycle in three years. This experience generated some insights which may still be of practical use today in other conflict-ridden countries and regions. In order to highlight how the lessons learned just over 10 years ago are relevant to similar situations elsewhere today, this article discusses the findings of an independent evaluation of the programme in 2008. The available evaluation data imply that this ALP addressed a significant need and was appreciated by the target group, with 75 % of learners stating that they liked the ALP very much. Around 90 % of ALP graduates continued either in secondary education, or studying in other programmes, joined an apprenticeship scheme or found employment. Both survey and interview data suggest that this ALP did more than create educational opportunities for young persons; it also helped young people obtain a confident perspective for their own future. Consequently, this made them less vulnerable to participation in subversive activities (such as, for example, being recruited into militias). This is a lesson not just relevant to Iraq at the time, but to a wide range of unstable contexts across the world.
Keywords: Accelerated Learning Programmes (ALPs); Iraq; Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4; access to education; education in (post-)conflict environments; education in emergencies

The potential of e-Learning to address the needs of out-of-school youth in the Philippines - Unwin, Tim; Tan, Mel; Pauso, kat (Children's Geographies, 2007)
This paper reports on the findings of focus group discussions designed to explore the learning and skills-based needs of out-of-school youth in the Philippines, particularly addressing their reasons for leaving school, their current activities and employment, how they acquire skills and knowledge, what they want to learn about, their use of Information and Communication Technologies, and their future employment plans. It was undertaken in the context of the development of a programme of e-learning through ICT Centres to be delivered in support of the country's 5 million out-of-school youth.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The Potential of Mobile Phones to Transform Teacher Professional Development to Build Sustainable Educational Futures in Bangladesh - Walsh, Christopher S; Woodward, Clare; Solly, Mike; Shrestha, Prithvi (Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 2015)
Futures thinking is used by governments to consider long-term strategic approaches and develop policies and practices that are potentially resilient to future uncertainty. English in Action (EIA), arguably the world's largest English language teacher professional development (TPD) project, used futures thinking to author possible, probable and preferable future scenarios to solve the project's greatest technological challenge: how to deliver audio-visual TPD materials and hundreds of classroom audio resources to 75,000 teachers by 2017. Authoring future scenarios and engaging in possibility thinking (PT) provided us with a taxonomy of question-posing and question-responding that assisted the project team in being creative. This process informed the successful pilot testing of a mobile-phone-based technology kit to deliver TPD resources within an open distance learning (ODL) platform. Taking the risk and having the foresight to trial mobile phones in remote rural areas with teachers and students led to unforeseen innovation. As a result, EIA is currently using a mobile-phone-based technology kit with 12,500 teachers to improve the English language proficiency of 700,000 students. As the project scales up in its third and final phase, we are using the new technology kit — known as the 'trainer in your pocket' — to foster a 'quiet revolution' in the provision of professional development for teachers at scale to an additional 67,500 teachers and nearly 10 million students.

The potential of MOOCs for large-scale teacher professional development in contexts of mass displacement - Kennedy, E.; Laurillard, D. (London Review of Education, 2019)
The mass displacement of people across the world, currently estimated at 65 million, creates a massive demand for new forms of education for children, young people and adults. However, this cannot be addressed without attending to what this means for teachers and other professionals involved in education and training. Clearly, there is a need for large-scale teacher professional development (TPD). Digital technology has the potential to meet this demand, but challenges are presented by the poor digital infrastructure in contexts of mass displacement. Data from two projects are analysed to explore the viability of scaling up TPD in the form of co-designed massive open online courses (MOOCs). The first data set is from a co-designed TPD MOOC project Blended Learning Essentials, to show that digital technology can be effective for scaling up TPD, but that a sustainability plan must be in place from the outset. The second data set is from a project that built on the first to run stakeholder co-design workshops in Lebanon, as a way of developing large-scale TPD in this most challenging context. Lebanon has the highest proportion of refugee to host communities in the world. This case study indicates that MOOCs could be viable in such a context, but also highlights the need to balance the generic principles being offered with a focus on localized practice. A theory of change is presented to outline a method of meeting these challenges by employing a co-design methodology to create self-sustaining digital TPD in the context of Lebanon, and to test this model with the contexts of mass displacement experienced by other participants in the MOOC.

The potential of MOOCs for large-scale teacher professional development in contexts of mass displacement - Kennedy, Eileen; Laurillard, Diana (London Review of Education, 2019)
The mass displacement of people across the world, currently estimated at 65 million, creates a massive demand for new forms of education for children, young people and adults. However, this cannot be addressed without attending to what this means for teachers and other professionals involved in education and training. Clearly, there is a need for large-scale teacher professional development (TPD). Digital technology has the potential to meet this demand, but challenges are presented by the poor digital infrastructure in contexts of mass displacement. Data from two projects are analysed to explore the viability of scaling up TPD in the form of co-designed massive open online courses (MOOCs). The first data set is from a co-designed TPD MOOC project Blended Learning Essentials, to show that digital technology can be effective for scaling up TPD, but that a sustainability plan must be in place from the outset. The second data set is from a project that built on the first to run stakeholder co-design workshops in Lebanon, as a way of developing large-scale TPD in this most challenging context. Lebanon has the highest proportion of refugee to host communities in the world. This case study indicates that MOOCs could be viable in such a context, but also highlights the need to balance the generic principles being offered with a focus on localized practice. A theory of change is presented to outline a method of meeting these challenges by employing a co-design methodology to create self-sustaining digital TPD in the context of Lebanon, and to test this model with the contexts of mass displacement experienced by other participants in the MOOC.
Keywords: BLENDED learning; CO DESIGN MOOCS REFUGEES TEACHERS THEORY OF CHANGE; DIGITAL technology; Design; Digital technology; Education; Google Scholar/ "blended learning" refugee education; Lebanon; MASSIVE open online courses; MOOCs; Online instruction; PROFESSIONAL education; Professional development; RER theme_supporting educators; TEACHER development; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2095772; ___working_potential_duplicate; __finaldtb; co-design; refugees; teachers; theory of change

The potential of research for professional development in isolated settings during the COVID-19 crisis and beyond - Trikoilis, Dionysios; Papanastasiou, Elena (Journal of Technology and Teacher Education, 2020)
The global COVID-19 pandemic has created the urgent need for quality online instruction throughout all levels of educa- tion. However, this pandemic has found teachers physically isolated within their homes, and unprepared for the challeng- ing tasks of teaching online. Many of the challenges faced by teachers due to this isolation, are similar to those faced by teachers in remote areas around the world. One such issue, is the lack of access to traditional professional development op- portunities, which is frequently the only type of professional development offered to teachers in many countries. Thus, many teachers lack guidance on how to resolve many online teaching challenges during this period. Therefore, this study examines the potential of utilizing educational research for assisting teachers through this trying period of COVID-19
Keywords: Access to Education; Communicable Diseases; Disease Control; Educational Research; Educational Technology; Faculty Development; Foreign Countries; Online Courses; Professional Isolation; Rural Areas; Technology Uses in Education; ⛔ No DOI found

The potential of using technology to support personalised learning in low- and middle-income countries - Major, Louis; Francis, Gill (EdTech Hub, 2020)
With schools around the world closed to prevent the spread of COVID-19, we have been undertaking a series of ‘rapid evidence reviews’ to help education decision-makers respond effectively. These reviews aim to provide evidence-based summaries on specific areas of EdTech. In this post, we look at the role of technology in supporting personalised…
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH

The Power of Girls' Reading Camps: Exploring the impact of radio lessons, peer learning and targeted paper-based resources on girls’ remote learning in Kenya - Amenya, Donvan; Fitzpatrick, Rachael; Njeri, M.E.; Naylor, Ruth; Page, Ella; Riggall, Anna (EdTech Hub, 2021)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen; _r:AddedByZotZen; _zenodo:submitted

The Power of Mobile to Accelerate Digital Transformation in Pakistan - Okeleke, Kenechi (GSMA, 2019)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

The Praxis Study Companion, Teaching Reading: Elementary - ETS Praxis (2021)

The Predictive Validity of a Text-Based Situational Judgment Test in Undergraduate Medical and Dental School Admissions - Patterson, Fiona; Cousans, Fran; Edwards, Helena; Rosselli, Anna; Nicholson, Sandra; Wright, Barry (Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges, 2017)
PROBLEM: Situational judgment tests (SJTs) can be used to assess the nonacademic attributes necessary for medical and dental trainees to become successful practitioners. Evidence for SJTs' predictive validity, however, relates predominantly to selection in postgraduate settings or using video-based SJTs at the undergraduate level; it may not be directly transferable to text-based SJTs in undergraduate medical and dental school selection. This preliminary study aimed to address these gaps by assessing the validity of the UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) text-based SJT. APPROACH: Study participants were 218 first-year medical and dental students from four UK undergraduate schools who completed the first UKCAT text-based SJT in 2013. Outcome measures were educational supervisor ratings of in-role performance in problem-based learning tutorial sessions-mean rating across the three domains measured by the SJT (integrity, perspective taking, and team involvement) and an overall judgment of performance-collected in 2015. OUTCOMES: There were significant correlations between SJT scores and both mean supervisor ratings (uncorrected r = 0.24, P < .001; corrected r = 0.34) and overall judgments (uncorrected rs = 0.16, P < .05; corrected rs = 0.20). SJT scores predicted 6% of variance in mean supervisor ratings across the three nonacademic domains. NEXT STEPS: The results provide evidence that a well-designed text-based SJT can be appropriately integrated, and add value to, the selection process for undergraduate medical and dental school. More evidence is needed regarding the longitudinal predictive validity of SJTs throughout medical and dental training pathways, with appropriate outcome criteria.
Keywords: College Admission Test; Education, Dental; Education, Medical, Undergraduate; Female; Humans; Judgment; Male; Predictive Value of Tests; Reproducibility of Results; School Admission Criteria; Surveys and Questionnaires; United Kingdom; Young Adult

The Primary Math and Reading Initiative (PRIMR) - Piper, Benjamin; Kwayumba, Dunston (2014)

The Primary Math and Reading Initiative (PRIMR) - RTI International (2014)

The PRISMA Statement for Reporting Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Studies That Evaluate Health Care Interventions: Explanation and Elaboration - Liberati, Alessandro; Altman, Douglas G.; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Mulrow, Cynthia; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Ioannidis, John P. A.; Clarke, Mike; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, Jos; Moher, David (PLOS Medicine, 2009)
Alessandro Liberati and colleagues present an Explanation and Elaboration of the PRISMA Statement, updated guidelines for the reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Keywords: Clinical research design; Database searching; Medical risk factors; Metaanalysis; Publication ethics; Randomized controlled trials; Research reporting guidelines; Systematic reviews

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. - Liberati, Alessandro; Altman, Douglas G.; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Mulrow, Cynthia; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Ioannidis, John P.A.; Clarke, Mike; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, Jos; Moher, David (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2009)
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarise evidence relating to efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, are not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analysis) statement-a reporting guideline published in 1999-there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realising these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this explanation and elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA statement, this document, and the associated website (www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. - Liberati, Alessandro; Altman, Douglas G.; Tetzlaff, Jennifer; Mulrow, Cynthia; Gøtzsche, Peter C.; Ioannidis, John P.A.; Clarke, Mike; Devereaux, P. J.; Kleijnen, Jos; Moher, David (BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2009)
Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarise evidence relating to efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, are not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (quality of reporting of meta-analysis) statement-a reporting guideline published in 1999-there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realising these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this explanation and elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA statement, this document, and the associated website (www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; auto_merged

The private schooling phenomenon in India: A review - Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (2019)
This paper examines the size, growth, salaries, fee levels and per-pupil-costs of private schools, and compares these with the government school sector. Official data show a steep growth of private schooling and a corresponding rapid shrinkage in the size of the government school sector in India, suggesting parental abandonment of government schools. Data show that a very large majority of private schools in most states are ‘low-fee’ when judged in relation to: state per capita income, perpupil expenditure in the government schools, and the officially-stipulated rural minimum wage rate for daily-wage-labour. This suggests that affordability is an important factor behind the migration towards and growth of private schools. The main reason for the very low fee levels in private schools is their lower teacher salaries, which the data show to be a small fraction of the salaries paid in government schools; this is possible because private schools pay the market-clearing wage, which is depressed by a large supply of unemployed graduates in the country, whereas government schools pay bureaucratically determined minimum-wages. The paper shows how education policies can be harmful when formulated without seeking the evidence.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The privilege of #pivotonline: A South African perspective - Adam, Taskeen (Open Development & Education, 2020)
Taskeen Adam, https://opendeved.net/2020/04/22/the-privilege-of-#pivotonline/, 2020-04-22, 10.5281/zenodo.3760383 As the global number of COVID-19 cases increase, lockdowns continue across the world. Reports from UNESCO highlight that nationwide closures are impacting over 91% of the world’s student population who can no longer attend school. With schools closed, there has been a mass shift to online education — from primary …
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate; dode_eth-src-dode; dode_eth-trf2-dode

The problem of issuance of fake degrees and its implications - Garg, Rachit (2021)

The problem with Lao’s education system - ASEAN Post (The ASEAN Post, 2020)
Lao’s education system is suffering and the country’s lack of freedom might have something to do with it.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The problematic concept of native speaker in psycholinguistics: Replacing vague and harmful terminology with inclusive and accurate measures. - Cheng, Lauretta S. P.; Burgess, Danielle; Vernooij, Natasha; Solís-Barroso, Cecilia; McDermott, Ashley; Namboodiripad, Savithry (Frontiers in Psychology, 2021)
Though the term NATIVE SPEAKER/SIGNER is frequently used in language research, it is inconsistently conceptualized. Factors, such as age, order, and context of acquisition, in addition to social/cultural identity, are often differentially conflated. While the ambiguity and harmful consequences of the term NATIVE SPEAKER have been problematized across disciplines, much of this literature attempts to repurpose the term in order to include and/or exclude certain populations. This paper problematizes NATIVE SPEAKER within psycholinguistics, arguing that the term is both unhelpful to rigorous theory construction and harmful to marginalized populations by reproducing normative assumptions about behavior, experience, and identity. We propose that language researchers avoid NATIVE SPEAKER altogether, and we suggest alternate ways of characterizing language experience/use. The vagueness of NATIVE SPEAKER can create problems in research design (e.g., through systematically excluding certain populations), recruitment (as participants’ definitions might diverge from researchers’), and analysis (by distilling continuous factors into under-specified binary categories). This can result in barriers to cross-study comparison, which is particularly concerning for theory construction and replicability. From a research ethics perspective, it matters how participants are characterized and included: Excluding participants based on binary/essentialist conceptualizations of nativeness upholds deficit perspectives toward multilingualism and non-hegemonic modes of language acquisition. Finally, by implicitly assuming the existence of a critical period, NATIVE SPEAKER brings with it theoretical baggage which not all researchers may want to carry. Given the issues above and how ‘nativeness’ is racialized (particularly in European and North American contexts), we ask that researchers consider carefully whether exclusion of marginalized/minoritized populations is necessary or justified—particularly when NATIVE SPEAKER is used only as a way to achieve linguistic homogeneity. Instead, we urge psycholinguists to explicitly state the specific axes traditionally implied by NATIVENESS that they wish to target. We outline several of these (e.g., order of acquisition, allegiance, and comfort with providing intuitions) and give examples of how to recruit and describe participants while eschewing NATIVE SPEAKER. Shifting away from harmful conventions, such as NATIVE SPEAKER, will not only improve research design and analysis, but also is one way we can co-create a more just and inclusive field.

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) - PISA (2018)

The Promise of Inclusive Digital Learning in Kenya - Government of Kenya (2022)

The Promise of Lean Experimentation - Murray, Peter; Ma, Steve (Stanford Social Innovation Review (SSIR), 2015)
By adopting a model from business, nonprofit organizations can launch, test, and implement new programs and services more efficiently. Includes magazine extras.

The Promise of Preschool in Africa: A Randomised Impact Evaluation of Early Childhood Development in Rural Mozambique - Martinez, Sebastian; Naudeau, Sophie; Pereira, Vitor (The International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The Punjab Transparency and Right to Information Act 2013 - The Punjab Transparency and Right to Information Act (2013)

The quality imperative - UNESCO; Education for All (EFA global monitoring report, 2005)

The quality of teaching and learning in Tanzanian primary schools: A baseline study. - UNICEF (UNICEF, 2008)

The quality of translated children's literature in the Let’s Read application: Evaluating source text meaning accuracy using Angelelli's scoring rubric - Setiajid, Harris; Krisnarani, Natalia; Nirwinastu, Diksita (ResearchGate, 2024)
PDF | This study evaluates the translation quality of a children's story, "Dive", in the Let’s Read app using Angelelli's scoring rubric. The focus is... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate

The Race between Teacher Wages and the Budget - Spaull, Nic; Lilenstein, Adaiah; Carel, David (Research on Socioeconomic Policy (RESEP) Stellenbosch University, 2020)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think. - Schön, D. A. (Arena, 1991)

The Relations of Early Television Viewing to School Readiness and Vocabulary of Children from Low-Income Families: The Early Window Project - Wright, John; Huston, Aletha; Murphy, Kimberlee; Peters, Michelle; Pinõn, M.; Scantlin, R.; Kotler, Jennifer (Child development, 2001)
For two cohorts of children from low- to moderate-income families, time-use diaries of television viewing were collected over 3 years (from ages 2-5 and 4-7 years, respectively), and tests of reading, math, receptive vocabulary, and school readiness were administered annually. Relations between viewing and performance were tested in path analyses with controls for home environment quality and primary language (English or Spanish). Viewing child-audience informative programs between ages 2 and 3 predicted high subsequent performance on all four measures of academic skills. For both cohorts, frequent viewers of general-audience programs performed more poorly on subsequent tests than did infrequent viewers of such programs. Children's skills also predicted later viewing, supporting a bidirectional model. Children with good skills at age 5 selected more child-audience informative programs and fewer cartoons in their early elementary years. Children with lower skills at age 3 shifted to viewing more general-audience programs by ages 4 and 5. The results affirm the conclusion that the relations of television viewed to early academic skills depend primarily on the content of the programs viewed.

The relationship between cognition and action: performance of children 312–7 years old on a stroop- like day-night test - Gerstadt, Cherie L.; Hong, Yoon Joo; Diamond, Adele (Cognition, 1994)
One hundred and sixty children 312–7 years of age (10M, 10F at each 6-month interval) were tested on a task that requires inhibitory control of action plus learning and remembering two rules. They were asked to say “day” whenever a black card with the moon and stars appeared and to say “night” when shown a white card with a bright sun. Children <5 years had great difficulty. They started out performing well, but could not sustain this over the course of the 16-trial session. Response latency decreased from 312 to 412 years. Children <412 years performed well when they took very long to respond. To test whether the requirement to learn and remember two rules alone was sufficient to cause children difficulty, 80 children 312–5 years old were tested on a control version of the task (“say ‘day’ to one abstract design and ‘night’ to another”). Even the youngest children performed at a high level. We conclude that the requirement to learn and remember two rules is not in itself sufficient to account for the poor performance of the younger children in the experimental condition.

The relationship between educational television and mathematics capability in Tanzania - Watson, Joe; Hennessy, Sara; Vignoles, Anna (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2021)
Previous studies have often demonstrated that educational television can have a positive effect on learning outcomes in low-income countries when delivered in controlled settings. However, existing research in low-resource contexts has scarcely considered the association between child outcomes and viewing in usual environments (ie, at their home, a friend’s home or a relative’s home). This lack of research is striking, as evidence from controlled settings might provide limited information on the effects of normal television exposure. This paper, therefore, investigates the relationship between normal exposure to a popular Tanzania-produced cartoon, Ubongo Kids and mathematics capability, as represented by plausible values derived from an item response theory model applied to children’s test responses. Cross-sectional investigation of a sample of 38 682 Tanzanian children suggested normal educational television exposure to be significantly associated with mathematics capability, when controlling for age, sex, school enrolment, Kiswahili attainment and household fixed effects. While cross-sectional results are not necessarily causal, the findings in this paper broadly correspond with those from previous designs using repeated observations. What is more, considering association results alongside cost and viewership estimates suggests television-based interventions to be highly cost effective. Practitioner Notes What is already known about this topic National data for Tanzania suggests the country to have both low levels of mathematics proficiency and considerable access to television technology. Educational television-based interventions might, therefore, be worthy of consideration by educational policymakers, especially given that studies conducted in controlled settings indicate that television can deliver learning benefits. There is, however, little evidence concerning educational television exposure outside of controlled settings. Only one such study in a low-income context that concerned the association between learning outcomes and viewing among primary-age children has been identified. What this paper adds This paper addresses this dearth of research by investigating the association between normal exposure to a Tanzanian cartoon, Ubongo Kids and mathematics capability, as derived from an item response theory model applied to the test responses of 38 682 children. Cross-sectional findings suggest the association between normal television exposure and mathematics capability to be significant. Further, a cost-effectiveness comparison with alternate interventions in comparable contexts indicates that educational television is highly cost-effective. Implications for practice and/or policy The findings presented in this paper concerning educational television viewership in usual environments act to triangulate those from prior research conducted in controlled settings. As such, policymakers in low-income contexts now possess more convincing evidence on the potential influence of educational television interventions. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness comparison made suggests that educational television should be considered a viable option by policymakers seeking to address learning outcomes with limited resources.
Keywords: Tanzania; cost effectiveness; educational television; mathematics

The relationship between educational television and mathematics capability in Tanzania - Watson, Joseph (University of Cambridge, 2020)
Previous studies have frequently demonstrated that educational television viewing can have a positive effect on learning in low-income country contexts when shows are delivered in controlled settings. However, the consequence of day-to-day viewing in such contexts has scarcely been considered. Additionally, no recent published research has provided any information on the costs of educational television. The lack of research in these areas is striking. Examining educational television viewing in monitored settings provides limited information on the influence of routine television consumption. Further, the broad reach of numerous educational television programmes should provide low per-viewer costs and, resultantly, strong cost-effectiveness findings. This PhD study therefore examined (1) the association between educational television exposure and mathematics capability and (2) the cost effectiveness of educational television interventions. To achieve this, research was carried out that centred on Ubongo Kids – a popular Tanzanian-produced show delivering mathematics-focused content. Quantitative investigation into the association between educational television exposure and mathematics capability used nationally representative data, collected by Uwezo Tanzania. A household fixed-effects model showed that exposure to educational television was significantly associated with mathematics capability among children aged 7-16, when controlling for age, sex, school enrolment and Kiswahili attainment. Findings from this model were used in cost-effectiveness calculations, alongside cost data and an estimate of the number of Ubongo Kids viewers. Results compared favourably against those for other interventions, with calculations regarding Ubongo Kids’ ongoing activities suggesting it to have been more cost effective than any other intervention previously investigated using the same cost-effectiveness approach. These findings indicate that in low-income contexts: educational television programmes can aid learning; and, that directing a greater proportion of available educational resources towards educational television interventions may benefit educational outcomes.
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The relationship between educational television and mathematics capability in Tanzania - Watson, Joseph; Hennessy, Sara; Vignoles, Anna (British Journal of Educational Technology, 2020)
Previous studies have frequently demonstrated that educational television viewing can have a positive effect on learning in low-income country contexts when shows are delivered in controlled settings. However, the consequence of day-to-day viewing in such contexts has scarcely been considered. Additionally, no recent published research has provided any information on the costs of educational television. The lack of research in these areas is striking. Examining educational television viewing in monitored settings provides limited information on the influence of routine television consumption. Further, the broad reach of numerous educational television programmes should provide low perviewer costs and, resultantly, strong cost-effectiveness findings. This PhD study therefore examined (1) the association between educational television exposure and mathematics capability and (2) the cost effectiveness of educational television interventions. To achieve this, research was carried out that centred on Ubongo Kids – a popular Tanzanian-produced show delivering mathematics-focused content.
Keywords: Tanzania; ___working_potential_duplicate; cost effectiveness; educational television; mathematics; ⛔ No DOI found

The Relationship between Teachers' Attitudes to Distance Education and Their Life Satisfaction - Kirkiç, Kamil Arif; Yahsi, Ömer (Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 2021)
Teachers' attitudes toward distance education are important in terms of the effectiveness of the distance education process. They become even more critical during this time of global pandemics when face-to-face education has been compulsorily replaced by distance education. The worldwide coronavirus pandemic has changed the practices of the teaching profession. This period has revealed how teachers' life satisfaction while carrying out their profession can be affected by changes in education delivery. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between teachers' attitudes toward distance education and their life satisfaction during the distance education process. This research used the correlational survey method, a method in quantitative research. The sample group consisted of teachers (1,233 male and 3,671 female educators) working in different branches in Izmir. The "Life Satisfaction Scale" and "Attitude toward Distance Education Scale" were applied. Participants' demographic information was obtained using a "Personal Information Form" designed by the researchers. According to the results of the study, while there is a notable difference in teachers' limitations toward distance education and life satisfaction according to gender, there is no difference in the advantages gained from and attitudes toward distance education.
Keywords: COVID-19; Correlation; Distance Education; Educational Attainment; Elementary School Teachers; Foreign Countries; Gender Differences; Income; Instructional Effectiveness; Knowledge Level; Life Satisfaction; Pandemics; Secondary School Teachers; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Characteristics; ⛔ No DOI found

The relationships of learning independence, family support, facilities and service of institutions through quality of learning students - Dalas, Nove; Hadiyanto; Muhaimin (Journal of critical reviews, 2020)
Education is a conscious endeavor and aims to develop human quality. Education has a very important role because, without education, the transformation process and the actualization of knowledge are difficult to manifest. One of the things that supports education in schools is the guidance and counseling service. Meanwhile, the problems in the school environment are the lack of learning quality of students in line with the maximization of learning independence, family support, and self-development services students of MTs Negeri Jambi. This research was correlational research conducted in six state Islamic junior high schools in 1 Jambi city, Indonesia. The samples of the study were 886 students taken by using a stratified sampling technique, and randomly for each class of each school. The instruments used were questionnaires with 100-item statements by Likert scale while data were analyzed by using a descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation test, and multiple linear regression tests. The results showed that the quality of learning, learning independence, family support, and self-development services had not been carried out maximally at six state Islamic junior high schools. Students who were less independent, got less family support and minimum in obtaining self-development services would also had less maximum learning quality. Simultaneously the independence of study, family support, and facilities and service of the institutions were associated very closely with the quality of students' learning, and in partial increments of each learning independence variable, family support, and service Self-development impacts on improving learning quality.

The relative effectiveness of government and private schools in Pakistan: Are girls worse off? - Aslam, Monazza (Education Economics, 2009)

The Relative Effectiveness of Teachers and Learning Software: Evidence from a Field Experiment in El Salvador - Büchel, Konstantin; Jakob, Martina; Kühnhanss, Christoph; Steffen, Daniel; Brunetti, Aymo (Journal of Labor Economics, 2022)

The relative eﬀectiveness of teachers and learning software: Evidence from a field experiment in El Salvador - Buchel, Konstantin; Jakob, Martina; Kuhnhanss, Christoph; Steﬀen, Daniel; Brunetti, Aymo (University of Bern Social Sciences Working Papers, 2020)
This study provides novel evidence on the relative eﬀectiveness of computer-assisted learning (CAL) software and traditional teaching. Based on a randomized controlled trial in Salvadoran primary schools, we evaluate three interventions that aim to improve learning outcomes in mathematics: (i) teacher-led classes, (ii) CAL classes monitored by a technical supervisor, and (iii) CAL classes instructed by a teacher. As all three interventions involve the same amount of additional mathematics lessons, we can directly compare the productivity of the three teaching methods. CAL lessons lead to larger improvements in students’ mathematics skills than traditional teacher-centered classes. In addition, teachers add little to the eﬀectiveness of learning software. Overall, our results highlight the value of CAL approaches in an environment with poorly qualiﬁed teachers.
Keywords: Quality: H; Relevance: H; computer-assisted learning; primary education; productivity in education; teacher content knowledge; ⛔ No DOI found

The Relative Wealth Index - Facebook (Facebook Data for Good, 2021)

The relevance of authentic learning activities in developing competency and confidence of integrating technology in teaching among pre-service teachers in Tanzania - Kafyulilo, Ayoub (The African Symposium: An online journal of the African Educational Research Network, 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Relevancy of Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory in Early Childhood Education - Msangi, Bilhuda (JOURNAL OF ISSUES AND PRACTICE IN EDUCATION, 2012)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Reliability of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in Clinical Practice - Kopp, Bruno; Lange, Florian; Steinke, Alexander (Assessment, 2019)
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) represents the gold standard for the neuropsychological assessment of executive function. However, very little is known about its reliability. In the current study, 146 neurological inpatients received the Modified WCST (M-WCST). Four basic measures (number of correct sorts, categories, perseverative errors, set-loss errors) and their composites were evaluated for split-half reliability. The reliability estimates of the number of correct sorts, categories, and perseverative errors fell into the desirable range (rel ≥ .90). The study therefore disclosed sufficiently reliable M-WCST measures, fostering the application of this eminent psychological test to neuropsychological assessment. Our data also revealed that the M-WCST possesses substantially better psychometric properties than would be expected from previous studies of WCST test-retest reliabilities obtained from non-patient samples. Our study of split-half reliabilities from discretionary construed and from randomly built M-WCST splits exemplifies a novel approach to the psychometric foundation of neuropsychology.

The Revised National Development Strategy for South Sudan – 2021-2024 - Ministry of Finance and Planning (Republic of South Sudan, 2022)

The rise and fall of the PC in one chart - Booton, Jennifer (MarketWatch, 2016)

The RISE Education Systems Diagnostic: A Tool for Identifying Strategic Priorities for Education System Reform - RISE (RISE Programme, 2023)

The Rise of K–12 Blended Learning - Horn, Michael B; Staker, Heather (2011)

The Rising Rate of Women Participating in Vietnam’s Labor Force - Banerji, Angana; Gjonbalaj, Albe; Hlatshwayo, Sandile; Le, Anh Van (Finance and Development Magazine, 2018)
Vietnam’s high female labor force participation rate outstrips the best performers among advanced Western economies.

The Risks of Dangerous Dashboards in Basic Education (Center For Global Development)
Many countries’ systems of basic education are in “stall” condition. A recent paper of Beatty et al. (2018) uses information from the Indonesia Family Life Survey, a representative household survey that has been carried out in several waves with the same individuals since 2000 and contains information on whether individuals can answer simple arithmetic questions. Figure 1, showing the relationship between the level of schooling and the probability of answering a typical question correctly, has two shocking results.

The Risks of Dangerous Dashboards in Basic Education - Pritchett, Lant (2018)
Many countries’ systems of basic education are in “stall” condition. A recent paper of Beatty et al. (2018) uses information from the Indonesia Family Life Survey, a representative household survey that has been carried out in several waves with the same individuals since 2000 and contains information on whether individuals can answer simple arithmetic questions. Figure 1, showing the relationship between the level of schooling and the probability of answering a typical question correctly, has two shocking results.

The risks to education systems from design mismatch and global isomorphism - Pritchett, Lant (World Institute for Development Economics Research, 2014)

The Role and Impact of Public-Private Partnerships in Education - Patrinos, Harry Anthony; Barrera-Osorio, Felipe; Guaqueta, Juliana (World Bank, 2012)
The book examines five ways through which public-private contracts can help countries meet education goals. First, public-private partnerships can increase access to good quality education for all, especially for poor children who live in remote, underserved communities and for children in minority populations. Second, lessons for innovative means of financing education can be particularly helpful in post-conflict countries undergoing reconstruction. Third, lessons about what works in terms of public-private partnerships contribute to the development of a more differentiated business model especially for middle-income countries. Fourth, the challenge of meeting the education Millennium Development Goals in less than a decade is a daunting one in the poorest countries. Understanding new partnership arrangements within a broad international aid architecture in education can help bring us closer to those goals. Fifth, some very innovative public-private partnership arrangements are happening in Arab countries, and lessons can be drawn from their experience

The Role of Community Learning Centers in Building a Learning Society for Development of SDG4 in Vietnam - Minh, Nguyen Duc (American International Journal of Social Science, 2017)
It is Vietnam’s undertaking to build a learning society to make sure human resources in preparation for the national development. In recent years, community learning centers - CLCs - have developed rapidly and been constructed in nearly all communes/wards whole country. However, so far CLCs’ operations have not been able to meet the needs of learning to improve the living standards and productivity, while CLCs are an important foundation for setting up a learning society for development of SDG4 in Vietnam. Therefore, to meet the goal of lifelong learning and building a learning society for SGD4, regarding on real status of CLCs, some effective solutions should be implemented.

The role of e-learning during martial law: The Ukrainian experience - Kaminskyy, Valery (E-Learning Innovations Journal, 2024)
The research aim is to reveal the role of e-learning during Martial law by the example of Ukrainian experience. It focuses on the following objectives: to outline the advantages and challenges of e-learning; to describe the peculiarities of implementation of e-learning at the different levels of education; to analyse teaching methods used to integrate e-learning; and to develop the recommendations to implement e-learning. The systemic literature review was carried out to provide an objective summary of the current topic. All sources were published between March, 2022 and May, 2024. The literature focused on e-learning in Ukraine or similar conflict-affected areas. All articles were available in English or Ukrainian. To analyse the data, the synthesis method was applied. The findings proved that e-learning became an important tool during emergencies, providing continuity in education. It was explained that e-learning is introduced at primary, secondary, and higher levels of education. It includes synchronous and asynchronous models. Certain teaching methods are used to implement e-learning effectively. They relate to interactive simulations, multimedia content, gamification, discussion forums, and personalized learning. These methods, combined, create a dynamic e-learning environment that enhances students’ educational outcomes, particularly during emergencies. The implementation of e-learning in Ukraine during Martial law requires careful consideration of the recommendations: enhancement of digital infrastructure, adoption of flexible learning, formation of digital literacy, support of mental health, using interactive methods, increase of content quality, regular assessment, encouragement of positive teacher-student interaction, implementation of adaptive learning tools, and protection of students and educators' data. The research outcomes on the role of e-learning during Martial law can be used for the development of strategic plan of implementation of e-learning tools within the learning process in the regions affected by war or other emergencies. Also, the study can contribute to future educational practices, encouraging the development of more innovative learning solutions.
Keywords: e-learning tools; learning process; level of education; teaching method; virtual environment

The Role of Educational Technology in Upgrading Teacher Education in Pakistan - Abbasi, M. Hashim; Millar, Alex C. (1996)
This paper outlines a joint Asian Bank/Pakistan Ministry of Education project designed to upgrade the state of teacher education and to improve the quality, status, and professional self-esteem of Pakistan's teachers. The main strategies identified by the Project for priority attention include: structural changes through the creation of four new types of teacher education institutions in each of the provinces; development of the main teacher education pre- and in-service courses; increased output and improved standard of teachers at all levels; development and implementation of a Total Educational Technology Plan; and upgrading and strengthening of existing Government Colleges for Elementary Teachers and Government Colleges of Education. Educational technology is a key element designed to assist in achieving the Project's major goals and objectives. Needs analysis produced recommendations geared for: target population; new teacher education courses; allocation of electronic media; teacher/principal attitudes towards the equipment and software; potential sources of software; availability of ancillary funding; specialist educational technology assistance for teachers; developing a profession of educational technology interested people; storage and access for hardware and software; roles of Mobile Training Units; and overseas lessons on the application of educational technology. (AEF)
Keywords: Educational Change; Educational Development; Educational Finance; Educational Strategies; Educational Technology; Elementary Secondary Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Needs Assessment; Professional Development; Program Improvement; Resource Allocation; Schools of Education; Teacher Attitudes; Teacher Education; Technology Planning

The Role of Evidence in Policymaking in Pakistan: Political Economy Analysis Report - Ahmed, K; Ahmed, V; Javed, S.A.; Jillani, A; Khan, A; Khaver, A.A; Nadeem, U; Pellani, A; Shah, Q; Shaxson, L; Suleri, A.Q; Zaidi, A; et al. (Oxford Policy Management, 2020)

The role of government and NGOs in slum development: the case of Dhaka City - Habib, Enamul (Development in Practice, 2009)
This article addresses the situation of slums in Dhaka City in relation to government and NGO mechanisms and priorities for slum development and upgrading. It concludes with specific suggestions for better slum management in the Bangladesh capital.

The role of interactive radio instruction in the coronavirus (COVID-19) education response - McBurnie, Chris (EdTech Hub, 2020)
This is part of our coronavirus (COVID-19) and EdTech series. Every week that passes we see the number of classrooms closed due to COVID-19 increase. During these unprecedented times, the Hub’s mission — to increase the use of evidence-based decisions around EdTech — is more important than ever. We must make sure learning goes on. […]
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH; dode_eth-src-eth; dode_eth-trf2-dode

The Role of Interactive Radio Instruction in the COVID-19 Education Response - McBurnie, Chris (Open Development & Education, 2020)
Reading Time: 3 minutes At a time when the COVID-19 pandemic has forced over 1.5 billion students out of school, governments in resource-constrained countries have looked to interactive radio instruction (IRI) to ensure educational continuity. In the past week, we spoke with the Rising Academy Network to consider what an IRI programme could look like and why policymakers have […]
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH; dode_eth-src-dode; dode_eth-trf2-dode

The Role of Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers in Improving Education Outcomes - Al-Samarrai, Samer; Lewis, Blane (World Bank, 2021)
The majority of the world’s children live in countries where local governments are responsible for the provision of basic education services. Although subnational governments manage their own education systems, they often rely on transfers from the central government for funding. The main purpose of this study is to assess how these fiscal transfers affect public funding for education and how they ultimately affect student schooling and learning outcomes. Through a careful analysis of how fiscal transfers have affected education systems in different contexts, the investigation develops a set of principles to support improvements in the design and implementation of transfer systems with a specific focus on the provision of education services. The study is centered on seven country case studies that aim to answer a set of common research questions using a similar approach. Country case studies were conducted in Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Sudan, and Uganda. The analysis shows that fiscal transfer mechanisms can improve the adequacy of public education spending, reduce spending inequalities between regions, and improve spending efficiency. Moreover, the study highlights that carefully designed and implemented transfer systems can help raise overall education outcomes and reduce education inequality. This publication was funded by a grant from the Results in Education for All Children (REACH) trust fund at the World Bank. REACH is supported by the government of Germany through the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, the government of Norway through NORAD, and the government of the United States of America through the U.S. Agency for International Development.
Keywords: Education; Education Equity; Education Finance; Education Outcomes; Education Spending; Fiscal Decentralization; Fiscal Transfers; Public Expenditure

The role of Kilimani Sesame in the healthy development of Tanzanian preschool children - Borzekowski, Dina L. G.; Macha, Jacob E. (Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2010)
Kilimani Sesame, a media intervention that employs print, radio, and television, was developed to entertain and educate preschool children in Tanzania. This study examined the effects of a six-week intervention delivering Kilimani Sesame material to 223 children in the rural district of Kisarawe and the city of Dar es Salaam. Results offer evidence that literacy and numeracy, social and emotional development, and health and hygiene significantly improved from baseline to post-intervention; those with the greatest receptivity to Kilimani Sesame performed the best after the intervention, controlling for baseline scores, sex, age, location, and general media receptivity. This study shows that an educational media intervention directed towards very young children can have an impact on their healthy development, even in locales where populations have minimal resources and face extreme hardships.
Keywords: African children; Educational television; Literacy; Media receptivity; Preschool children; Sesame Street

The Role of Language in the Teaching and Learning of Early Grade Mathematics: An 11-year Account of Research in Kenya, Malawi and South Africa - Essien, Anthony (African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 2018)
The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of research that has been carried out between 2006 and 2016 on the role of language in early grade (Grades 1–4) mathematics teaching and learning in three countries—Kenya, Malawi and South Africa. These countries were selected because they have similar characteristics: teaching and learning occur in a multilingual context; their language in education policies are similar; transition from mother tongue to English happens during the early grades; and most of the learners learn mathematics in English—a language which for most is not their first/home language. Research outputs between 2006 and 2016 from the three countries were sourced from peer-reviewed mathematics and general education journals, monitoring and evaluation reports, and book chapters. Findings from the study revealed that there is a lack of longitudinal studies that investigate the impact of language on the teaching and learning of mathematics and that there are few studies on how teachers are and should be trained to teach mathematics in the early grades. The study also found that the implementation of the language in education policies in the three different focus countries is fraught with difficulties owing to a number of factors, amongst them the fact that the indigenous languages are not yet fully developed as academic languages. Finally, existing literature highlights the importance of the use of code switching and the provision of materials in the home language(s) of early graders. Recommendations regarding policy/curriculum, teacher education and pedagogic practices are made.

The role of mobile learning in promoting global literacy and human rights for women and girls. - Dunkerly-Bean, Judity M.; Crompton, Helena (Handbook of Research on the Societal Impact of Digital Media, 2018)

The role of mobile learning on the learning environment shifting at high school in Indonesia - Sulisworo, Dwi; Toifur, Moh (International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 2016)
This research is the result of a multi-year research since 2013-2015, which aims to determine the shifting of learning environment associated with the development of mobile technology. The rapid changing on information technology has affected the current learning strategy. The analysis of this study is a qualitative descriptive approach. The result indicates that mobile technology shifted the tendency of students to learn in a more personalised way. This situation encourages teachers to be able to choose and use technology for students learning success. The implication of this research is that the teachers, students and schools will need to have a different role than before to adapt the changing in today's learning environment. More focus again, learning design needs to enable cooperative learning in a mobile for the convenience of studying individually. In the implication of this research, there is a shifting of learning environment due to mobile technology.
Keywords: Indonesia; collaborative learning; cooperative learning; educational technology; high schools; learning management systems; m-learning; mobile learning; physics education; ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The role of nongovernmental organizations in primary education: a study of six NGOs in India - Jagannathan, Shanti (Robert McNamara Fellowships Program, World Bank Institute, 2001)

The role of online education for the advancement of women - Shahzadi, Dr Jacqueline (Graduate women International (GWI), 2019)

The role of parents in the engagement of young children with digital technologies: Exploring tensions between rights of access and protection, from ‘Gatekeepers’ to ‘Scaffolders’ - Dias, Patrícia; Brito, Rita; Ribbens, Wannes; Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Dreier, Michael; Gemo, Monica; Di Gioia, Rosanna; Chaudron, Stéphane (Global Studies of Childhood, 2016)
This study investigates the role played by parents as mediators of young children’s access and engagement with digital technologies. In Belgium, Germany, Latvia and Portugal, qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 families in each country, including one child between 6 and 7 years old. Our findings show that parents of young children mainly play the role of ‘gatekeepers’ when it comes to facilitating and constraining access to and use of digital technologies. Parents’ perceptions of the efficacy of digital technologies as responsible entertainment and as educational tools influence the technologies available at home and accessible to the child. These perceptions in turn impact parents’ mediation strategies with regard to children’s actual use of digital technologies, with restrictive mediation – of time and less of content – and supervision applied most. The power exerted by parents over access and use may be understood as a limitation of the children’s rights. On the other hand, parents are not always concerned with the right of protection as they believe – sometimes incorrectly – that they are in control of the content their children are exposed to.

The role of parents in the engagement of young children with digital technologies: Exploring tensions between rights of access and protection, from ‘Gatekeepers’ to ‘Scaffolders’ - Dias, Patrícia; Brito, Rita; Ribbens, Wannes; Daniela, Linda; Rubene, Zanda; Dreier, Michael; Gemo, Monica; Di Gioia, Rosanna; Chaudron, Stéphane (Global Studies of Childhood, 2016)
This study investigates the role played by parents as mediators of young children’s access and engagement with digital technologies. In Belgium, Germany, Latvia and Portugal, qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 families in each country, including one child between 6 and 7 years old. Our findings show that parents of young children mainly play the role of ‘gatekeepers’ when it comes to facilitating and constraining access to and use of digital technologies. Parents’ perceptions of the efficacy of digital technologies as responsible entertainment and as educational tools influence the technologies available at home and accessible to the child. These perceptions in turn impact parents’ mediation strategies with regard to children’s actual use of digital technologies, with restrictive mediation – of time and less of content – and supervision applied most. The power exerted by parents over access and use may be understood as a limitation of the children’s rights. On the other hand, parents are not always concerned with the right of protection as they believe – sometimes incorrectly – that they are in control of the content their children are exposed to.
Keywords: Children; digital technologies; gatekeepers; parental mediation; scaffolders

The role of remote modalities in implementing mental health and psychosocial support programs and services in the education sector - UNICEF (2022)

The role of technology in addressing personalized learning - Andra, Nishitha (The University of Texas at Austin, 2016)

The Role of the iPad in the Hands of the Learner - Dhir, Amandeep; Gahwaji, Nahla M; Nyman, Gote (Journal of Universal Computer Science, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The role of video in teacher professional development - Marsh, Brian; Mitchell, Nick (Teacher Development, 2014)

The Role Played by Parents in the Abrupt Transition to Online Education During the Covid-19 Pandemic - Sharmacharya, Ratan (2021)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education - Spain. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (1994)

The Sandbox Handbook v1.0: A guide to growing and testing EdTech ideas - Rahman, Asad; Carter, Alice; Plaut, Daniel; Dixon, Dixon,; Salami, Taiye; Schmitt, Laurel (EdTech Hub, 2021)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _r:AddedByZotZen; _zenodo:submitted

The Sandbox Model: A Novel Approach to Iterating while Implementing an Emergency Education Program in Lebanon during the COVID-19 Pandemic - Boujikian, Michèle; Carter, Alice; Jordan, Katy (2022)
Jusoor’s Refugee Education Program helps Syrian refugee children living in Lebanon integrate back into formal schooling. When schools closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the refugee program adapted to distance learning by developing Azima, a novel program that used WhatsApp to enable children to keep learning. Azima had to respond immediately to the emergency context while maintaining high education standards, and it also needed to find an effective way to test and refine its content quickly. To do this, the Azima program adopted an innovative experimental approach called a sandbox. A sandbox model operates in rapid iterative cycles and uses multiple methods to quickly test a program’s assumptions about how it will meet its goals. In this field note, we use Azima as a case study to report on our experience of applying the sandbox model. We reflect on the benefits and limitations of this novel approach in supporting the use of education technology in a crisis situation.

The Scheme: The Minimization of Child Marriage and Consanguineous Marriage in Ethnic Minority Areas Period 2015-2025 - UN Women Viet Nam (UN Women, 2020)

The Sierra Leone Teachers Union: Labor in a Post-Conflict Society - Amman, John; O'Donnell, James (WorkingUSA, 2011)
The Sierra Leone Teachers Union (SLTU) has long played an important role in the country's education system and its labor movement. With more than 30,000 members, the SLTU is the largest and perhaps the most powerful union in Sierra Leone today. Nonetheless, the union struggles with challenges unheard of in developed countries. It represents teachers in an education system that was ravished by its eleven-year civil war (1991 to 2002). Not only are working conditions extremely difficult for teachers (classroom overcrowding, lack of educational materials, low pay, and often late pay), the union must negotiate union agreements with the Ministry of Education, which itself has no direct influence on the nation's coffers. Sierra Leone's Ministry of Finance and more importantly, the International Monetary Fund set policies that directly impact the quality of Sierra Leone's education system and its teachers.

The Simple, the Complicated, and the Complex: Educational Reform Through the Lens of Complexity Theory - Snyder, Sean (2013)
This paper explores the nature of complexity theory and its applications for educational reform. It briefly explains the history of complexity theory and identifies the key concepts of complex adaptive systems, and then moves on to define the differences between simple, complicated, and complex approaches to educational reform. Special attention is given to work currently underway in the fields of healthcare, emergency management and ecology that draws on complexity theory to build more resilient and robust response systems capable of adapting to changing needs and of identifying key pressure points in the system. Finally, this paper presents several examples of educational reform programmes undertaken worldwide that have implemented complexity theory principles to achieve positive results. It also recommends involving multiple stakeholders across the different levels of governance structure, increasing lateral knowledge-sharing between schools and districts, and transforming policy interventions to bring greater flexibility to the reform process. This move toward feedback-driven adaptive reform allows for better targeting of programmes to specific contexts and may prove a key way forward for educational policymakers.

The smart feature phone revolution in developing countries: Bringing the internet to the bottom of the pyramid - James, Jeffrey (The Information Society, 2020)
Until recently, the only way for the population of developing countries to access the Internet was through expensive smartphones, designed in and for developed countries. In the past few years, however, a major new innovation has emerged, the smart feature phone with Internet connectivity, which was specifically designed for those with low incomes in developing countries. This paper explains the development process for the smart feature phone, how this has influenced the nature and extent of adoption, and its use by lowincome groups, including their demonstrated preference for uses related to entertainment rather than more traditional “work-related” goals. The focus is on the case of India, where the JioPhone has already reached millions of people with low incomes.

The Social Cash Transfer Programme (SCTP) - Government of Malawi; UNICEF (2020)

The Social Life of Technology: An Ecological Analysis of Technology Diffusion in Schools - Zhao, Yong; Lei, Jing; Frank, Kenneth A. (Pedagogies: An International Journal, 2006)

The social support networks stepping up in coronavirus-stricken China - You, Mi (openDemocracy, 2020)
Below the sweeping centralized measures, decentralized networks have provided relief to thousands.

The socio-economic impacts of Ebola in Liberia : results from a high frequency cell phone survey round five - Kastelic, Kristen Himelein; Kastelic, Jonathan (World Bank Group, 2015)

The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ideas for Policy Action - UNDP (UNDP Latin America and the Caribbean, 2020)

The Socio-Economic Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Ideas for Policy Action - UNDP (UNDP Latin America and the Caribbean, 2020)

The SolarSPELL Offline Digital Library - Linzy, Kristen; Hosman, Laura (2017)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The specific skills required of teachers who deliver K–12 distance education courses by synchronous videoconference: implications for training and professional development - Rehn, Nicki; Maor, Dorit; McConney, Andrew (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2018)
The purpose of this research is to identify the specific skills required of videoconference teachers who teach K–12 distance education courses. Many schools and educational districts worldwide are using videoconference technology to deliver courses to students as an economic solution when they cannot afford specialised teachers at remote locations. However, teachers are rarely trained to use this instructional technology and must therefore translate their experience in face-to-face and/or online teaching to this alternative medium. The collective case study used observations and interviews of eight teachers across five schools to identify the specific skills required to teach in a way that they perceived as successful in a videoconference class. It was found that teachers are largely under-prepared with strategies to project presence, develop relationships, foster interaction, manage the course and teach content across a distance when the screen is the main tool of connection. The authors offer a path to improvement that involves supporting teacher action research, creating communities of inquiry and developing teaching quality standards specific to videoconference.
Keywords: K–12; Videoconferencing; distance education; instructional technology; teacher roles

The State of Broadband: Tackling digital inequalities A decade for action - International Telecommunication Union; UNESCO (2020)

The State of Ceara in Brazil is a Role Model for Reducing Learning Poverty - Loureiro, Andre; Cruz, Louisee; Lautharte, Ildo; Evans, David K. (World Bank, 2020)
This report presents the case of the state of Ceara in Brazil that overcame adverse socioeconomic conditions to substantially improve education outcomes with efficient use of resources. Despite having the 5th lowest GDP per capita among the 26 Brazilian states, the 9-million-inhabitant state of Ceara has experienced the largest increase in the national education quality index in both primary and lower secondary education since 2005, with 10 municipalities of Ceara being among the top 20 national ranking, including Sobral which has the highest score. The state of Ceara pioneered the use of results-based financing as part of a comprehensive education reform program that among other elements included strong support to its municipalities to achieve universal literacy by the end of grade 2. The reforms allowed the state to considerably improve learning levels of students in primary and lower secondary education with a high level of efficiency in the use of resources. The main aspects of the reforms are presented and discussed.
Keywords: Education Quality; Education Reform; Learning Poverty; Results-Based Financing; Secondary Education

The state of education in urban slums of Bangladesh - Khondoker, Zarine Anan (BRAC Institute of Governance and Development, 2020)

The State of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Update - Azevedo, Joao Pedro; Rogers, Halsey; Ahlgren, Ellinore; Akmal, Maryam; Cloutier, Marie-Helene; Ding, Elaine; Raza, Ahmed; Ning Wong, Yi; Montoya, Silvia; Chakroun, Borhene; Chang, Gwang-Chol; Guerriero, Sonia; et al. (The World Bank, 2022)

The State of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Update - World Bank (World Bank, 2022)
The State of Global Learning Poverty: 2022 Update

The State of ICT in Mozambique 2018 - Gillwald, Alison; Mothobi, Onkokame; Rademan, Broc (Research ICT Africa, 2019)
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The State of the Global Education Crisis : A Path to Recovery - Azevedo, Joao Pedro; Wagner, De; Rogers, F. Halsey; Cloutier, Marie-Helene; Chakroun,, Borhene; Chang, Gwang-Chol; Mizunoya, Suguru (UNESCO, UNICEF, World Bank, 2021)
The State of the Global Education Crisis : A Path to Recovery (English)

The state of the global education crisis: A path to recovery - UNESCO; World Bank; United Nations Children's Fund (UNESCO, 2021)

The State of the Global Education Crisis: A Path to Recovery. - World Bank; UNESCO; UNICEF (2021)
"The global disruption to education caused by the COVD-19 pandemic is without parallel and the effects on learning are severe. The crisis brought education systems across the world to a halt, with school closures affecting more than 1.6 billion learners. While nearly every country in the world offered remote learning opportunities for students, the quality and reach of such initiatives varied greatly and were at best partial substitutes for in-person learning. Now, 21 months later, schools remain closed for millions of children and youth, and millions more are at risk of never returning to education. Evidence of the detrimental impacts of school closures on children's learning offer a harrowing reality: learning losses are substantial, with the most marginalized children and youth often disproportionately affected. Countries have an opportunity to accelerate learning recovery and make schools more efficient, equitable, and resilient by building on investments made and lessons learned during the crisis. Now is the time to shift from crisis to recovery - and beyond recovery, to resilient and transformative education systems that truly deliver learning and well-being for all children and youth."--The World Bank website

The State of the World’s Children 2015 - UNICEF (The State of the World’s Children 2015: Reimagine the future, 2015)

The status of early childhood education in Pakistan: Inside stories - Khan, Afzal (Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 2018)
This article analyses the status of early childhood education in Pakistan. The education systems in place in Pakistan are mainly framed within a didactic approach to teaching and learning, which addresses certain areas of education but does not teach the child as a whole. Domains of children’s holistic development such as social, ethical, cultural, intellectual, emotional and physical well-being, and some other key academic skills, are not fully covered. In this kind of education, students are taught to follow rules without question and do as instructed, which corresponds to an autocratic view of learning. In the context of early childhood education in Pakistan, teachers occupy dominant roles, which positions them as the imparters and sources of knowledge and children as dependent and the receivers of knowledge, rather than considering them as potential, curious and powerful learners with unlimited capabilities. The literature indicates that this approach to teaching and learning does not privilege the holistic development and well-being of children. In contrast, many developed countries use research-based contemporary approaches to children’s education and development, giving children a more central role in their learning to ensure that every child has the opportunity to develop to their full potential. This kind of approach reminds teachers to view all children not as needy or deficient individuals.

The STEM Gap: Women and Girls in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics - Aauw (AAUW : Empowering Women Since 1881, 2021)
Giving women equal opportunities to pursue — and thrive in — STEM careers helps narrow the gender pay gap, enhances women’s economic security and ensures a diverse and talented STEM workforce and prevents biases in these fields and the products and services they produce.

The Storytelling Project Handbook - Dixon, Miranda; Patuck, Lil (EdTech Hub, 2021)

The Student Attitudes Survey - Queen Rania Foundation (2017)

The students learning from home experiences during Covid-19 school closures policy in Indonesia - Putra, Purniadi; Liriwati, Fahrina Yustiasari; Tahrim, Tasdin; Syafrudin, Syafrudin; Aslan, Aslan (Jurnal Iqra' : Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 2020)
This article analyzed the learning experience of students at home during the school closing period in response to the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Through this study, an in-depth understanding of the life experiences, perceptions, and motivation of students were obtained from either the school or their parents. These outputs would be input into policy making and solving learning problems towards a new normal era. Now the school closures have been running for almost seven months and it almost about to reopening this mid-August 2020. To understand this phenomenon issue, some data searching have been performed ranging from daily papers, academic journal, and educational related literature. The data search then analyzed under the phenomenological application approach. Compiling the existing data and students voices, this study showed that the students learning experiences during six month learning from home responding the national policy stopping the corona virus spreading can be reported based on 10 websites visited have expressed their best coverage over students learning difficulty and challenge from different perspectives. Most websites mentioned students hardship in learning from home caused the lack of learning resources such not access to internet and parents ability to support their children learning. Keywords:  School Closures Policy In Covid-19, Covid-19, Learning Online

The Substitution Augmentation Modification Redefinition (SAMR) Model: a Critical Review and Suggestions for its Use - Hamilton, Erica; Rosenberg, Joshua; Akcaoglu, Mete (TechTrends, 2016)
The Substitution, Augmentation, Modification, and Redefinition (SAMR) model is a four-level, taxonomy-based approach for selecting, using, and evaluating technology in K-12 settings (Puentedura 2006). Despite its increasing popularity among practitioners, the SAMR model is not currently represented in the extant literature. To focus the ongoing conversation regarding K-12 educators’ understanding and implementation of technology, we provide a critical review of the SAMR model using theory and prior research. We focus on the absence of context, its hierarchical structure, and the emphasis placed on product over process and conclude with suggestions to guide educators’ and researchers’ technology integration efforts.

The successful education sector development in Tanzania – comment on gender balance and inclusive education - Okkolin, Mari-Anne; Lehtomäki, Elina; Bhalalusesa, Eustella (Gender and Education, 2010)
In this paper we discuss to what extent the international and national equality goals regarding gender balance and inclusive education have been reached in the education sector development in Tanzania. According to recent reports, the development trend has been generally positive, and the country is close to achieving its primary education targets. More detailed reviews suggest, however, that current monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are too narrow to catch the critical factors regarding equality, particularly in secondary education. Our comment concerns the achievements and challenges, and emphasises the significance of a multidimensional set of information including in‐depth qualitative research on connections between socio‐cultural factors and education.
Keywords: Tanzania; disability; education; educational outcomes; gender; inclusive education

The Sutton Trust-Education Endowment Foundation Teaching and Learning Toolkit. - Higgins, S; Katsipataki, M; Kokotsaki, D; Coleman, R; Major, LE; Coe, R (2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Systemic Approach: what is it all about? - Donnadieu, Gérard; Durand, Daniel; Neel, Danièle; Nunez, Emmanuel; Saint-Paul, Lionel
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Systems Approach - Banathy, Bela H. (The Modern Language Journal, 1967)

The systems approach - Churchman, Charles West (Delta, 1968)

The Systems Approach in Education - Gupta, Swati; Gupta, Amit (International Journal of Management, 2013)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Teacher's Soul and the Terrors of Performativity - Ball, Stephen (Journal of Education Policy, 2010)
This paper is the latest in a short series on the origins, processes and effects of performativity in the public sector. Performativity, it is argued, is a new mode of state regulation which makes it possible to govern in an ‘advanced liberal’ way. It requires individual practitioners to organize themselves as a response to targets, indicators and evaluations. To set aside personal beliefs and commitments and live an existence of calculation. The new performative worker is a promiscuous self, an enterprising self, with a passion for excellence. For some, this is an opportunity to make a success of themselves, for others it portends inner conflicts, inauthenticity and resistance. It is also suggested that performativity produces opacity rather than transparency as individuals and organizations take ever greater care in the construction and maintenance of fabrications.

The teacher salary system in Sierra Leone - Turrent, Victoria (2012)
Keywords: C:Sierra Leone; _C:Sierra Leone SLE; ⛔ No DOI found

The Teachers’ Digital Literacy: Determining Digital Divide in Public Basic Schools in Ghana - Quaicoe, James Sunney; Pata, Kai (Springer International Publishing, 2015)
This study explored the role of the teacher’s digital literacy (TDL) among other schools’ digital culture (SDC) components in determining Digital Divide (DD) among Ghana’s basic schools. A paper-based survey was conducted with teachers and head-teachers from randomly sampled 17 basic schools in various locations in Ghana. The questionnaire was adopted from the Institute for Capacity Building – UNESCO and EU rubrics for measuring ICT in education; and explored nine Digital Culture components including TDL. Data were analysed using K-means Clustering, Correlation analysis, Discriminant analysis, and Independent-samples T-test. The schools were clustered based on SDC components into two DD groups; the principal influencing factors were Teachers’ digital literacy and ICT related policy documents. The school groups particularly differed based on whether they not only had the digital literacy competences, but also applied these competences in their teaching and professional development in schools. We argue that in spite of training for TDL, many schools still lack other digital culture components, and this may hinder them in applying ICT in their schools.
Keywords: Digital divide; Digital literacy; Information literacy; School digital culture; Teacher digital literacy

The Teachers’ Portal as a Tool for Teachers’ Professional Development in Bangladesh - Prime Minister's Office: Bangladesh (Access to Information Programme: Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh; UNDP; USAID)

The Teachers’ Portal as a tool for teachers’ professional development in Bangladesh: Facilitating nationwide networking and digital multimedia content for 40,000 schools - Hansson, H; Sultana, S; Sarwar, A; Ahmed, F; Uddin, R; Saha, P; Islam, G; Islam, M (International Journal of Education and Development using ICT, 2018)
The Teachers’ Portal (teachers.gov.bd) is an online platform for Bangladeshi teachers designed to store and retrieve digital educational contents of different subjects useful for classroom teaching and students’ learning. The portal also facilitates professional networking among teachers across the country. This study aims to find out the benefits of using this Portal and associated challenges from teachers’ perspective. Following a mixed methods research approach Teachers, head teachers, teacher educators from primary, secondary, madrasa and vocational educational institutions and specialists on teachers’ Portal (N=410) were interviewed and consulted for the study. Telephone interviews, online surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KII), Focused Group Discussions (FGD), Face-to-Face interviews, and large consultative workshops were used to collect data. The results suggest that teachers are motivated to use the Portal as its contents stimulate students’ creativity and encourage students’ active participation in classrooms learning. Besides, it empowers teachers in a number of ways. However, internet connectivity, slow Internet speed, power failure, technical issues, high cost of Internet and unavailability of equipment are found as major challenges. In short, the Teachers’ Portal is a key driver for changing Bangladeshi education and preparing the young generation with quality education.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Teachers’ Research Exchange (T-REX): Connecting Teaching, Research and Practice in Initial Teacher Education - Teachers' Research Exchange (National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2021)

The teaching of polar coordinates with dynamic mathematics software - Zengin, Yilmaz; Tatar, Enver (International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 2015)
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of dynamic mathematics software on the achievement of pre-service mathematics teachers in the topic of polar coordinates and to solicit their opinions about computer-assisted instruction. The study was conducted for 11 weeks with 33 pre-service teachers in the Department of Mathematics Education Program of a state university in Turkey. Data collection tools comprised a knowledge test of polar coordinates and administration of a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers who conducted the study using an embedded design as part of a mixed-method research. The results of data analysis showed that the computer-assisted instruction method in which dynamic mathematics software was used positively contributed to the success of pre-service teachers in understanding the subject of polar coordinates. Furthermore, it was found that pre-service teachers supported the use of this method in lessons as it provides visualization, increases retention, concretization of abstract mathematical structures, better understanding and learning, and creates an interesting and interactive learning environment.
Keywords: ADULTS; COMPUTER assisted instruction; Computer Assisted Instruction; Computer Software; ERIC, Current Index to Journals in Education (CIJE); Educational Technology; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; Knowledge Level; MATHEMATICS education (Secondary); MATHEMATICS education -- Aids & devices; MATHEMATICS software; Mathematical Concepts; Mathematics; Mathematics Instruction; Mathematics Skills; Mixed Methods Research; POLAR coordinates (Mathematics); Postsecondary Education; Preservice Teachers; Pretests Posttests; SECONDARY education; STUDENT teachers; Scores; Semi Structured Interviews; Software; Student Teacher Attitudes; Student teachers; TEACHING methods -- Evaluation; TEENAGERS; Teaching; Teaching Methods; Turkey; __:import:01; __:match:final; __:matched; __:study_id:2099919; __finaldtb; computer-assisted instruction method; dynamic mathematics software; polar coordinates; pre-service teachers

The Technological, Economic, and Social Contexts for Educational ICT Policy - Kozma, Robert B. (Transforming education: the power of ICT policies, 2011)

The Technological, Economic, and Social Contexts for Educational ICT Policy - UNESCO; Kozma, Robert B. (Transforming education: the power of ICT policies, 2011)

The" thinking" in systems thinking: Seven essential skills - Richmond, Barry (Pegasus Communications, 2000)

The Third Punjab Education Sector Project (PESP III) - World Bank (World Bank Group, 2019)

The ‘trainer in your pocket’: mobile phones within a teacher continuing professional development program in Bangladesh - Walsh, Christopher S.; Power, Tom; Khatoon, Masuda; Biswas, Sudeb Kumar; Paul, Ashok Kumar; Sarkar, Bikash Chandra; Griffiths, Malcolm (Professional Development in Education, 2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The ‘trainer in your pocket’: mobile phones within a teacher continuing professional development program in Bangladesh - Walsh, Christopher S.; Power, Tom; Khatoon, Masuda; Biswas, Sudeb Kumar; Paul, Ashok Kumar; Sarkar, Bikash Chandra; Griffiths, Malcolm (Professional Development in Education, 2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The ‘trainer in your pocket’: mobile phones within a teacher continuing professional development program in Bangladesh - Walsh, Christopher S.; Power, Tom; Khatoon, Masuda; Biswas, Sudeb Kumar; Paul, Ashok Kumar; Sarkar, Bikash Chandra; Griffiths, Malcolm (Professional Development in Education, 2013)
Keywords: ___working_potential_duplicate

The ‘trainer in your pocket’: mobile phones within a teacher continuing professional development program in Bangladesh - Walsh, Christopher S.; Power, Tom; Khatoon, Masuda; Biswas, Sudeb Kumar; Paul, Ashok Kumar; Sarkar, Bikash Chandra; Griffiths, Malcolm (Professional Development in Education, 2013)
Examples of mobile phones being used with teachers to provide continuing professional development (CPD) in emerging economies at scale are largely absent from the research literature. We outline English in Action’s (EIA) model for providing 80,000 teachers with CPD to improve their communicative language teaching in Bangladesh over nine years. EIA’s CPD program is delivered face to face and supported through open distance learning (ODL). This innovative model of teacher CPD is supported through peer learning and self-study using a variety of print, audio and video resources. Drawing on the success of EIA’s pilot studies, where internal and external evaluation reported significant improvement in teachers’ and students’ English-language competence after one year, the current phase is using low-cost mobile phones, or the ‘trainer in your pocket’ to deliver CPD to 12,500 teachers through 2015. We believe EIA’s teacher CDP model is best suited to assist the project in achieving one of its primary goals: to increase the English-language proficiency of 12 million students, allowing them to access greater social and economic opportunities in the future. We argue EIA’s use of mobile phones for the provision of teacher CPD – at scale – is timely and replicable in both developed and developing contexts.
Keywords: English in Action; communicative language teaching; mobile phones; open distance learning; school-based professional development (SBPD); teachers’ continuing professional development (CPD)

The trials of evidence-based practice in education: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials in education research 1980–2016 - Connolly, Paul; Keenan, Ciara; Urbanska, Karolina (Educational Research, 2018)
Background: The use of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in education has increased significantly over the last 15 years. However, their use has also been subject to sustained and rather trenchant criticism from significant sections of the education research community. Key criticisms have included the claims that: it is not possible to undertake RCTs in education; RCTs are blunt research designs that ignore context and experience; RCTs tend to generate simplistic universal laws of ‘cause and effect’; and that they are inherently descriptive and contribute little to theory.Purpose: This article seeks to assess the above four criticisms of RCTs by considering the actual evidence in relation to the use of RCTs in education in practice.Design and methods: The article is based upon a systematic review that has sought to identify and describe all RCTs conducted in educational settings and including a focus on educational outcomes between 1980 and 2016. The search is limited to articles and reports published in English.Results: The systematic review found a total of 1017 unique RCTs that have been completed and reported between 1980 and 2016. Just over three quarters of these have been produced over the last 10 years, reflecting the significant increase in the use of RCTs in recent years. Overall, just over half of all RCTs identified were conducted in North America and a little under a third in Europe. The RCTs cover a wide range of educational settings and focus on an equally wide range of educational interventions and outcomes. The findings not only disprove the claim that it is not possible to do RCTs in education but also provide some supporting evidence to challenge the other three key criticisms outlined earlier.Conclusions: While providing evidence to counter the four criticisms outlined earlier, the article suggests that there remains significant progress to be made. The article concludes by outlining some key challenges for researchers undertaking RCTs in education.
Keywords: Correction; RCT; Systematic reviews; context; education; educational settings; theory

The True Cost of Freemium - Ferry, Anna (CPO Magazine, 2018)

The True Cost of Freemiums in Edtech - Levine, Elliott (EdTech Digest, 2019)
An industry veteran has some on-point advice about what you pay for and what you get. GUEST COLUMN | by Elliott Levine They say, “the best things in life are free,” but that is not always the case. With education technology (edtech), sometimes the cost of “free” ends up being unreasonably high in the long […]

The tyranny of national averages - Burke, Marshall (Medium, 2019)
Marshall Burke and Apoorva Lal, AtlasAI

The University Research System in Pakistan - British Council (2018)
With the support of the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and the British Council, Knowledge Platform conducted in 2018 a seminal research project titled The University Research System

The Urgent Need to Focus on Foundational Skills - World Bank (2021)
The urgent need to focus on foundational skills

The USAID Pre-Service Teacher Education Program and Teacher Professionalization in Pakistan - Hina, Khushbakht (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2017)

The Use and Misuse of Computers in Education: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial of a Language Arts Program - Barrera-Osorio, Felipe; Linden, Leigh L (2009)
This paper presents the evaluation of the program Computers for Education. The program aims to integrate computers, donated by the private sector, into the teaching of language in public schools. The authors conduct a two-year randomized evaluation of the program using a sample of 97 schools and 5,201 children. Overall, the program seems to have had little effect on students’ test scores and other outcomes. These results are consistent across grade levels, subjects, and gender. The main reason for these results seems to be the failure to incorporate the computers into the educational process. Although the program increased the number of computers in the treatment schools and provided training to the teachers on how to use the computers in their classrooms, surveys of both teachers and students suggest that teachers did not incorporate the computers into their curriculum.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Use and usefulness of school grants: lessons from Ethiopia - Kelil, Kedir; Jebena, Desalegn; Dufera, Derebssa; Abdi, Kasan; Wolde, Seife (UNESCO, 2014)
In a growing number of countries, a significant reform in educational management is under way: schools which in earlier years had very little or no say in financial management now receive grants directly from central authorities. The actual impact of school grants on quality and equity needs deeper investigation because it is strongly influenced by the design and implementation of grants, the simple existence of such grants does not guarantee success.

The Use and Usefulness of School Grants: Lessons From Uganda - Kayabwe, Samuel; Elior, Joseph (UNESCO, 2014)
In a growing number of countries, a significant reform in educational management is under way: schools which in earlier years had very little or no say in financial management now receive grants directly from central authorities. The actual impact of school grants on quality and equity needs deeper investigation because it is strongly influenced by the design and implementation of grants, the simple existence of such grants does not guarantee success.

The use of 'building blocks' to develop digital platforms for education in sub-Saharan Africa - Adam, Taskeen; El-Serafy, Yomna; Podea, Marius; Haßler, Björn (EdTech Hub, 2021)
We set out to investigate the existing and potential use cases of open-source, modular ‘building blocks’ to build digital platforms for education in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Building blocks fall into two main categories: teaching and learning (e.g., learning management systems) and education system management (e.g., data collection tools).
Keywords: _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen

The use of computer-assisted instruction to improve the reading comprehension of students with learning disabilities: an evaluation of the evidence base according to the What Works Clearinghouse standards - Kim, Min Kyung; McKenna, John William; Park, Yujeong (Remedial and Special Education, 2017)

The Use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for Knowledge Management in the Second Cycle Educational Institutions in Ghana - Ohemeng, Patrick; Twum, Edward; Nii, Isadore (International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015)
Given its capabilities to widen access, improve the quality and reduce the cost of developing, accessing and maintaining information, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) offers increased possibilities for managing knowledge. This paper thus investigates the level of utilization of ICT in the knowledge management processes in the Ghanaian educational system. Being a descriptive study, a randomly selected sample of second cycle educational institutions was surveyed through questionnaire. Using descriptive data analysis, the study found a low level of Information and Communication Technologies usage in knowledge management processes in the second cycle educational system. Knowledge management practices were found to be inefficient due to, among other things, absence of strategic policies and nonutilization of ICT. The findings indicate that the Secondary Schools are not deriving the efficiency returns of the computers they have acquired due to the absence of a deliberate and effective strategy for knowledge management. Also students, teachers and administrators in the second cycle schools are not benefitting from the information revolution for knowledge management. It was recommended that capacity building in knowledge management and improvement of Internet speed should be given priority attention by educational authorities.

The Use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) To Improve Access to In-Service Teacher Education Programmes For Educational Development in Pakistan - D‘CRUZE, Melaine (The Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 2009)
The use of ICT and distance education in the delivery of professional developmentprogrammers for in-service teachers to improve access to educational opportunitiesis explored in this article. Further, the link between teacher development and thedevelopment of human capital to aid educational and national development isdiscussed. The role of ICT and distance education is highlighted in enabling thisventure which eventually leads to overall educational and national development.
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The Use of Instructional Technology in Private Schools and National Education Policy - Ali, Zulfiqar; Ghani, Fazal; Ali, Arshad
Audio Visual Aids (A.V. Aids) are devices, which are used in teaching to make the learning experience more effective and dynamic. A.V. Aids have made improvements in learning process through involving the sense of hearing and/or sense of sight. The history of the A.V aids can be traced back to the Greek period, however, the technological advancement brought new innovations in the form of computer assisted programs and accessories. In comparison with developed countries, the developing countries including Pakistan experience the lack of modern A.V. Aids as well as the required technical know-how for their effective use. The aim of this paper is to explore the use of A.V. Aids, their type, teachers’ training for their effective use, policy imperatives and role of private public schools in adoption of A.V. Aids in education in private schools in district Peshawar, KP province. To achieve objectives of the study, data was collected from teachers of private schools through close and open ended questionnaire. Information was also collected from books, government’s reports, published research and internet. The findings show that A.V. Aids are used in all private schools in some form. However, there is no system to give formal training to teachers about the proper and effective use of A.V. Aids. The major A.V Aids used in schools are chalk board and white board, while about 60 % schools were found using pictures, maps, models charts and multimedia. The paper gives practicable suggestions to widen the use of A.V. Aids and enhance their effectiveness in education.

The use of Interactive White Boards to support refugee learners - Ramesh Vasudevan, Sharanya; Handigol, Apoorva (EdTech Hub, 2025)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org/
Keywords: _comingsoon; _r:AddedByMyEducationEvidence

The Use of Learning Assessment Data. Ghana - UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS, 2021)

The Use of SMS and Other Mobile Phone-based Messaging to Support Education at Scale: A Synthesis of Recent Evidence - Jordan, Katy; Damani, Kalifa; Myers, Christina; Zhao, Annette (L@S '23: Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Learning @ Scale, 2023)

The use of technology in hybrid learning for student with special needs - Sarwendah, Ade Putri; Azizah, Nur; Mumpuniarti, Mumpuniarti (Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 2023)
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The use of technology in hybrid learning for student with special needs - Sarwendah, Ade Putri; Azizah, Nur; Mumpuniarti, Mumpuniarti (Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 2023)
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The Use of Technology in the CPD Implementation Plan in Tanzania - Adam, Taskeen; El-Sefary, Yomna; Haßler, Björn; Khalayleh, Abdullah; Kremeia, Adam; Proctor, Jamie; Mtebe, Joel (EdTech Hub, 2021)
An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen; _cover:analysis:nopdf; _r:AddedByZotZen

The use of technology to continue learning in Palestine disrupted with COVID-19 - Shraim, Khitam; Crompton, Helen (Asian Journal of Distance Education, 2020)
This qualitative study examined how decision-makers and teachers have responded to offer education for all Palestinian students at the immediate onset of the COVID-19 outbreak and how technology is being used to continue education online. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 participants from parents, teachers and decision-makers in Palestine. Interview transcripts were coded using a grounded theory design with a constant comparative method. The findings show that participants identified that technologies such as mobile devices, social media and cloud computing would be useful for design and delivery of educational materials as well as raising safety awareness, and communication during the COVID-19 pandemic in Palestine. The findings also identify various challenges including the widening of the education's digital divide and an increasingly negative attitude towards online education. The data also indicate that the first wave of the COVID-19 experience could be the roadmap for wave two and for the transition to sustainable online learning as a supplement to the traditional learning methods and not as a replacement. This research further demonstrates that teachers who are early adopters have a significant role in influencing both students and other teachers to adopt the transformation to online learning. In addition, the national and international initiatives with a multi-stakeholder partnership could provide sustained, long-term, real solutions for online learning.
Keywords: Online learning, technology, COVID-19, pandemic, emergency remote teaching; covid-19; emergency remote teaching; online learning; pandemic; technology; ⛔ No DOI found

The Use of Technology to Promote Equity and Inclusion in Education in North and Northeast Kenya - Otieno, Jennifer; Kaye, Tom; Mbugua, Wanjiku (EdTech Hub, 2023)
Kenya has been lauded as having one of the most progressive and effective education systems in Africa. Significant investments in education funding, innovative technology-enabled approaches to improve teaching and learning, and committed leadership make Kenya an example for neighbours and others across the world. However, at a sub-national level, significant variances in education access and quality arise. While many improvements have been made to participation, quality, equity, and inclusion in education in Kenya, there are persistent disparities in access and outcomes for rural learners, girls, learners with disabilities, and other vulnerable populations. The North and Northeastern (N/NE) counties of Kenya are where some of the greatest disparities exist. Our research examines the context of N/NE Kenya to understand why these disparities exist, and how technology can play a role in increasing equity and inclusion in education in the region. An output of the EdTech Hub, https://edtechhub.org
Keywords: _r:AddedByZotZen

The Use of Video in Teacher Professional Development Design, Implementation and Impact Evaluation of an Innovative In-service Course for Mathematics Teachers in Indonesia - Ragatz, Andrew B.; Sugiarti, Susie; Iskandar, Susiana (World Bank, 2015)

The Use of Virtual Learning Environments and Learning Management Systems During the Covid-19 Pandemic - McBurnie, Chris (EdTech Hub, 2020)
This technical note aims to inform the use and development of virtual learning environments (VLE) in educational responses to the current health crisis. It considers the advantages and disadvantages of a number of existing VLEs and includes guidance on selecting an appropriate VLE.
Keywords: COV:COVID and reopening of schools; COVID-19; Distance learning; EdTech; F: Helpdesk response; H: Distance education; LP: English; Learning management system; Remote learning; Virtual learning environment; _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _MELA_seen; ___working_potential_duplicate; _cover:v1; _zenodo:submitted; _zenodoETH; dode_eth-src-eth; dode_eth-trf2-dode

The Use of Web 2.0 Tools in Mother-tongue Instruction: Teachers’ Experiences - Üzeyir, Süğümlü; Serkan, Aslan (International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 2022)
Keywords: ⛔ No DOI found

The value of language skills - Grenier, Gilles (IZA World of Labor, 2015)

The Views of Educational Practitioners in Ghana on ICT Use and Instructional Design Practice for Promoting Quality Education - Sarfo, Frederick Kwaku (Seventh IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT 2007), 2007)
Many ICT boosters are of the view that ICT on its own can promote quality teaching and learning. In line with this metaphor, the need to provide computers in the classrooms often takes precedence over training teachers to acquire skills in instructional design. However, it is evident in the instructional technology literature that good design of the learning task by the teacher is the fundamental requirement for quality teaching. This study was intended to explore the views of 90 educational practitioners (students, teachers and policy makers) in Ghana on the use of ICT and good design of instruction by the teacher for quality teaching and learning. Five Point Likert-type scales were used for the data collection. The results of the study indicate that in Ghana students are not very certain as to whether ICT or teachers can facilitate the implementation of the first five principles of instruction for quality teaching and learning. Moreover, a great number of teachers and policy makers are of the view that teachers can facilitate the implementation of the first five principles of instruction better than an ICT. However, it was recommended by the students, teachers and policy makers that both teachers and students should be trained to use ICT to facilitate teaching and learning.

The Views of University Students About the Achievements and Motivations of the Distance Education Process During the Pandemic Period - Güldal Kan, Şebnem; Çaltıkuşu, Çilem; Şensoy, Şeniz (Propósitos y Representaciones, 2021)
The aim of this study is to examine the views of students about the achievements and motivations of thedistance education processes in universities during the pandemic period. The working group consists of 68 prospective teachers who continue their undergraduate programs in different departments of a private university in Northern Cyprus in the 2019-2020 spring academic year. All these participantsarestudying at thevariousdepartments of theFaculty of Education as 17 are in Pre-school Education, 28 in PrimaryEducationMathematics, 6 in PrimaryEducation, 1 in HistoryTeaching, 12 in Special Needs Education, 4 of them arestudying in Guidance and Psychological Counseling. The study is a qualitative study and the design of the study is determined as a case study. 42 female and 26 male teacher candidates participated in the study group. The majority of the participants are prospective teachers studying in their final year at university. While choosing the participants, easily accessible case sampling from purposeful sampling type was used. A Semi-structured interview form was used as a toolfordata collection. Later, the opinions of the experts were obtained and the interview questions were re-arranged accordingly and applied to the participants. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the psychological trauma experienced by teacher candidates during distance education at thepandemicperiodaffects both the success and motivation of their lessons.

The voices of children and youth in Tanzania's COVID-19 response - Ngutuku, Elizabeth (Africa at LSE, 2020)
Rapid research into COVID-19's effects on young people reveals severe anxiety about the virus as it relates to economic livelihoods and the community.

The Waterfall Model in Large-Scale Development | SpringerLink - Petersen, Kai; Wohlin, Claes; Baca, Dejan (2009)

The What, Why, and How of the Systems Approach for Better Education Results (SABER) - World Bank (2013)
Keywords: Systems Framework

The work lives of disabled teachers: Revisiting inclusive education in English schools - Ware, Hannah; Singal, Nidhi; Groce, Nora (Disability & Society, 2022)
Globally there is a focus on ensuring a more diverse teaching workforce ensuring representation across gender, sexual orientation, race and ethnicity. However, little attention is paid to ensuring the inclusion of disabled teachers. This paper examines the work lives of ten disabled teachers in schools across England. Their experiences suggest that whilst there is a strong discourse on inclusive education within English schools and policies this does not necessarily extend to disabled teachers themselves. Whilst the disabled teachers participating in this research demonstrated ways in which their presence disrupted normative notions of able-bodiedness in education and they actively created spaces for inclusive learning, the majority also reported facing significant discrimination and barriers whilst at work. Urgent change is needed to support disabled teachers to access effective training as well as the removal of barriers to enable disabled teachers to remain in the workforce and progress their careers.

The World Bank DataBank - World Bank

The World Bank in Eastern and Southern Africa: Development news, research, data - World Bank (World Bank, 2023)
Home to about 700 million of Africa’s people, the World Bank’s Eastern and Southern Africa Region is a geographically, culturally and economically diverse region of 26 countries stretching from the Red Sea in the North to the Cape of Good Hope in the South.
Keywords: ⛔ No INSPIRE recid found

The World Bank in Ghana - World Bank (World Bank)
The World Bank Group aims to help Ghana sustain economic growth, surpass the goal of halving poverty by 2015, and maintain its middle income status.

The World Bank in Malawi - World Bank (World Bank, 2022)
The World Bank Group supports Malawi’s efforts to reduce poverty and promote economic growth by working with the government, development partners, and civil society.

The World Bank in Tanzania - World Bank

The World Bank in Timor-Leste - World Bank (2022)

The World Bank in Vietnam - World Bank (World Bank, 2024)
Vietnam’s shift from a centrally planned to a market economy has transformed the country from one of the poorest in the world into a lower middle-income country. Vietnam now is one of the most dynamic emerging countries in East Asia region.

The World Bank in Vietnam: Overview - World Bank
Vietnam’s shift from a centrally planned to a market economy has transformed the country from one of the poorest in the world into a lower middle-income country. Vietnam now is one of the most dynamic emerging countries in East Asia region.

The World Bank In Zimbabwe - World Bank (2019)
The World Bank's lending program in Zimbabwe is inactive due to arrears, and the role is now limited to technical assistance and analytical work.

The World by Income and Region - World Bank

The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency

The world is off track in achieving the global education goal, SDG4 - UNESCO (UNESCO, 2019)

The world needs almsot 69 million new teachers tp reach the 2030 education goals (UIS Fact Sheet n. 39) - UNESCO (UNESCO, 2016)

Thematic Action Track 4 on ‘Digital learning and transformation’ - United Nations Transforming Education Summit (2022)

Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria - Nowell, Lorelli S.; Norris, Jill M.; White, Deborah E.; Moules, Nancy J. (International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2017)
As qualitative research becomes increasingly recognized and valued, it is imperative that it is conducted in a rigorous and methodical manner to yield meaningful and useful results. To be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers must demonstrate that data analysis has been conducted in a precise, consistent, and exhaustive manner through recording, systematizing, and disclosing the methods of analysis with enough detail to enable the reader to determine whether the process is credible. Although there are numerous examples of how to conduct qualitative research, few sophisticated tools are available to researchers for conducting a rigorous and relevant thematic analysis. The purpose of this article is to guide researchers using thematic analysis as a research method. We offer personal insights and practical examples, while exploring issues of rigor and trustworthiness. The process of conducting a thematic analysis is illustrated through the presentation of an auditable decision trail, guiding interpreting and representing textual data. We detail our step-by-step approach to exploring the effectiveness of strategic clinical networks in Alberta, Canada, in our mixed methods case study. This article contributes a purposeful approach to thematic analysis in order to systematize and increase the traceability and verification of the analysis.

Thematic brief gender, education and training | Capacity4dev - Vila, Blerina (2017)

Thematic review: Educational technology - Girls Education Challenge (Department for International Development, 2018)

Theme 5: Teaching and Learning Materials (Professional Development Guide For Student Teachers) - T-TEL Professional Development Programme (Ministry of Education (Ghana), 2016)

Theoretical Saturation - Morse, Janice M. (The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, 2004)

Theories of Change in International Development: Communication, Learning, or Accountability? - Craig Valters (2014)

Theories of Change in International Development: Communication, Learning, or Accountability? - Valters, Craig (2014)
Critically analysing assumptions is a much needed endeavour in international development policy and practice: existing management tools rarely encourage critical thinking and there are considerable political, organisational and bureaucratic constraints to the promotion of learning throughout the sector. The Theory of Change approach – an increasingly popular management tool and discourse in development – hopes to change some of that. This approach explicitly aims to challenge and change implicit assumptions in world views and programme interventions in the lives of others, yet little is known about the extent to which it really does so. This paper provides a much needed analysis of how Theories of Change are used in the day-to-day practice of an international development organisation, The Asia Foundation. They use the approach in three ways: to communicate, to learn and to be held accountable, which each exist in some tension with each other. Creating Theories of Change was often found to be a helpful process by programme staff, since it provided a greater freedom to explain and analyse programme interventions. However, the introduction of the approach also had some troubling effects, for example, by creating top-down accounts of change which spoke more to donor interests than to the ground realities of people affected by these interventions. Ultimately, this paper argues that while a Theory of Change approach can create space for critical reflection, this requires a much broader commitment to learning from individuals, organisations, and the development sector itself.

Theorising Effective Uses of Digital Technology with Activity Theory - Blayone, Todd J. B. (Technology, Pedagogy and Education, 2019)
Effective uses of digital technologies are vital to full inclusion in a network society. Digital-abilities researchers have produced several major frameworks, but these have generally not incorporated socio-contextual perspectives. To explore this lacuna, and engage in a reflective act of theorisation, activity theory is used to conceptualise four sub-systems of digitally mediated action. Eschewing technological determinism, humans are positioned as active agents capable of identifying, taking up, modifying and even subverting established technology uses in pursuit of meaningful objectives. At the same time, attention is given to contextual conditions shaping diverse activity systems supported by assemblages of humans and machines. Having theorised effective digital-technology uses through the lens of activity theory, the author reflects on this conceptual apparatus itself. In so doing, activity theory is characterised as a fertile, if complex and contested, future-oriented tradition that challenges individual-social dichotomies and addresses both humans and machines as mediators of activity, development and learning.
Keywords: Automation; Computer Use; Cultural Influences; Educational Technology; Group Activities; Information Technology; Man Machine Systems; Social Theories; Technology Uses in Education

Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment - Cattell, Raymond B. (Journal of Educational Psychology, 1963)
The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence propounded 20 years ago by the author has since accumulated support. However, the crucial issue of whether 1 or 2 general factors subtend intellectual performances has lacked an experiment adequately designed for accurate, determinate, simple-structure rotation at the 2nd order. By factoring culturally embedded with culture-fair intelligence measures on a background of pure personality primaries (N = 277 7th and 8th grade boys and girls), it is shown that 2 general factors indeed exist. A review, with some mathematical formulations, is given of the theory's implications for the nature-nurture ratio, brain injury, standard deviaiton of the IQ, growth curves, the concept of a relational difficulty hierarchy, test standardization, and the relative validities of traditional and culture-fair intelligence tests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)
Keywords: Cognitive Ability; Fluid Intelligence; Intelligence; crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence; intellectual performances

Theory of Technical Systems: Educational Tool for Engineering - Eder, Wolfgang Ernst (Universal Journal of Educational Research, 2016)
Hubka's theory of technical systems (TTS) is briefly outlined. It describes commonalities in all engineering devices, whatever their physical principles of action. This theory is based on a general transformation system (TrfS), which can be used to show engineering in the contexts of society, economics and historic developments. The life cycle of technical systems consists of seven major TrfS, each consisting of further product-specific TrfS. From this TTS, Hubka derived a methodology as voluntary guide to systematic design engineering, for application when an intuitive approach based on experience proves to be ineffective. This approach to engineering design is distinct from more artistic designing. The methodology applies to novel design problems, and to re-design. Some educational aspects are developed to show the range of knowledge needed for engineering designing. Operators of a TrfS are also TrfS--illustrated by observing the management systems in the TS-life cycle. Connections to the general economy, and its financial consequences, are shown on TS-life cycle LC4 with its supply chain, and on LC6 and LC6A, with the need to service the operating product, and to establish supply and distribution chains. Transformation systems are hierarchical, each TrfS is a sub-system to a more complex system--each sub-system can be viewed as a TrfS, leading to a repeating use of the same design methodology for sub-systems. Invention and innovation in TrfS can be shown (historically) to alter the state of society, beneficially and adversely. A comparison with a different methodology is mentioned.
Keywords: Comparative Analysis; Design; Engineering Education; Engineering Technology; Management Systems; Methods; Problem Solving; Systems Approach; Theories

TheoryOn: a design framework and system for unlocking behavioral knowledge through ontology learning - Li, Jingjing; Larsen, Kai; Abbasi, Ahmed (MIS Quarterly, 2020)
The scholarly information-seeking process for behavioral research consists of three phases: searching, accessing, and processing of past research. Existing IT artifacts, such as Google Scholar, have in part addressed the searching and accessing phases, but fall short of facilitating the processing phase, creating a knowledge inaccessibility problem. We propose a behavioral ontology learning from text (BOLT) design framework that presents concrete prescriptions for developing systems capable of supporting researchers during their processing of behavioral knowledge. Based upon BOLT, we developed a search engine—TheoryOn—to allow researchers to directly search for constructs, construct relationships, antecedents, and consequents, and to easily integrate related theories. Our design framework and search engine were rigorously evaluated through a series of data mining experiments, a randomized user experiment, and an applicability check. The data mining experiment results lent credence to the design principles prescribed by BOLT. The randomized experiment compared TheoryOn with EBSCOhost and Google Scholar across four information retrieval tasks, illustrating TheoryOn’s ability to reduce false positives and false negatives during the information-seeking process. Furthermore, an in-depth applicability check with IS scholars offered qualitative support for the efficacy of an ontology-based search and the usefulness of TheoryOn during the processing phase of existing research. The evaluation results collectively underscore the significance of our proposed design artifacts for addressing the knowledge inaccessibility problem for behavioral research literature.
Keywords: _Added-ailr-2024

There will be no recovery without empowered, motivated and effective teachers - World Bank (2021)
There will be no recovery without empowered, motivated and effective teachers

Thespians in print: Gender portrayal in Pakistani English print media - Yasmin, Musarat; Masso, Isamar Carrilo; Bukhari, Nadeem Haider; Aboubakar, Muhammad (Cogent Arts & Humanities, 2019)

‘They are visually impaired, not blind … teach them!’: Grade R in-service teachers’ knowledge of teaching pre-reading skills to visually impaired learners - Kao, Matiekase A.; Mzimela, Patience J. (South African Journal of Childhood Education, 2019)
Background: Teaching reading skills is the cornerstone of all learning; therefore, teachers’ adherence to this mandate is important. However, it becomes complicated and challenging if the teacher has to teach pre-reading skills to Grade R learners with visual impairments. In light of this challenge, researchers have endeavoured to determine the Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) that teachers should possess for the effective teaching of reading in classrooms with visually impaired learners.Aim: This article explores a small sample of in-service teachers’ knowledge of using Braille to teach pre-reading skills to Grade R learners with visual impairments.Setting: The study was conducted in a School for the Blind in Maseru, Lesotho, where three Grade R in-service teachers teaching learners with visual impairments were purposively sampled.Methods: This study is underpinned by Koehler and Mishra’s theory of TPACK. An interpretivist, qualitative small-scale case study approach was employed, using semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. Document analysis was also used to corroborate findings.Results: Findings reveal that although some of the participants possess a high level of technological knowledge, they tend to teach Braille as a ‘stand-alone’ skill and fail to integrate it with the teaching of other pre-reading skills to Grade R learners.Conclusion: In-service teachers showed limited knowledge of some of the essential skills for teaching pre-reading skills to Grade R learners who are visually impaired. The study calls for supportive in-service teacher education programmes that equip Grade R teachers of learners with visual impairments with the necessary skills to teach pre-reading skills.
Keywords: Braille; Grade R Learners; Pedagogical Knowledge; Pre-Reading Skills; Technological Knowledge; Visual Impairment

Think Local: Support for learning during coronavirus (COVID-19) could be found from within communities (EdTech Hub, 2020)
This is part of our coronavirus (COVID-19) and EdTech series. While technology is a potentially powerful tool in low-resourced contexts, technology use is not always possible or appropriate, as previous Hub blogs have asserted. The following blog emphasises the particular role that communities can play in supporting continued learning opportunities for the billions of children whose education has been disrupted by…
Keywords: _DOILIVE; _EdTechHub_Output; _zenodoETH