@article{alderman_gender_1998, title = {Gender differences in parental investment in education}, volume = {9}, issn = {0954-349X}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0954349X9800040X}, doi = {10.1016/S0954-349X(98)00040-X}, abstract = {The gender gap in schooling is puzzling given that the expected returns to an individual for increased schooling — as measured by proportional wage increments — does not differ by gender. This paper explores possible explanations for the disparity using a model of parental investment in children. The model allows for differences in investments due to differences in costs — including the opportunity cost of the child's labor as well as school fees and availability. Moreover, it indicates that disparities in investment could come through differences in returns realized by parents, for example, in the probability of transfers from children to parents or in the degree of sympathy or altruism, even when market returns to the children themselves do not differ. While it is difficult to distinguish these different explanations empirically, the paper reviews available evidence and indicates interventions that governments can make to reduce the gender gap in education.}, language = {en}, number = {4}, urldate = {2022-03-04}, journal = {Structural Change and Economic Dynamics}, author = {Alderman, Harold and King, Elizabeth M.}, month = dec, year = {1998}, note = {KerkoCite.ItemAlsoKnownAs: 10.1016/S0954-349X(98)00040-X 2339240:UQTDSPZ5 2405685:SRZ5XD8W}, keywords = {Gender disparities, Schooling investments}, pages = {453--468}, } @article{fernald_strategies_2011, title = {Strategies for reducing inequalities and improving developmental outcomes for young children in low-income and middle-income countries}, volume = {378}, doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60889-1}, abstract = {This report is the second in a Series on early child development in low-income and middle-income countries and assesses the effectiveness of early child development interventions, such as parenting support and preschool enrolment. The evidence reviewed suggests that early child development can be improved through these interventions, with effects greater for programmes of higher quality and for the most vulnerable children. Other promising interventions for the promotion of early child development include children's educational media, interventions with children at high risk, and combining the promotion of early child development with conditional cash transfer programmes. Effective investments in early child development have the potential to reduce inequalities perpetuated by poverty, poor nutrition, and restricted learning opportunities. A simulation model of the potential long-term economic effects of increasing preschool enrolment to 25\% or 50\% in every low-income and middle-income country showed a benefit-to-cost ratio ranging from 6·4 to 17·6, depending on preschool enrolment rate and discount rate.}, journal = {Lancet}, author = {Fernald, Lia and Alderman, Harold and Behrman, Jere and O'Gara, Chloe and Yousafzai, Aisha and Cabral de Mello, Meena and Hidrobo, Melissa and Ulkuer, Nurper and Ertem, Ilgi and Iltus, Selim}, month = sep, year = {2011}, note = {shortDOI: 10/bphz4m KerkoCite.ItemAlsoKnownAs: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60889-1 10/bphz4m 2339240:U6FXSTXG 2405685:7F469WAJ 2405685:7F5HTSH8 4803016:YIU4VCUY}, pages = {1339--53}, }